Ctenus

{{Short description|Genus of spiders}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = | image = Ctenus medius.jpg | image_caption = ''Ctenus medius'' | image2 = Ctenus caligineus 302557374 545280326.jpg | image2_caption = Male ''C. caligineus'' | taxon = Ctenus | authority = Walckenaer, 1805<ref name=wsc /> | type_species = ''C. dubius'' | type_species_authority = Walckenaer, 1805 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = 157, see text | synonyms = *''Oligoctenus'' Simon, 1887 | synonyms_ref = <ref name=wsc /> }}

'''''Ctenus''''' is a genus of wandering spiders first described by Charles Athanase Walckenaer in 1805.<ref name=Walc1805 /> It is widely distributed, from South America through Africa to East Asia.<ref name=wsc />

==Venom== Little is known about the toxic potential of the genus ''Ctenus''; however, ''Ctenus medius'' has been shown to share some toxic properties with ''Phoneutria nigriventer'', such as proteolytic, hyaluronidase and phospholipase activities, in addition to producing hyperalgesia and edema.<ref name=ento9 />

The venom of ''C. medius'' also interferes with the complement system in concentrations in which the venom of ''P. nigriventer'' is inactive, indicating that some species in the genus may have a medically significant venom.<ref name=ento9 /> The venom of ''C. medius'' interferes with the complement component 3 (C3) of the complement system; it affects the central factor of the cascades of the complement, and interferes with the lytic activity of this system, which causes stronger activation and consumption of the complement components. Unlike ''C. medius'', the venom of ''P. nigriventer'' does not interfere with lytic activity.<ref name=ento9 />

==Species== {{as of|2025|10}}, this genus includes 155 species.<ref name="wsc" />

These are species with an article on Wikipedia: {{Div col}} * ''Ctenus caligineus'' Arts, 1912 – DR Congo, Burundi, South Africa * ''Ctenus captiosus'' Gertsch, 1935 – United States * ''Ctenus exlineae'' Peck, 1981 – United States * ''Ctenus gulosus'' Arts, 1912 – South Africa * ''Ctenus parvoculatus'' Benoit, 1979 – South Africa * ''Ctenus pulchriventris'' (Simon, 1897) – Zimbabwe, South Africa * ''Ctenus spectabilis'' Lessert, 1921 – DR Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, South Africa * ''Ctenus transvaalensis'' Benoit, 1981 – South Africa * ''Ctenus vespertilio'' Mello-Leitão, 1941 – Colombia {{Div col end}}

<gallery mode=packed heights=140px> Ctenus caligineus 302557374 545280242.jpg|male ''C. caligineus'' Ctenus gulosus 298115334 536955692.jpg|male ''C. gulosus'' Ctenus pulchriventris 311625775 562565520.jpg|male ''C. pulchriventris'' Ctenus transvaalensis 302558276 545281797.jpg|female ''C. transvaalensis'' </gallery>

