Crucible Industries

{{Short description|American company which develops and manufactures specialty steels}} {{Infobox company | name = Crucible Industries | type = Limited liability company | image = File:Crucible Industries LLC logo.jpg | defunct = {{End date|2025}} | location = Solvay, New York, a suburb of Syracuse<ref>{{cite web |url=http://Crucible.com/contactus.aspx |title=Crucible Location}}</ref> | area_served = Global | industry = Steel | founded = 1900 | key_people = John Shiesley, President<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.crucible.com/Index.aspx#|title = ::Crucible Industries:: Home :: You & Us}}</ref> | products = Specialty steels:<ref>{{cite web |title =Crucible Industries Products |url =http://www.crucible.com/products.aspx }}</ref> CPM High Speed Steel CPM Stainless Tool Steel CPM Tool Steel High-speed steel Stainless steel Tool steel | num_employees = 550 (2009)<ref>{{cite web |title= New Crucible owner says his company's in it for long haul |website =Syracuse.com |publisher =The Post-Standard |date=October 2009 |url= http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2009/10/crucible_industries_llc_contra.html |first=Charley |last=Hannagan |access-date =August 2, 2014 }}</ref> | homepage = [http://crucibleindustries.com/ CrucibleIndustries.com]| }} '''Crucible Industries''', commonly known as '''Crucible''', was an American company which developed and manufactured specialty steels, and was the sole producer of a line of sintered steels known as Crucible Particle Metallurgy (CPM) steels. The company produced high speed, stainless and tool steels for the automotive, cutlery, aerospace, and machine tool industries.<ref name=NewOwnerLLC>{{cite web |title= New owner closes on Crucible Specialty Metals plant |website =Syracuse.com |publisher =The Post-Standard |url= http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2009/10/new_owner_closes_on_crucible_s.html |first=Charley |last=Hannagan |date =October 23, 2009 |access-date =July 30, 2014 }}</ref><ref name =ZappPartnerSyracuse/>

Crucible's history spanned over 100 years, and the company inherited some of its ability to produce high-grade steel from England beginning in the late 1800s. Thirteen crucible-steel companies merged in 1900 to become the largest producer of crucible steel in the United States, and this company evolved into a corporation with 1,400 employees in several states.

Crucible declined in tandem with the automotive industry during the 1980s, recovering over the next decade. Although the company entered bankruptcy in 2009, JP Industries of Cleveland revived it as Crucible Specialty Metals Division to continue producing specialty steels at its original site.<ref name="SyracuseTimeline" /><ref name="ForbesImmigration2014" />

Some of Crucible's products were manufactured using a powder metallurgy process (their CPM process), resulting in steels with superior mechanical properties. These steels found specialized scientific and industrial applications and were also favored by knife makers for the production of blades which are tough, hard and corrosion resistant.<ref name=FabricatingAndMetalWorking />

== History ==

The Crucible Steel Company of America was formed from the merger of thirteen crucible-steel companies in 1900. This, known as "the great consolidation of 1900", inspired other steel companies to form U.S. Steel a year later.<ref name=BirthGilmer /> From 1900 through the 20th century, Crucible developed and patented new steels, and brought new steel-production methods to the United States.<ref name=BirthGilmer /> C. H. Halcomb, Jr. was Crucible's first president and general manager. Two years later, he left Crucible, building the Halcomb Steel mill next door (where he installed the first electric-arc melting furnace in the U.S.).<ref name=SyracuseTimeline /><ref name=ForbesImmigration2014 />

In 1911 Crucible acquired Halcomb Steel, merging the Halcomb plant with the new Sanderson plant to form the Sanderson-Halcomb Works. In 1955, it began producing vacuum-arc-remelted steels, becoming the first company to use this process commercially. By 1939, Crucible was the largest producer of tool steel in the United States, making over 400 products (more than any other steel company). It had nine mills in four states, two coal mines, a water company and a half-interest in a Mesabi ore mine.<ref name=Fortune1939 />

From 1968 to 1984, Crucible was owned by Colt Industries. In 1985, its salaried employees bought it back. By then, the company was known as Crucible Materials Corporation. Fourteen hundred employees worldwide worked for a number of companies, including Crucible Specialty Metals in Solvay, New York; Trent Tube in East Troy, Wisconsin; Crucible Magnetics in Elizabethtown, Kentucky; Crucible Compaction Metals Operations in Oakdale, Pennsylvania; the Cancer Research Center in Pittsburgh, and Crucible Limited in Sheffield, England. In 1989, the number of employees was reduced to 600 after a strike.<ref name=SyracuseTimeline />

The 1980s saw layoffs and plant closures across the U.S.; more than 200,000 workers lost their jobs, and more than 400 mills and divisions of plants (including Crucible's Midland plant) closed.<ref name=JLSteel /> In 1984, Crucible made the titanium alloy used in the artificial heart implanted by Robert Jarvik, and donated corrosive-resistant steel used to help renovate the Statue of Liberty.<ref name=SyracuseTimeline />

During the 1990s, Crucible expanded its operations to Canada, working with General Motors, and building a {{convert|35000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} facility with newly patented smelting and processing equipment costing $25 million. Although the number of employees increased to about 1,400, from 2001 to 2003, 200 were laid off.<ref name=SyracuseTimeline />

In 2004, Crucible entered the knife market,<ref name=SyracuseTimeline /> and in May 2009, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. That October, JP Industries (a private equity group) purchased the operating assets of the Crucible Specialty Metals Division, formed Crucible Industries, and restarted the Geddes steel mill.<ref name=SyracuseTimeline />

