{{Short description|Process of cultural assimilation into Croatian identity}} {{pp|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
'''Croatisation''' or '''Croatization''' ({{langx|sh|kroatizacija, hrvatizacija, pohrvaćenje}}; {{langx|it|croatizzazione}}) is a process of cultural assimilation, and its consequences, in which people or lands ethnically only partially Croatian or non-Croatian become Croatian.
== Croatisation of Italians in Dalmatia == [[File:VenetianDalmatia1797.jpg|thumb|300px|Austrian linguistic map from 1896. In green the areas where Slavs were the majority of the population, in orange the areas where Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians were the majority of the population. The boundaries of Venetian Dalmatia in 1797 are delimited with blue dots.]]
Even with a predominant Croatian majority, Dalmatia retained relatively large Italian-speaking communities in the coastal cities. Many Dalmatian Italians looked with sympathy towards the Risorgimento movement that fought for the unification of Italy.<ref name="corsadelricordo">{{cite web|url=http://www.corsadelricordo.it/la-storia|title=Trieste, Istria, Fiume e Dalmazia: una terra contesa|access-date=2 June 2021|language=it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619163040/https://www.corsadelricordo.it/la-storia |archive-date=19 June 2021}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Not a history site, but promotional website for a race|date=June 2025}} However, after 1866, when the Veneto and Friuli regions were ceded by the Austrians to the newly formed Kingdom of Italy, Dalmatia remained part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, together with other Italian-speaking areas on the eastern Adriatic. This triggered the gradual rise of Italian irredentism among many Italians in Dalmatia, who demanded the unification of the Austrian Littoral, Fiume and Dalmatia with Italy. As Italian was the language of administration, education, the press, and the Austrian navy before 1859, people who wished to acquire higher social standing and separate from the Slav peasantry became ''Italians''.{{Sfn|Seton-Watson|1967|pp=352–357}} In the years after 1866, Italians lost their privileges in Austria-Hungary, their assimilation of the Slavs came to an end, and they found themselves under growing pressure by other rising nations; with the ''rising Slav tide'' after 1890, italianized Slavs reverted to being Croats.{{Sfn|Seton-Watson|1967|pp=352–357}} Austrian rulers found use of the racial antagonism and financed Slav schools and promoted Croatian as the official language, and many Italians chose voluntary exile.{{Sfn|Seton-Watson|1967|pp=352–357}}
During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria outlined a wide-ranging project aimed at the Germanization or Slavization of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence:<ref>''Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi'', Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971, vol. 2, p. 297. Citazione completa della fonte e traduzione in Luciano Monzali, ''Italiani di Dalmazia. Dal Risorgimento alla Grande Guerra'', Le Lettere, Firenze 2004, p. 69.)</ref>
{{blockquote|text=His Majesty expressed the precise order that action be taken decisively against the influence of the Italian elements still present in some regions of the Crown and, appropriately occupying the posts of public, judicial, masters employees as well as with the influence of the press, work in South Tyrol, Dalmatia and Littoral for the Germanization and Slavization of these territories according to the circumstances, with energy and without any regard. His Majesty calls the central offices to the strong duty to proceed in this way to what has been established.|author=|source=Franz Joseph I of Austria, Council of the Crown of 12 November 1866<ref name="ReferenceB">''Die Protokolle des Österreichischen Ministerrates 1848/1867. V Abteilung: Die Ministerien Rainer und Mensdorff. VI Abteilung: Das Ministerium Belcredi'', Wien, Österreichischer Bundesverlag für Unterricht, Wissenschaft und Kunst 1971</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Jürgen Baurmann, Hartmut Gunther and Ulrich Knoop| title=Homo scribens : Perspektiven der Schriftlichkeitsforschung | year= 1993 |isbn= 3484311347|page=279| publisher=Walter de Gruyter |language=de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l3tCTXoeAysC&pg=279}}</ref>}} [[File:Dalmatia.png|thumb|247x247px|Proportion of Dalmatian Italians in districts of Dalmatia in 1910, per the Austro-Hungarian census]]