{{collapse top|Complete list of species}} {{Div col}} * ''C. abditus'' Arts, 1912 – DR Congo, Tanzania * ''C. adustus'' (Keyserling, 1877) – Colombia * ''C. agroecoides'' (Thorell, 1881) – Australia (Queensland) * ''C. albofasciatus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Brazil * ''C. alienus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Guatemala * ''C. amanensis'' Strand, 1907 – Kenya, Tanzania * ''C. amphora'' Mello-Leitão, 1930 – Colombia, Brazil, Guyana * ''C. anahitaeformis'' Benoit, 1981 – Burundi * ''C. anahitiformis'' Strand, 1909 – Brazil * ''C. auricomus'' Arts, 1912 – DR Congo, Rwanda * ''C. avidus'' Bryant, 1948 – Haiti * ''C. bahamensis'' Strand, 1907 – Bahamas * ''C. bigibbosus'' Benoit, 1980 – DR Congo * ''C. bilobatus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Mexico * ''C. blumenauensis'' Strand, 1909 – Brazil * ''C. bolivicola'' Strand, 1907 – Bolivia * ''C. bueanus'' Strand, 1916 – Cameroon * ''C. calcaratus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Guatemala * ''C. calderitas'' Alayón, 2002 – Mexico * ''C. caligineus'' Arts, 1912 – DR Congo, Burundi, South Africa * ''C. captiosus'' Gertsch, 1935 – United States * ''C. capulinus'' (Karsch, 1879) – Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, DR Congo * ''C. catherine'' Polotow & Brescovit, 2012 – Jamaica * ''C. cavaticus'' Arts, 1912 – DR Congo, Angola * ''C. celisi'' Benoit, 1981 – DR Congo * ''C. coccineipes'' Pocock, 1903 – Cameroon, DR Congo, Rwanda, Burundi * ''C. colombianus'' Mello-Leitão, 1941 – Colombia * ''C. colonicus'' Arts, 1912 – Kenya, Tanzania * ''C. complicatus'' Franganillo, 1946 – Cuba * ''C. constrictus'' Benoit, 1981 – DR Congo * ''C. convexus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Mexico to Costa Rica * ''C. cruciatus'' Franganillo, 1930 – Cuba * ''C. crulsi'' Mello-Leitão, 1930 – Brazil * ''C. darlingtoni'' Bryant, 1948 – Haiti * ''C. datus'' Strand, 1909 – Ecuador * ''C. decemnotatus'' Simon, 1909 – Guinea-Bissau * ''C. decorus'' (Gerstaecker, 1873) – Kenya * ''C. delesserti'' (Caporiacco, 1947) – Guyana * ''C. denticulatus'' Benoit, 1981 – DR Congo * ''C. dilucidus'' Simon, 1909 – Gabon * ''C. doloensis'' Caporiacco, 1940 – Ethiopia * ''C. drassoides'' (Karsch, 1879) – Colombia * ''C. dreyeri'' Strand, 1906 – Cameroon * ''C. dubius'' Walckenaer, 1805 – French Guiana (type species) * ''C. efferatus'' Arts, 1912 – DR Congo * ''C. elgonensis'' Benoit, 1978 – Kenya * ''C. ellacomei'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 – Suriname * ''C. embolus'' Benoit, 1981 – DR Congo * ''C. ensiger'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Mexico * ''C. esculentus'' Arts, 1912 – Cameroon, DR Congo * ''C. excavatus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Mexico * ''C. exlineae'' Peck, 1981 – United States * ''C. facetus'' Arts, 1912 – DR Congo * ''C. falcatus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902 – St. Lucia * ''C. falciformis'' Benoit, 1981 – DR Congo * ''C. falconensis'' Schenkel, 1953 – Venezuela * ''C. fasciatus'' Mello-Leitão, 1943 – Brazil * ''C. fernandae'' Brescovit & Simó, 2007 – Brazil * ''C. feshius'' Benoit, 1979 – DR Congo * ''C. guantanamo'' (Alayón, 2001) – Cuba * ''C. gulosus'' Arts, 1912 – South Africa * ''C. haina'' Alayón, 2004 – Dominican Rep. * ''C. haitiensis'' Strand, 1909 – Haiti * ''C. hiemalis'' Bryant, 1948 – Haiti * ''C. holmi'' Benoit, 1978 – Kenya * ''C. humilis'' (Keyserling, 1887) – Nicaragua * ''C. hybernalis'' Hentz, 1844 – United States * ''C. hygrophilus'' Benoit, 1977 – DR Congo * ''C. idjwiensis'' Benoit, 1979 – DR Congo * ''C. igatu'' Polotow, Cizauskas & Brescovit, 2022 – Brazil * ''C. inaja'' Höfer, Brescovit & Gasnier, 1994 – Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil * ''C. insulanus'' Bryant, 1948 – Dominican Rep. * ''C. jaminauensis'' Mello-Leitão, 1936 – Brazil * ''C. jaragua'' Alayón, 2004 – Dominican Rep. * ''C. kenyamontanus'' Benoit, 1978 – Kenya * ''C. kipatimus'' Benoit, 1981 – Tanzania * ''C. lacertus'' Benoit, 1979 – DR Congo * ''C. latitabundus'' Arts, 1912 – Cameroon, DR Congo * ''C. lejeunei'' Benoit, 1977 – DR Congo * ''C. leonardi'' Simon, 1909 – Guinea-Bissau, Ghana, Cameroon * ''C. levipes'' Arts, 1912 – Tanzania * ''C. longicalcar'' Kraus, 1955 – El Salvador * ''C. lubwensis'' Benoit, 1979 – DR Congo * ''C. macellarius'' Simon, 1909 – Gabon * ''C. maculatus'' Franganillo, 1931 – Cuba * ''C. maculisternis'' Strand, 1909 – Bolivia, Brazil * ''C. magnificus'' Arts, 1912 – Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, DR Congo * ''C. malvernensis'' Petrunkevitch, 1910 – Jamaica * ''C. manauara'' Höfer, Brescovit & Gasnier, 1994 – Brazil * ''C. manni'' Bryant, 1948 – Haiti * ''C. medius'' Keyserling, 1891 – Panama, Brazil * ''C. minimus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – North America * ''C. minor'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Brazil * ''C. mitchelli'' Gertsch, 1971 – Mexico * ''C. modestus'' Simon, 1897 – Tanzania (Zanzibar), Kenya * ''C. monticola'' Bryant, 1948 – Haiti * ''C. musosanus'' Benoit, 1979 – DR Congo * ''C. naranjo'' Alayón, 2004 – Dominican Rep. * ''C. nigritarsis'' (Pavesi, 1897) – Ethiopia * ''C. nigritus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Brazil * ''C. nigrolineatus'' Berland, 1913 – Panama, Ecuador * ''C. nigromaculatus'' Thorell, 1899 – Togo, Cameroon, Gabon, DR Congo, South Sudan, Rwanda, Burundi * ''C. noctuabundus'' Arts, 1912 – Kenya * ''C. obscurus'' (Keyserling, 1877) – Colombia * ''C. oligochronius'' Arts, 1912 – Tanzania * ''C. ornatus'' (Keyserling, 1877) – Brazil * ''C. ottleyi'' (Petrunkevitch, 1930) – Puerto Rico * ''C. paranus'' Strand, 1909 – Brazil * ''C. parvoculatus'' Benoit, 1979 – South Africa * ''C. parvus'' (Keyserling, 1877) – Colombia * ''C. paubrasil'' Brescovit & Simó, 2007 – Brazil * ''C. pauloterrai'' Brescovit & Simó, 2007 – Brazil * ''C. peregrinus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Guatemala, Costa Rica * ''C. pilosus'' Franganillo, 1930 – Cuba * ''C. pogonias'' Thorell, 1899 – Cameroon * ''C. potteri'' Simon, 1901 – Eritrea, Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko) * ''C. pulchriventris'' (Simon, 1897) – Zimbabwe, South Africa * ''C. racenisi'' Caporiacco, 1955 – Venezuela * ''C. ramosi'' Alayón, 2002 – Cuba * ''C. ravidus'' (Simon, 1886) – Argentina * ''C. rectipes'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Brazil, Guyana * ''C. renivulvatus'' Strand, 1906 – Ghana * ''C. rivulatus'' Pocock, 1900 – Cameroon, Gabon * ''C. rubripes'' Keyserling, 1881 – Panama, Ecuador * ''C. rwandanus'' Benoit, 1981 – Rwanda * ''C. saltensis'' Strand, 1909 – Argentina, Bolivia * ''C. satanas'' Strand, 1909 – Ecuador * ''C. serratipes'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil * ''C. serrichelis'' Mello-Leitão, 1922 – Brazil * ''C. sexmaculatus'' Roewer, 1961 – Senegal * ''C. siankaan'' Alayón, 2002 – Mexico * ''C. sigma'' (Schenkel, 1953) – Venezuela * ''C. silvaticus'' Benoit, 1981 – DR Congo * ''C. similis'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Brazil * ''C. somaliensis'' Benoit, 1979 – Somalia * ''C. spectabilis'' Lessert, 1921 – DR Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, South Africa * ''C. spiculus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897 – Colombia * ''C. spiralis'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Costa Rica * ''C. supinus'' F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 – Costa Rica * ''C. tenuipes'' Denis, 1955 – Guinea * ''C. torvus'' Pavesi, 1883 – Ethiopia * ''C. transvaalensis'' Benoit, 1981 – South Africa * ''C. trinidensis'' (Alayón, 2001) – Trinidad * ''C. uluguruensis'' Benoit, 1979 – Tanzania * ''C. undulatus'' Steyn & Van der Donckt, 2003 – Ivory Coast * ''C. unilineatus'' Simon, 1898 – St. Vincent * ''C. vagus'' Blackwall, 1866 – south-east equatorial Africa * ''C. validus'' Denis, 1955 – Guinea * ''C. valverdiensis'' Peck, 1981 – United States * ''C. vatovae'' Caporiacco, 1940 – Ethiopia * ''C. vehemens'' Keyserling, 1891 – Brazil * ''C. vespertilio'' Mello-Leitão, 1941 – Colombia * ''C. villasboasi'' Mello-Leitão, 1949 – Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil * ''C. vividus'' Blackwall, 1865 – East of central Africa * ''C. w-notatus'' Petrunkevitch, 1925 – Panama {{Div col end}} {{collapse bottom}}