After filing for bankruptcy a second time in 2024, Crucible became defunct after many of their assets were sold to Erasteel in 2025.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Moss |first=Jon |date=December 16, 2024 |title=Crucible Industries files for bankruptcy, seeks to sell factory early next year |url=https://www.syracuse.com/business/2024/12/crucible-industries-files-for-bankruptcy-seeks-to-sell-factory-early-next-year.html?outputType=amp |access-date=December 19, 2024 |website=Syracuse |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=eraannaelle |date=2025-02-26 |title=Erasteel acquires assets of Crucible Industries LLC |url=https://www.erasteel.com/erasteel-acquires-assets-of-crucible-industries-llc/ |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=Erasteel |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Company names === right|thumb|alt=Advertisement with a drawing of a ship|1913 Halcomb Steel Company advertisement

A number of steel companies have operated in Syracuse, maintaining Crucible's intellectual property and patents.<ref name=SyracuseTimeline /> In 1870, William A. Sweet founded the Sweet Iron Works. Sanderson Brothers of Sheffield, England, bought the Sweet Iron Works for U.S. production in 1876, renaming the steelworks Sanderson. In 1900, Sanderson's Syracuse steelworks merged into the Crucible Steel Company of America.<ref name=GraceSanderson>{{cite web |title =Sanderson Brothers and Co, steel manufacturers of Sheffield |publisher =GracesCuide.co.uk |url= http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Sanderson_Brothers_and_Co |date =June 18, 2014 |access-date =August 2, 2014 }}</ref> In 1946, the Sanderson and Halcomb steelworks were renamed the Sanderson-Halcomb Works, later becoming the Syracuse Works of Crucible Steel. In 1968, Crucible became Colt's Crucible Specialty Metals Division. Colt consolidated its basic-materials group into the Crucible Materials Corporation in 1983.

=== Founding companies ===

According to ExplorePAHistory.com, "By 1877, the region's fourteen medium-scale crucible steel factories produced nearly three-fourths of the nation's output. Metal-shaping factories across the country depended on cutting tools made of crucible steel through the 1920s, when electric steel furnaces gained prominence."<ref name=PAHistory>{{cite web |publisher=ExplorePAHistory.com |title =Pittsburgh (Steel) Historical Marker, Behind the Marker |url =http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-23D |access-date = August 2, 2014 }}</ref> Three companies which merged to form Crucible into the largest U.S. crucible-steel-producing company were:<ref name=BirthGilmer>{{cite journal |last1=Gilmer |first1=Harrison |title=Birth of the American Crucible Steel Industry |journal =Pennsylvania Historical Magazine |date=March 1953 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=17–36 |url =http://journals.psu.edu/wph/article/view/2428/2261 |access-date=August 2, 2014 }}</ref><ref name=SunAnnouncement1900>{{cite news |last1 =Union Trust Company of America announcement |title=Crucible Steel Company of America, Underwriting Privilege |publisher=The Sun, New York |date=July 8, 1900}}</ref>

* ''Sanderson Brothers'' began producing steel in Sheffield, England in 1776. In 1873, it was using a gas-fired crucible melting furnace.<ref name=EnglishHeritageSandersonDarnall /> Sanderson sold its Syracuse operation to Crucible, expanding its English company with the purchase of Samuel Newbould and Company.<ref name=GraceSanderson /> * Hussey, Wells and Company of Pittsburgh, founded in 1859, was the first company in America to manufacture crucible steel. Its partners were Curtis G. Hussey (who formed the Pittsburgh and Boston Mining Corporation to mine copper) and Thomas Marshall Howe (banker, investor, Congressman, assistant adjutant general of Pennsylvania and the first president of the Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce. Thomas' son, George, helped form Crucible. Hussey and James M. Cooper formed C. G. Hussey and Company to roll and market copper. Before merging with Crucible, Hussey, Wells and Company became Howe, Brown and Company when George joined his father. * Park, Brother and Company of Pittsburgh, founded in 1860, was the second company to produce crucible steel in the U.S. James Park, Jr. and the elder David E. Park began the company after working with their father for twenty years. In 1857, James Jr. founded the Lake Superior Copper Works to sheath ship hulls. After encountering Hussey, Howe and Wells, he followed them into manufacturing crucible steel. Park built the Black Diamond (Park) Steel Works, and had interests in a suspension-bridge company and several banks. David's sons, David E. Jr., William G. and James H. Park, led in forming Crucible. In 1900, Park Steel was the largest producer of crucible and special-purpose open-hearth steels in the world.<ref name=BirthGilmer />

The other companies which formed Crucible were: * Aliquippa Steel Company, several miles north of Pittsburgh on the Ohio River * Anderson, DuPuy and Company * Beaver Falls Steel Works * Burgess Steel and Iron Works * Crescent Steel of Pittsburgh (founded 1865) * Cumberland Steel and Tin Plate Company * Isaac Jones' Pittsburgh Steel Works (later Anderson, Deputy and Company; founded 1845) * LaBelle Steel Company (formerly Reiter, Hartman and Company) of Allegheny, Pennsylvania (founded 1863) * Singer, Nimick and Company of Pittsburgh (founded 1848) * Spaulding and Jennings Company

==={{anchor|Historical timeline}}Timeline=== The following timeline provides references and events in the context of Crucible's history. Its primary source is the ''Syracuse Post-Standard'' archives, with other sources noted.<ref name=SyracuseTimeline>{{cite web |website= Syracuse.com |publisher =The Post-Standard |title= A Timeline of Crucible Materials Corp. |url =http://Blog.Syracuse.com/indepth/2009/05/a_timeline_of_crucible_materia.html |year= 2009 |access-date =August 2, 2014 }}</ref>