Dalmatia, especially its maritime cities, once had a substantial local Italian-speaking population (Dalmatian Italians). According to Austrian censuses, the Italian speakers in Dalmatia formed 12.5% of the population in 1865,<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Peričić|first=Šime|date=2003-09-19|title=O broju Talijana/talijanaša u Dalmaciji XIX. stoljeća|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/12136|journal=Radovi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru|language=hr|issue=45|pages=342|issn=1330-0474}}</ref> but this was reduced to 2.8% in 1910.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omm1910.hu/?/de/datenbank|title=Spezialortsrepertorium der österreichischen Länder I-XII, Wien, 1915–1919|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529164005/http://www.omm1910.hu/?%2Fde%2Fdatenbank|archive-date=2013-05-29|language=de}}</ref> The Italian population in Dalmatia was concentrated in the major coastal cities. In the city of Split in 1890 there were 1,971 Dalmatian Italians (9% of the population), in Zadar 7,672 (27%), in Šibenik 1,090 (5%), in Kotor 646 (12%) and in Dubrovnik 356 (3%).<ref name="Perselli">{{Cite work |last=Perselli |first=Guerrino |url=https://crsrv.org/editoria/etnia/i-censimenti-della-popolazione-dellistria-con-fiume-e-trieste-e-di-alcune-citta-della-dalmazia-tra-il-1850-e-il-1936/ |title=I censimenti della popolazione dell'Istria, con Fiume e Trieste e di alcune città della Dalmazia tra il 1850 e il 1936 |publisher=Centro di Ricerche Storiche - Rovigno, Unione Italiana - Fiume, Università Popolare di Trieste, Trieste-Rovigno |year=1993}}</ref> In other Dalmatian localities, according to Austrian censuses, Italians experienced a sudden decrease: in the twenty years 1890-1910, in Rab they went from 225 to 151, in Vis from 352 to 92, in Pag from 787 to 23, completely disappearing in almost all inland locations.
There are several reasons for the decrease of the Dalmatian Italian population following the rise of European nationalism in the 19th century:<ref>{{cite book| last= Seton-Watson| first= Christopher| title= Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, 1870–1925 | publisher= Methuen | pages=47–48| year=1967|isbn=9780416189407 |url=https://archive.org/details/italyfromliberal0000seto/page/353/mode/1up?q=Dalmatia}}</ref> * The conflict with the Austrian rulers caused by the Italian "''Risorgimento''". * The emergence of Croatian nationalism and Italian irredentism (see ''Risorgimento''), and the subsequent conflict of the two. * The emigration of many Dalmatians toward the growing industrial regions of northern Italy before World War I and North and South America. * Multi generational assimilation of anyone who married out of their social class and/or nationality – as perpetuated by similarities in education, religion, dual linguistic distribution, mainstream culture and economical output. * De-italianization of previously italianized Slavic people. While Slavic-speakers made up 80-95% of the Dalmatia populace,{{sfn|Peričić|2003|p=342}} only Italian language schools existed until 1848,{{sfn|Peričić|2003|p=350}} and due to restrictive voting laws, the Italian-speaking aristocratic minority retained political control of Dalmatia.{{sfn|Peričić|2003|p=338}} Only after Austria liberalised elections in 1870, allowing more majority Slavs to vote, did Croatian parties gain control. Croatian finally became an official language in Dalmatia in 1883, along with Italian.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beč kao magnet |url=https://mojahrvatska.vecernji.hr/vijesti/habsburgovci-povijest-hrvatski-jezik-bec-smiljka-malinar-1178499 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114203343/https://mojahrvatska.vecernji.hr/vijesti/habsburgovci-povijest-hrvatski-jezik-bec-smiljka-malinar-1178499 |archive-date=2021-11-14 |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=mojahrvatska.vecernji.hr |language=hr}}</ref> Yet minority Italian-speakers continued to wield strong influence, since Austria favoured Italians for government work, thus in the Austrian capital of Dalmatia, Zara, the proportion of Italians continued to grow, making it the only Dalmatian city with an Italian majority.{{sfn|Peričić|2003|p=343}}