==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="wsc">{{cite web | url=https://wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/620 | title=Genus Ctenus | publisher=World Spider Catalog | doi=10.24436/2 | accessdate=2025-10-01}}</ref>

<ref name=ento9>{{Cite journal|last1=Okamoto|first1=Cinthya Kimori|last2=Gonçalves-De-Andrade|first2=Rute M.|last3=Queiroz|first3=Giselle Pidde|last4=Gutierez|first4=Vanessa P.|last5=De Almeida|first5=Daniel Manzoni|last6=Cury|first6=Yara|last7=Bertani|first7=Rogério|last8=Portaro|first8=Fernanda C. V.|last9=Tambourgi|first9=Denise V.|date=January 2009|title=Ctenus medius and Phoneutria nigriventer spiders venoms share noxious proinflammatory activities|journal=Journal of Medical Entomology|volume=46|issue=1|pages=58–66|doi=10.1603/033.046.0108|issn=0022-2585|pmid=19198518|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=Walc1805>{{cite book| last=Walckenaer| first=C. A.| year=1805| title=Tableau des aranéides ou caractères essentiels des tribus, genres, familles et races que renferme le genre Aranea de Linné, avec la désignation des espèces comprises dans chacune de ces divisions| publication-place=Paris |publisher=Dentu |oclc=602364691}}</ref> }}

Category:Ctenidae genera Category:Cosmopolitan spiders Category:Ctenidae Category:Taxa named by Charles Athanase Walckenaer

Ctenus

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