==={{anchor|Sanderson Brothers & Co}}Sanderson Brothers and Company===

''1776'': The Naylor and Sanderson Steel Mill was established in Sheffield, England, and began producing tool steel with the crucible method.<ref name=GraceSanderson /> By 1873 it was trading as Sanderson Brothers and Company, and using a gas-fired-crucible melting furnace.<ref name=EnglishHeritageSandersonDarnall>{{NHLE |desc=Former Sanderson's Darnall Steelworks and Don Valley Glassworks, Darnall Road, monument|num=1021424 |date =May 17, 2007 |accessdate=August 8, 2014}}</ref>

In 1876 Sanderson Brothers and Company bought Sweet Iron Works, which had been established in 1870 in Syracuse.{{cn|date=May 2025}} Sheffield was known for its hard, durable steel, and Syracuse was known for its hard steel. Contemporary U.S. tariffs gave Sanderson an incentive for a U.S. operation.<ref name=ForbesImmigration2014 /> In 1878, Sanderson had $450,000 in capital and the following officers: Robert B. Campbell of New York, president; Samuel William Johnson of New York, secretary and William A. Sweet of Syracuse, general manager.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

In 1900, thirteen crucible-steel manufacturing companies formed the Crucible Steel Company of America. Sanderson divested itself of its American operation, offering 500,000 shares of stock for $50 million.<ref name=SunAnnouncement1900 /><ref name=DWKaufmann /> Crucible's fifth annual report (published in 1905) showed debts of $3.6 million, $2.4 million less than the year before.<ref name=IronAndSteelMag1905>{{cite web|last1=Univ. of Toronto, Dept of Matallurgical Engineering|title=The Crucible Steel Company of America|url =http://www02.us.archive.org/stream/ironsteelmagazin10sauv/ironsteelmagazin10sauv_djvu.txt |website=US.Archive.org |publisher=The Iron and Steel magazine |date=January 1, 1927 |access-date=August 8, 2014}}</ref>

===Halcomb Steel=== In 1902 C. H. Halcomb Jr., Sanderson's president and general manager, left the company and built the Halcomb Steel mill next to the Sanderson mill. Halcomb installed the first electric arc furnace (EAF) in the United States in 1906.<ref name=ForbesImmigration2014 /><ref name=AISESteel1998>{{cite web|last1=Fruehan, Richard J., editor; 20+ authors|title=The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/54962431/The-Making-Shaping-and-Treating-of-Steel|website=Scribd.com|publisher=AISE Steel Foundation, Pittsburgh, PA|access-date=August 8, 2014|archive-date=March 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305174309/https://www.scribd.com/doc/54962431/The-Making-Shaping-and-Treating-of-Steel|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Matthews>{{cite news |title=Halcomb Steel Company |newspaper=Syracuse Herald |location=Syracuse, New York |date=April 21, 1913}}</ref> In 1911 the company was acquired by Crucible, which doubled the size of its western branch warehouse (now in Chicago) in 1913.

===Hoyt-Noe Steel Company===

By 1913, Thatcher Hoyt and Paul E. Noe formed the Hoyt-Noe Steel Company in Chicago. Hoyt had been representing crucible steels for twenty years; his previous companies included the Braeburn Steel Company, Singer, Nimick and Company and the Sanderson Brothers Steel Company.<ref name=IronAgeHalcombChicago1913>{{cite journal |title=The Iron Age |journal=The Iron Age |date=April 17, 1913 |volume=91 |issue=12–18 |page=970 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bp0vAAAAYAAJ&q=halcomb}}</ref>

===Crucible=== Crucible patented the first formally classified high-speed steel, AISI T1 (German 18-0-1), in 1910, and its basic formula was used for the next forty years. After other high-speed steels were produced, T1 remained one of the most commonly used commercial high-speed steels for the next century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kennedy|first1 =Richard; Roberts, George Adam |title=Tool Steels |date=1998 |publisher=ASM International |location=Materials Park, OH |isbn=1615032010 |edition=5th}}</ref><ref name=BoccaliniGoldenstein2001>{{cite journal |last =Boccalini |first =M. |author2 =H. Goldenstein |date =February 2001 |title =Solidification of high speed steels |url =http://www.houstonheattreat.com/IMRarticle.pdf |journal =International Materials Reviews |volume =46 |issue =2 |pages =92–107 |doi =10.1179/095066001101528411 |bibcode =2001IMRv...46...92B |s2cid =138926712 |issn =0950-6608 |access-date =2014-08-08 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20141119095414/http://houstonheattreat.com/IMRarticle.pdf |archive-date =2014-11-19 |url-status =dead }}</ref> The next year Crucible formed the Pittsburg Crucible Steel Company, purchasing a {{Convert|423|acres|ha|adj=on}} site from Midland Steel on the Ohio River near Pittsburgh for $7.5 million to build a new plant.<ref>{{cite web|title =Big New Steel Plant; $7,500,000 Undertaking of Crucible Steel Company Near Pittsburg. |url =https://www.nytimes.com/1911/01/26/archives/big-new-steel-plant-7500000-undertaking-of-crucible-steel-company.html |website=The New York Times |date =January 26, 1911 |access-date =August 4, 2014 }}</ref> Midland, Pennsylvania became Crucible's planned town.<ref name=JLSteel>{{cite web|last1=Inman|first1=Donald|title=Jones & Laughlin Steel|url=http://reocities.com/Heartland/pointe/5230/history.html|website=ReoCities.com|publisher=Beaver County Industrial Museum, Geneva College, Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania|access-date=August 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193614/http://reocities.com/Heartland/pointe/5230/history.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://theshiveringbeggar.com/documents/CrucibleSteelCompany.pdf Product Catalog], 1913 Edition, with a picture of the Sanderson works at Syracuse, New York.</ref>