Both Italian and Croatian were recognized as official languages in Dalmatia until 1909, when Italian lost its official status, thus it could no longer be used in the public and administrative sphere.<ref>{{Citation |title=Dalmazia |volume=III |page=730 |year=1970 |publisher=Treccani |language=it |quote=Nel 1909 l'uso della lingua italiana viene proibito negli uffici dello Stato. |encyclopedia=Dizionario enciclopedico italiano |trans-quote=In 1909 the use of the Italian language was prohibited in the offices of the State}}</ref> After the World War I, Dalmatia was annexed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the Italian community underwent a policy of forced Croatisation.<ref>"Italiani di Dalmazia: 1919-1924" di Luciano Monzali</ref> The majority of the Italian Dalmatian minority decided to transfer in the Kingdom of Italy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://secolo-trentino.com/2020/02/11/primo-esodo-dalmati-1870-1880-1920/|title=Il primo esodo dei Dalmati: 1870, 1880 e 1920 - Secolo Trentino|access-date=16 May 2023|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225193222/https://secolo-trentino.com/2020/02/11/primo-esodo-dalmati-1870-1880-1920/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
During the Italian occupation of Dalmatia in World War II, it was caught in the ethnic violence towards non-Italians during fascist repression. What remained of the Italian community in Dalmatia fled the area after World War II during the Istrian–Dalmatian exodus:<ref>Društvo književnika Hrvatske, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mX9lAAAAMAAJ&q=Croatisation+after+World+War+II Bridge]'', Volume 1995, Numbers 9–10, Croatian literature series – Ministarstvo kulture, Croatian Writer's Association, 1989</ref> from 1947, after the war, Dalmatian Italians were subject by Yugoslav authorities to forms of intimidation, such as nationalization, expropriation, and discriminatory taxation,<ref name="books.google.fr">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHnEI2m5tFIC&pg=PA309|title=Genocide: Truth, Memory, and Representation|page=295|author=Pamela Ballinger|date=7 April 2009|publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0822392361|access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref> which gave them little option other than emigration.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ia-qdCeUaXIC&pg=PA136 |title=Ethnic Cleansing and the European Union – Page 136, Lynn Tesser|isbn=9781137308771|last1=Tesser|first1=L.|date=14 May 2013|publisher=Springer }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=da6acnbbEpAC&pg=PA103 |title=History in Exile: Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans |page=103 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0691086974 |last1=Ballinger|first1=Pamela|year=2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykMVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA133|title=Refugees in the Age of Total War|pages=139, 143|author=Anna C. Bramwell, University of Oxford, UK|date=1988|isbn=9780044451945}}</ref>
In 2001 about 500 Italians were counted in Dalmatia. In particular, according to the official Croatian census of 2011, there are 83 Italians in Split (equal to 0.05% of the total population), 16 in Šibenik (0.03%) and 27 in Dubrovnik (0.06%).<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/results/htm/e01_01_04/E01_01_04_zup17.html|title = Central Bureau of Statistics|access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref> According to the official Croatian census of 2021, there are 63 Italians in Zadar (equal to 0.09% of the total population).<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/results/htm/e01_01_04/E01_01_04_zup13.html|title = Central Bureau of Statistics|access-date=25 January 2023}}</ref>
==Croatisation in the NDH== {{Main|Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia}} [[File:Croatia-41-45.gif|thumb|Division of Yugoslavia after its invasion by the Axis powers during the World War II. {{legend|#339966|Areas annexed by Italy: the area constituting the province of Ljubljana, the area merged with the province of Fiume and the areas making up the Governorate of Dalmatia}} {{legend|#ff0000|Independent State of Croatia (NDH)}} {{legend|#0000ff|Area occupied by Nazi Germany}} {{legend|#996666|Areas occupied by Kingdom of Hungary}}]]
The Croatisation during Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was aimed primarily towards Serbs, and to a lesser degree, towards Jews and Roma. The Ustaše aim was a "pure Croatia" and the main target was the ethnic Serb population of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ministers of NDH announced the goals and strategies of the Ustaše in May 1941. The same statements and similar or related ones were also repeated in public speeches by single ministers, such as Mile Budak in Gospić and, a month later, by Mladen Lorković.<ref>Eric Gobetti, ''"L' occupazione allegra. Gli italiani in Jugoslavia (1941–1943)"'', Carocci, 2007, 260 pages; {{ISBN|88-430-4171-1}}, {{ISBN|978-88-430-4171-8}}, quoting from V. Novak, Sarajevo 1964 and Savez jevrejskih opstina FNR Jugoslavije, Beograd 1952</ref>
*One third of the Serbs (in the Independent State of Croatia) were to be forcibly converted to Catholicism *One third of the Serbs were to be expelled (ethnically cleansed) *One third of the Serbs were to be killed
A Croatian Orthodox Church was established in order to try and pacify the state as well as to Croatisize the remaining Serb population once the Ustaše realized that the complete eradication of Serbs in the NDH was unattainable.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tomasevich |first1=Jozo |title=War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration |date=2001 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-80477-924-1 |page=547 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC&pg=PA547}}</ref>
== Notable individuals who voluntarily Croatised == *Dimitrija Demeter, a playwright who was the author of the first modern Croatian drama, was from a Greek family. *Vatroslav Lisinski, a composer, was originally named ''Ignaz Fuchs''. His Croatian name is a literal translation. *Bogoslav Šulek, a lexicographer and inventor of many Croatian scientific terms, was originally ''Bohuslav Šulek'' from Slovakia. *Stanko Vraz, a poet and the first professional writer in Croatia, was originally ''Jakob Frass'' from Slovenia. *August Šenoa, a Croatian novelist, poet and writer, is of German descent. His parents never learned the Croatian language, even when they lived in Zagreb. *Dragutin Gorjanović-Kramberger, a geologist, palaeontologist and archaeologist who discovered Krapina man<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927013702/http://www.modernhumanorigins.net/krapinac.html Krapina C<!-- Bot generated title -->]}}</ref> (Krapinski pračovjek), was of German descent. He added his second name, Gorjanović, to be adopted as a Croatian. *Slavoljub Eduard Penkala was an inventor of Dutch/Polish origins. He added the name Slavoljub in order to Croatise. *Lovro Monti, Croatian politician, mayor of Knin. One of the leaders of the Croatian national movement in Dalmatia, he was of Italian roots. *Adolfo Veber Tkalčević, linguist of German descent *Ivan Zajc (born'' Giovanni von Seitz'') a music composer was of German descent
=== Other === Notable individuals, of Croatian origin, partially ''Magyarized'' through intermarriages and then ''Croatized'' again, include families: *Keglević *Pejačević (Pejasevich) *Ladislav Pejačević *Teodor Pejačević *Dora Pejačević *George Martinuzzi
== See also == * Cultural assimilation * Anti-Croat Sentiment * Bosniakisation * Germanisation * Italianization * Magyarization * Serbianisation * Serbs of Croatia * Istrian–Dalmatian exodus * Dalmatian Italians * Istrian Italians * Forced assimilation * Independent State of Croatia * Ustaše * Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia * Greater Croatia
== Notes == {{Reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book|last=Bilandžić |first=Dušan |author-link=Dušan Bilandžić |title=Hrvatska moderna povijest |language=hr |publisher=Golden marketing |year=1999 |isbn=953-6168-50-2 }} * {{cite book |last=Bougarel |first=Xavier |author-link=Xavier Bougarel |date=2018 |title=Islam and Nationhood in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Surviving Empires |location=New York |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781350003613}} * {{Cite book|last=Dizdar |first=Zdravko |title=Časopis za suvremenu povijest |volume=36 |chapter=Djelovanje HKD "Napredak" u Hrvatskoj (1902. - 1941.) |publisher=Hrvatski institut za povijest |year=2004 |language=hr }} * {{Cite book |last1=Donia |first1=Robert J. |last2=Van Antwerp Fine |first2=John |title=Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-85065-211-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bosniahercegovin0000doni }} * {{Cite book|last=Donia |first=Robert J. |title=Sarajevo: A Biography |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2006 |isbn=0-472-11557-X }} * {{Cite book|last=Klaić |first=Vjekoslav |author-link=Vjekoslav Klaić |title=Bosna (Zemljopis) |publisher=Matica hrvatska |year=1878 |language=hr }} * {{cite journal |last=Kurtić |first=Najil |date=2013 |title=Novine u Bosni u osmanskom periodu i nacionalno samoidentificiranje Bošnjaka |trans-title=Newspapers in Bosnia in the Ottoman period and the national self-identification of Bosniaks |url=http://untz.ba/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Bosanski_jezik_2013.pdf |language=bs |journal=Bosanski jezik |volume=10 |pages=107–125 |access-date=6 February 2024}} * {{Cite book|last=Maletić |first=Franjo |title=Who is Who in Croatia |publisher=Golden marketing |year=1993 |asin=B0000D6QL5 }} {{Refend}}
{{Cultural assimilation|sp=ize}}
Category:Social history of Croatia Category:Cultural assimilation Category:Slavicisation