During the 1920s and 1930s, World War I financier Horace S. Wilkinson oversaw Crucible president Frederick B. Hufnagel, refusing to modernize and controlling the company's finances as he pleased. This ended with the creation of the Security and Exchange Commission in 1934 and Wilkinson's death in 1937.<ref name=NewsweekNewWorld1949 /> At the beginning of World War II Crucible was the largest producer of tool steels in the United States, manufacturing more types of steel than any other company. The company used thirty metals to make 400 commonly used alloy steels. It had nine mills in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Ohio, two coal mines, a water company and a half-interest in a Mesabi Range iron ore mine. Now the company's chairman, Hufnagel brought in Raoul Eugene Desvernine<ref name=DemocraticDespotism /> as president. With a legal background, Desvernine focused on improving sales. The company had about 15,000 customers, net sales of $60 million and earnings of $4 million in 1937. The following year, Crucible lost $2 million as its sales halved during the recession of 1937–38.<ref name=Fortune1939>{{cite news |title =Crucible Steel, A technology war baby whose products are too numerous to count... |volume=XX|issue=5 |publisher=Fortune magazine |page=75 |date=November 1939 }}</ref><ref name=DWKaufmann >{{cite book|last1=Kaufmann|first1=Dwight W.|title=Crucible, The Story of a Steel Company|date=1986}}</ref>

When Crucible sought to borrow money in 1940, the Mellon Security Corporation insisted on a full audit. This resulted in a $40 million revaluation of the company's property and plants (down to $81 million) and the loss of its fiscal surplus.<ref name=NewsweekNewWorld1949 /> On December 7, 1941, when the U.S. entered World War II, Syracuse was considered the Porretta Terme (Italy's gear-producing center){{citation needed|date=September 2014}} of America.<ref name=ForbesImmigration2014>{{cite web |last1=Schramm |first1=Carl, great-grandson of a Sanderson mill superintendent |title=Why Immigration Is Crucial To The Revival Of America's Cities |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/carlschramm/2014/06/01/why-immigration-is-crucial-to-the-revival-of-americas-cities/ |work=Forbes |date= June 1, 2014|access-date=August 5, 2014}}</ref>

In 1945 William P. Snyder Jr., president of Snyder Mining Company of Pittsburgh and a Crucible stockholder, brought in president William H. Colvin Jr. With the board's approval, Colvin closed four of the company's eleven operations and began a $46 million modernization.<ref name=NewsweekNewWorld1949 /> The Syracuse plants were consolidated in 1946 into the Sanderson-Halcomb Works. In 1949, Crucible began operations in an $18 million sheet and strip mill at the Midland works, becoming the first steel mill to use hot and cold rolling of stainless and high-alloy sheet and strip. Iron Age, manufacturer of the hot reversing mill, called this a transition from a curiosity to standard production practice; ovens on both sides of the rolls could better control the steel's temperature.<ref name=NewsweekNewWorld1949>{{cite news|title=Crucible's New World|publisher=Newsweek|date=May 30, 1949}}</ref><ref name=PostGazetteCentury>{{cite web|title=A Pittsburgh Century (cont.), 1946–1960|url=http://old.post-gazette.com/newslinks/timeline1946.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227152946/http://old.post-gazette.com/newslinks/timeline1946.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2014|website=Post-Gazette.com/|publisher=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |access-date=August 5, 2014}}</ref>

When Crucible removed escape clauses from its employee contracts after the war, the company received approval from the United Steelworkers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Happy Ending, Crucible Steel gains goodwill by dropping "escape" clause|publisher=Business Week|date=February 24, 1951|ref=BusinessWeekGoodWill1951}}</ref> During the 1950s, shortages of tungsten and vanadium caused by the wartime drive for cheaper alloying metals resulted in the development of AISI M2 high-speed steel.<ref name=BoccaliniGoldenstein2001 /> Colt Industries bought Crucible Steel Corporation of America in 1968, and the Syracuse works become Colt's Crucible Specialty Metals Division. In 1975, Crucible began marketing its products in the Soviet Union.<ref name=ElectricHistory>{{cite web |website= Electric-History.com |title= Induction Heating, Molten Metal Eats Through and Explodes |url= http://www.electric-history.com/~zero/384-Crucible.html |last=Farol Metcalf |first=James |access-date =August 2, 2014 }}</ref>

During the 1980s the AISI reported that more than 200,000 steelworkers in the U.S. had lost their jobs, and more than 400 mills and plant divisions were closing (including Crucible's Midland plant near Pittsburgh). Jones & Laughlin Steel bought the Midland plant and merged with Republic Steel to form the LTV Steel Corporation, which went bankrupt.<ref name=JLSteel />

In 1981 Colt moved the Crucible and Trent Tube Divisions to Syracuse from Pittsburgh, and the following year it began closing its Crucible Steel Plant (laying off 400 workers).<ref name=PittsburghWorldHerald1982>{{cite web |title=Colt Steel begins closing its Crucible Steel Plant laying off 400 |url=http://pittsburghworldherald.blogspot.com/|website=PittsburghWorldHerald.com|publisher=Pittsburgh World Herald |date=1982 |access-date=August 8, 2014}}</ref> In 1983 Colt Industries consolidated its basic-materials group into the Crucible Materials Corporation, with its headquarters in New York City. This was the last year that Crucible Specialty Metals negotiated union contracts without a strike.

In 1984 Crucible manufactured the titanium alloy used in the artificial heart implanted by Robert Jarvik, and donated corrosion-resistant steel for the renovation of the Statue of Liberty. The following year, Crucible Materials Corporation's salaried employees purchased the corporation’s stock in a leveraged buyout and moved its headquarters to Syracuse. The purchase price ($135 million) included the 1,400-employee Crucible Specialty Metals plant in Solvay; Trent Tube in East Troy, Wisconsin; Crucible Magnetics in Elizabethtown, Kentucky; Crucible Compaction Metals Operations in Oakdale, Pennsylvania; Crucible Research Center in Pittsburgh, and Crucible Limited in Sheffield, England.

In 1988, Crucible Specialty Metals modernized its plant and the division employed 1,425 people worldwide. The Crucible Service Centers Division opened its Camillus, New York headquarters in 1989, marketing specialty steel products worldwide. That year, the workers struck; when a contract was signed, only 600 of 1,100 workers were called back to work.

In 1991 Crucible Materials and General Motors' Central Foundry Division begin three years of joint research and development in die casting, tooling and machine elements, and Crucible Materials Corporation purchased Sanderson Specialty Steels of Canada. Two years later union workers rejected a company contract offer, continuing to work. At this time, Crucible employed about 700 union workers. By 1998 CMC employed 820 workers and invested $25 million in a new, {{Convert|35000|sqft|sqm|abbr=on}} facility for manufacturing newly patented smelting and processing equipment.

In 2000, the U.S. Department of Labor sued Crucible Materials Corporation over its pension plan for salaried employees. From 2001 to 2003, the corporation laid off 186 salaried and hourly workers on a rotating basis. CMC employed 1,209 workers, 722 union workers and 487 salaried workers in Geddes and its distribution center in Camillus. In 2004 Crucible Specialty Metals entered the knife market, moving its Camillus operation to the Geddes plant.

The corporation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in May 2009,<ref name=SyracuseTimeline /><ref>{{cite web |title= Will bankruptcy give Crucible Materials Corp enough breathing room? |website =Syracuse.com |publisher =The Post-Standard |date=May 2009 |url= http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2009/05/will_bankruptcy_give_crucible.html |first=Charley |last=Hannagan |access-date =August 2, 2014 }}</ref> and in October JP Industries (a private equity group in Cleveland) purchased the operating assets of the Crucible Specialty Metals Division and formed Crucible Industries.<ref name= LatrobePartner>{{cite web |title=Crucible Industries LLC in Geddes partners with Pennsylvania steel firm |website =Syracuse.com |publisher =The Post-Standard |date=January 2010 |url=http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2010/01/crucible_industries_llc_in_ged.html |first=Charley |last=Hannagan |access-date =August 2, 2014 }}</ref> A month later, the Geddes steel mill was restarted.<ref>{{cite web |title= Crucible Industries LLC ships first steel forged under new ownership |website =Syracuse.com |publisher =The Post-Standard |date=November 2009 |url=http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2009/12/crucible_industries_llc_makes.html |first=Charley |last=Hannagan |access-date =August 2, 2014 }}</ref>

In 2010, Crucible partnered with Latrobe Specialty Steel Distribution to market its steels. According to Crucible president James Beckman, "Latrobe Distribution offers everything we wanted in a partner for our CPM grades of steel".{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} Latrobe, with eight locations in North America, is a division of Latrobe Specialty Steel of Latrobe, Pennsylvania.<ref name=FabricatingAndMetalWorking>{{cite web |last=Morrison |first=Janna |title =Crucible Industries and Latrobe Specialty Steel Distribution Announce Partnership |work=Fabricating and Metalworking |url =http://www.fabricatingandmetalworking.com/2010/04/crucible-industries-and-latrobe-specialty-steel-distribution-announce-partnership/ |publisher =FabricatingAndMetalWorking.com |date =April 8, 2010 |access-date = August 2, 2014 }}</ref><ref name=LatrobePartner/><ref>{{cite web|title=Crucible, Latrobe Specialty Steel Distribution Partner Up |url =http://www.industrialheating.com/articles/89198-crucible-latrobe-specialty-steel-distribution-partner-up?v=preview |publisher=IndustrialHeating.com |date =January 14, 2010 |access-date =August 2, 2014 }}</ref> That year Crucible partnered with Robert Zapp Werkstofftechnik, a division of the Zapp Group, to sell Crucible Particle Metallurgy products worldwide except for North America and Japan.<ref name=ZappPartnerSyracuse>{{cite web|title =Crucible Industries LLC signs partnership with German firm to sell steel globally |url =http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2010/01/crucible_industries_llc_signs.html |website =Syracuse.com |publisher =The Post-Standard |first=Charley |last=Hannagan |date =January 23, 2010 |access-date =August 2, 2014 }}</ref>

In December 2024, Crucible Industries filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy for the second time in 15 years.<ref name=":0" /> A number of Crucible's assets, including their inventories, intellectual property, and industrial equipment were purchased by Erasteel in February 2025.<ref name=":1" /> The company converted their Chapter 11 case to a Chapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation on May 30, 2025, after all assets were sold off.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.inforuptcy.com/browse-filings/new-york-northern-bankruptcy-court/5:24-bk-31059/bankruptcy-case-crucible-industries-llc|title= 5:24-bk-31059 - Crucible Industries, LLC|date=2024-12-12|access-date=2026-02-22|website=Inforuptcy|language=en}}</ref>

== {{anchor|Knife designers and makers}}Knife design and manufacturing ==

Many production and custom knife manufacturers use Crucible steels.<ref name=Strider >{{cite web |title =Model PT, CPM-S30V Powder Steel (Stainless) |url =http://www.striderknives.com/products/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=6&zenid=f6e1b88fccaff70d2fa1c76bc97659a2 |publisher =StriderKnives.com |date =2014 |access-date =August 3, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Knife Features, Types of Blade Steels |url=http://www.BuckKnives.com/index.cfm?event=about.feature |publisher=BuckKnives.com |access-date = July 14, 2014 }}</ref><ref name=KnifeSupply>{{cite web|title=Knife Blade Steels |url=http://www.knifesupply.com/knife_blade_steels.html |publisher=KnifeSupply.com |access-date = July 14, 2014 }}</ref><ref name=KnifeConnection>{{cite web|title=Knife Blade Steel Types |url=http://theknifeconnection.net/index.php?dispatch=pages.view&page_id=20 |publisher=TheKnifeConnection.net |access-date = July 14, 2014 }}</ref> Chris Reeve collaborated with Dick Barber of Crucible to develop the S30V and S35VN steel alloys, and Chris Reeve Knives uses these and other steels.<ref>{{cite web |title =CPM S35VN: Next Gen Exotic |publisher=Tactical-Life.com |url=http://www.tactical-life.com/tactical-knives/cpm-s35vn-next-gen-exotic/?scrape=true |first=Pat |last=Covert |work=Tactical Life Gun Magazine: Gun News and Gun Reviews |date=January 2011 |access-date = July 15, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Steel, Steel, Everywhere! But Are You Choosing The Right Steel For You? |publisher=Guns magazine |date=January 2011 |url=http://gunsmagazine.com/steel-steel-everywhere/ |first=Durwood |last=Hollis |access-date=July 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811123157/http://gunsmagazine.com/steel-steel-everywhere/ |archive-date=August 11, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fusionwood 2.0 Blade Design |publisher=NewWestKnifeWorks.com |year=2014 |url=http://www.newwestknifeworks.com/content/information/about-chef-knives/new-west-20-design |access-date = July 15, 2014 }}</ref> Bob Loveless introduced 154CM stainless-steel knives in 1972. A founder and president of the Knifemakers' Guild, Loveless has designed for Gerber Knives,<ref name=LovelessSI>{{cite web |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1123591/1/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608025402/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1123591/1/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 8, 2012 |publisher=Sports Illustrated |date= July 14, 1980 |title=On The Cutting Edge |first=J.D. |last=Reed |access-date= October 3, 2011}}</ref> Lone Wolf Knives and Beretta.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sporting Knives: Folders, Fixed Blades, Pocket, Military, Gent's Knives, Multi-Tools, Swords |first=Joe |last=Kertzman |edition =2|page=66|publisher= Krause Publications|year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-87349-430-4}}</ref> Schrade Cutlery<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Field & Stream|title=Art on the Cutting Edge|first=Cliff|last= Gromer|year=2002|page=46|volume=179|issue=6}}</ref> and Spyderco use 154CM, 440C, D2, S30V, S60V and S90V steel,<ref name=SpydercoStory>{{cite book |last=Delavigne|first=Kenneth|title=Spyderco Story: The New Shape of Sharp |year= 2004|publisher=Paladin Press |location=Colorado |isbn=1-58160-060-7}}</ref><ref name=PM145>{{cite book |last =Pacella |first =Gerard |date=2002 |title =100 Legendary Knives, Iola, USA |publisher =Krause Publications |page =145 |isbn=0-87349-417-2}}</ref><ref name="Kertzman2013">{{cite book|last=Ewing|first=Dexter|editor=Joe Kertzman|title=Knives 2014: The World's Greatest Knife Book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wS7UAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1640|edition=34|date= 2013|publisher=F+W Media|location=Iola, Wisconsin|isbn=978-1-4402-3700-3|pages=42–46|chapter=Factories Drink From the Custom Maker Well}}</ref> and Ernest Emerson's knives are hard-ground from differentially heat-treated A2 tool steel.<ref name= "Dockery">{{cite book |last=Dockery |first=Kevin|title=Weapons of the Navy SEALs|year= 2004|publisher=Berkeley Hardcover|location=California |isbn=0-425-19834-0|pages=23–24}}</ref> Emerson Knives machines blades from 154CM steel,{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} and Mike Snody uses A2, S35V, 154CM and 440C steels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Benchmade Wins 2005 Knife of the Year Award|url=http://www.benchmade.com/news/pr.aspx?id=60|author=Chris DiStefano|author2=Leopold Ketel|location=Press releases|date=May 17, 2005|access-date=August 1, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508030518/http://www.benchmade.com/news/pr.aspx?id=60|archive-date=May 8, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=SIKnifeOfYearAward>{{cite web|title=Knife of the Year Award|url=http://www.shootingindustry.com/knife-of-the-year-award/|website=ShootingIndustry.com|publisher=Shooting Industry|access-date=August 7, 2014}}</ref> Phill Hartsfield's katana-style blades are hand-ground from A2 tool steel and differentially edge-hardened.<ref name=GP126>{{cite book | last = Pacella | first = Gerard | title = 100 Legendary Knives | publisher = Krause Publications| year = 2002| page = 126| isbn = 0-87349-417-2 }}</ref><ref name="FM1">{{cite news | last = Mickadeit| first = Frank | title =Phill, Phil want Marines to be sharp| publisher = Orange County Register | date = September 10, 2009 | url = http://www.ocregister.com/news/phill-210536-knives-one.html |access-date =August 3, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="PH">Hartsfield, Phill (1995), "Live Swords", ''International Shinkendo Newsletter'' Volume 1, Issue 3.</ref> Ken Onion's Kershaw's Blur uses CPM S30V steel.<ref name=OnionBlur>{{cite web |last =Dumm |first=Chris |title = Knife Review: Kershaw Blur S30V |url =http://www.thetruthaboutknives.com/2014/01/knife-review-kershaw-blur-s30v/ |date = January 27, 2014 |access-date = August 2, 2010 }}</ref>

== Products ==

Crucible Particle Metallurgy (CPM) steels are used in the automotive, aerospace and tool industries.<ref name=LatrobePartner/> The list of blade materials describes several CPM products, and the company's website has data sheets for all of them.<ref name=CPMS30V/> The following table includes trademarks of Crucible users.

{| class="wikitable" |- ! Product type ! Product |- | CPM® High Speed Steel | M4 HC (HS), REX 20® (HS), REX 45® (HS), REX 54® HS, REX 66® (HS), REX 76® (HS), REX 86® HS, REX 121®, T15 (HS) |- | CPM® Stainless Tool Steel | 154, S110V®, S125V®, S30V®,<ref name=CPMS30V>{{cite web|title=CPM S30V Data Sheet |publisher=Crucible Industries LLC |url=http://www.crucible.com/PDFs%5CDataSheets2010%5CdsS30Vv1%202010.pdf |access-date=August 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708205417/http://www.crucible.com/PDFs%5CDataSheets2010%5CdsS30Vv1%202010.pdf |archive-date=July 8, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> S35VN®,<ref name=CPMS35V>{{cite web | title =CPM S35V Data Sheet | publisher = Crucible Industries LLC | url = http://www.crucible.com/PDFs//DataSheets2010/dsS35VNrev12010.pdf | access-date = August 2, 2014 }}</ref> S45VN® S90V® MagnaCut® |- | CPM® Tool Steel | 1V®, 3V®, 4V®, 9V®, 10V®, 15V® |- | High Speed | M2,<ref name=BoccaliniGoldenstein2001 /> M4, M50 |- | Stainless 300 Series | 303, 303 SE, 304L, 316L, 321, 347, Alloy 20, UNS 21800, XM-19 |- | Stainless 400 Series | 154CM,<ref name=Crucible154CM>{{cite web | title =Crucible 154CM Data Sheet | publisher =Crucible Industries LLC | url = http://www.crucible.com/PDFs//DataSheets2010/ds154cmv12010.pdf | access-date = August 3, 2014 }}</ref> 410, 416, 416R, 420, 422, 430, 430F, 431, 440A, 440C |- | Stainless Precipitation Hardness Grades | 17-4, 17-4 SUPER X, VAR 15-5 |- | Tool | A2,<ref name=A2>{{cite web |url= http://www.crucible.com/PDFs%5CDataSheets2010%5CdsA2v12010.pdf |title=Crucible A2 Data Sheet|publisher=Crucible|access-date = July 14, 2014}}</ref> CRUWEAR, D2, H13, WR95 (H10 Mod) |}

Although the following metals add general characteristics to an alloy, its actual characteristics are determined by a number of factors. ''Metallurgy for the non-Metallurgist''<ref name=NonMetallurgist>{{cite book|last1=Verhoeven |first1=John D. |title=Steel Metallurgy for the non-Metallurgist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=brpx-LtdCLYC&pg=frontcover|publisher=ASM International |date=2007 |isbn=9781615030569 }}</ref> is an introduction to the field. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Metal ! General characteristics |- | Chromium | Hardness, corrosion resistance, wear resistance |- | Cobalt | Electrical, hot hardness when used with molybdenum and tungsten |- | Nickel | Hardness, tensile strength, ductility |- | Molybdenum | Depth of hardness, toughness, strength at higher temperatures, machineability, weldability |- | Vanadium | Very fine grain, fatigue resistance, abrasion resistance at average and higher temperatures |- | Tungsten | Hardness at red heat |}

=== {{anchor|The CPM process}}CPM process ===  Conventional and CPM steel-making smelts ore into steel with an electric arc furnace, refines it by removing some carbon, reducing it by removing the sulphur.<ref>{{cite web |title =How A Blast Furnace Works |url =http://www.steel.org/Making%20Steel/How%20Its%20Made/Processes/How%20A%20Blast%20Furnace%20Works%20larry%20says%20to%20delete.aspx |publisher =American Iron and Steel Institute |last1 =John A. Ricketts, Ispat Inland, Inc. |last2 =ATSI Engineering Services, "An Introduction to Blast Furnace Technology" |date =2014 |access-date =August 2, 2014 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20141209223710/http://www.steel.org/Making%20Steel/How%20Its%20Made/Processes/How%20A%20Blast%20Furnace%20Works%20larry%20says%20to%20delete.aspx |archive-date =December 9, 2014 |url-status =dead }}</ref> Further refining may use argon oxygen decarburization, an implementation of powder metallurgy. The conventional process teems<ref name=TeemingPatent>{{cite web |url =https://patents.google.com/patent/US1298036 |title=Teeming ingot-molds |last=Gathmann of Baltimore, Maryland |first=Emil |date =March 25, 1919 |access-date = August 2, 2014 }}</ref> (distributes and pours) the steel into ingot molds. The steel slowly solidifies, allowing the elements to segregate into non-uniform patterns at the microscopic level.

The CPM process pours molten steel through a small nozzle. High-pressure gas atomizes the liquid stream into a spray which rapidly cools the steel into a uniform powder. The powder then goes into high-pressure containers and is heated at forge temperatures to press the powder into ingots; this is known as hot isostatic pressing (HIP), and the resulting metal is uniform.<ref name=FabricatingAndMetalWorking /> Both processes then use hot or cold rolling to toughen the steel and mill it into finished products.<ref name=FabricatingAndMetalWorking />

== Publications ==

=== Cataloged Crucible === * Crucible Steel Company of America, ''Condensed suggestions for steel workers''. BiblioBazaar (1902, reprint 2010) {{ISBN|9781175479105}} * Crucible Steel Company of America, ''High Speed Steel''. (1912, reprint 2011) Nabu Press, {{ISBN|9781272198145}} * Crucible Steel Company of America, ''Crucible Steel Company of America'' (1925) ASIN B002683KAG

=== Crucible === * Crucible Steel Company of America, ''The Treatment of Steel''. (1902) * Crucible Steel Company of America, ''Sanderson Bros. Steel Works''. (1911) * Crucible Steel Company of America, ''Steels and Alloys for Special Purposes'' (1912) * Underhill, Earl M.; Crucible Steel Company of America, ''Permanent magnet design: including a discussion of permanent magnet measurements'' (1943) * Payson, Peter; Crucible Steel Company of America, ''The Annealing of Steel''. (1944) Payson * Crucible Steel Company of America, ''The Fabricator's Handbook - How to Fabricate Rezistal Stainless Steels Produced by Crucible Steel Company of America'' (1955) * Mathews, John A. (1872–1935), ''Crucible Steel Company of America. Central Research Laboratory. Library'' (1959) * Banerjee, B. R.; Hauser, J. J.; Crucible Steel Company of America, ''Effect of Processing Variables on Crack Propagation of High-strength Steels and Titanium: Fracture Micromechanics in High-strength Steels'', Crucible Steel Company of America, Central Research Laboratory (1963) * Crucible Steel Company of America. Library; Ussack, P., ''Continuous Casting of Steel''. (3 ed. 1964) Volume 12, Library. Bibliographical series.

=== {{anchor|Crucible and US Air Force}}Crucible and the U.S. Air Force === * Tarwater, J. P.; Dulis, Edward J.; Wright Air Development Center; Crucible Steel Company of America, ''Investigation of Fe-Mn-Cr-N-C System for Heat Resistance and Oxidation Resistance Between 1200 F and 2000 F'' Wright Air Development Center, Air Research and Development Command, U.S. Air Force (1957). * Bhat, Gopal K.; Philip, T. V.; Nehrenberg, Alvin E.; Steven, G.; Crucible Steel Company of America; Wright Air Development Center, United States. Wright Air Development Division. ''A Study of the Metallurgical Properties that are Necessary for Satisfactory Bearing Performance and the Development of Improved Bearing Alloys for Service Up to 1000 F''. Defense Technical Information Center (1957). * Crucible Steel Company of America; Moskovitz, A.; Redmerski, L., ''Corrosion of superalloys by selected fused salts'' Wright Air Development Division, Air Research and Development Command, U.S. Air Force (1960). * Crucible Steel Company of America. Central Research Laboratory, ''Research on Workable Refractory Alloys of Tungsten, Tantalum, Molybdenun, and Columbium'' Aeronautical Systems Division, Air Force Systems Command, U.S. Air Force (1961).

== See also == {{Portal| Engineering }} * Methods of steel production: ** Metallurgy cementation process ** Crucible steel processes ** Open-hearth furnace process, the Siemens-Martin process * Steel industry ** Crucible steel ** Blast furnace ** Steel mill or Steelworks. * Industry in Syracuse, New York.

== Further reading == *Verhoeven, John D. (2007) Steel Metallurgy for the non-Metallurgist<ref name=NonMetallurgist /> *Barney, Richard W.; Loveless, Robert W. (1995) ''How to Make Knives''.<ref name=HowToMakeKnives>{{cite book |last1=Barney |first1=Richard W. |last2 =Loveless |first2 =Robert W. |title=How to Make Knives |date=1995 |publisher=Krause Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-0873413893 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAJgyKKYEC0C&pg=PA31 |access-date=August 8, 2014}}</ref> Krause Publications, Inc. *Desvernine, Raoul Eugene, former president of Crucible. ''Democratic Despotism'',<ref name=DemocraticDespotism>{{cite book |last1=Desvernine |first1=Raoul Eugene |title=Democratic Despotism |publisher=Dodd, Mead and Co. |location=New York |asin=B000TCIHMC |date =January 1, 1936 |oclc=637523 }}</ref><ref name=DemocraticDespotReprint>{{cite book |last1=Desvernine |first1=Raoul Eugene |title=Democratic Despotism, reprint |date=May 1, 2006 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |location=New York |isbn=9781428613676 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6K_ZsXN-1wC |access-date=August 4, 2014}}</ref> against the ''New Deal''

=== History === * Darnall Works: built by Sanderson in 1835, and is part of a Scheduled Ancient Monument in Sheffield, England. * George Naylor was the partner in the ''Naylor & Sanderson'' company. George Naylor, with his son-in-law Edward Vickers, founded the Vickers Limited steel foundry and the ''Naylor Vickers & Co.'' that cast church bells in 1854. Vickers Limited acquired ''The Barrow Shipbuilding Company'' and Maxim Nordenfelt Guns And Ammunitions Company, and built the Royal Navy's first submarine, ''Holland 1'', and acquired the John Brown & Co. shipyard at Clyde, Scotland. Edward, with his sons William and Thomas Vickers (son-in-law of George Naylor), also formed ''Vickers, Sons & Company'' to produce marine shafts, propellers, armour plates, and artillery. * Grace's Guide to British industrial history of Sanderson Brothers and Co.<ref name=GraceSanderson/> {{clear}}

== References == {{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==

* Gilmer, Harrison, ''Birth of the American Crucible Steel Industry'' (1953). ** Harrison Gilmer's primary reference: Bwank, James Moore, ''History of the Manufacturing of Iron in All Ages'' (1892); publisher: American Iron and Steel Association, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania * Kaufmann, Dwight W., Crucible, ''The Story of a Steel Company'' (1986). * Kennedy, Richard; Roberts, George Adam (1998). ''Tool Steels'' (5th ed. ed.). Materials Park, OH: ASM International. {{ISBN|1615032010}}.

== External links == * {{Wikiversity inline|Topic:Metallurgical engineering}} * [http://www.crucibleservice.com/products.aspx Crucible Products] *Crucible distributors: ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20140721114604/http://latrobesteel100.com/ourbusiness_distribution.cfm Latrobe Specialty Steel Distribution] ** [http://nsm-ny.com Niagara Specialty Metals] ** [http://www.zapp.com/en Robert Zapp Werkstofftechnik]

Category:1900 establishments in New York (state) Category:Steel companies of the United States Category:American companies established in 1900 Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1900 Category:Manufacturing companies based in Syracuse, New York Category:Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2009 Category:Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2024 Category:Companies that filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in 2025 Category:2025 disestablishments in New York (state)