Alternaria penicillata

{{Short description|Genus of fungi}} {{Speciesbox | image = | image_caption = | genus = Alternaria | species = penicillata | authority = (Corda) Woudenb. & Crous<ref name=Corda>(Corda) Woudenb. & Crous, in Woudenberg, Groenewald, Binder & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 75(1): 190 (2013)</ref><ref name="Woudenberg2013"/> | synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Species Fungorum - GSD Species |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/GSDSpecies.asp?RecordID=803692 |website=www.speciesfungorum.org |access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref> | synonyms = {{Species list |Brachycladium penicillatum|Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 2: 14 (1838) |Dendryphion penicillatum|(Corda) Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Sectio Post. (Stockholm): 504 (1849) |Cucurbitaria papaveracea|De Not., Hedwigia 4: 19 (1865) |Pleospora papaveracea|(De Not.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 243 (1883) |Crivellia papaveracea|(De Not.) Shoemaker & Inderb., in Inderbitzin, Shoemaker, O'Neill, Turgeon & Berbee, Can. J. Bot. 84(8): 1308 (2006) |Dendryphion penicillatum var. sclerotiale|M.-E. Meffert, Z. ParasitKde 14(5): 462 (1950) }} }}

'''''Alternaria penicillata''''' is a species of fungi in the family Pleosporaceae, which causes leaf blight of opium poppy. The fungus is found in Europe, Australia, India, Japan, Nepal, Pakistan, South Africa, Turkey, USA and Zambia.<ref name="urlMycoBank: Crivellia papaveracea"/>

It was formerly ''Crivellia papaveracea'' in the monotypic genus ''Crivellia''.<ref name=OfA/> With DNA analyses showing that it was related to ''Alternaria brassicicola'' {{Au|(Schw.) Wiltshire}}, ''Alternaria japonica'' {{Au|Yoshii}}, and ''Ulocladium alternariae'' {{Au|(Cooke) Simmons}}.<ref name="Inderbitzin2006"/>

Genus ''Crivellia'' was named after mycologist Paolo Giuseppe Crivelli (fl. 1981).<ref>{{cite web |title=Crivelli, Paolo Giuseppe {{!}} International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/a/17529-1 |website=www.ipni.org |access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref>

It was found in Russia and Ukraine.<ref name="Gasich2013"/>

In 2013, a new DNA study was carried out and reclassified former genera; ''Allewia'', ''Brachycladium'', ''Chalastospora'', ''Chmelia'', ''Crivellia'', ''Embellisia'', ''Lewia'', ''Nimbya'', ''Sinomyces'', ''Teretispora'', ''Ulocladium'', ''Undifilum'' and ''Ybotromyces'' as synonymy with genus ''Alternaria''.<ref name="Woudenberg2013"/> As accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/>

=="Agent Green" in Colombia == In 2000, the government of Colombia proposed dispersing strains of ''Crivellia'' and another fungus, ''Fusarium oxysporum'', also known as '''Agent Green''', as a biological weapon to forcibly eradicate coca and other illegal crops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.grain.org/article/entries/306-sprouting-up-battle-lines-drawn-over-agent-green |title = Sprouting up: Battle Lines Drawn over Agent Green}}</ref> The weaponized strains were developed by the US government, who had conditioned their approval of Plan Colombia on the use of this weapon, but ultimately withdraw that condition. In February 2001, the EU Parliament also issued a declaration specifically against the use of these biological agents in warfare.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0102/S00023.htm|title=EU Parliament Rejects Agent Green for Colombia | Scoop News}}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Gasich2013">{{cite journal |last1=Gasich |first1=E.L. |last2=Gannibal |first2=P.B. |last3=Berestetskiy |first3=A.O. |last4=Kazartsev |first4=I.A. |last5=Khlopunova |first5=L.B. |last6=Terletskiy |first6=V.M. |last7=Bekyasheva |first7=E.N. |title=Taxonomically significant characters of ''Crivellia papaveracea'' and ''Brachycladium papaveris'', pathogens of poppy, revealed in Russia and Ukraine. |journal=Mikol Fitopatol |date=2013 |volume=47 |pages=249–260}}</ref>

<ref name="Inderbitzin2006">{{cite journal |last1=Inderbitzin |first1=Patrik |last2=Shoemaker |first2=Robert A. |last3=O'Neill |first3=Nichole R. |last4=Turgeon |first4=B. Gillian |last5=Berbee |first5=Mary L. |title=Systematics and mating systems of two fungal pathogens of opium poppy: the heterothallic ''Crivellia papaveracea'' with a Brachycladium penicillatum asexual state and a homothallic species with a ''Brachycladium papaveris'' asexual state |journal=Botany |date=August 2006 |volume=84 |issue=8 |doi=10.1139/b06-067}}</ref>

<ref name=OfA>{{cite journal|last=Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. |date=December 2007 |title=Outline of Ascomycota – 2007 |journal=Myconet |volume=13 |pages=1–58 |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp |publisher=The Field Museum, Department of Botany |location=Chicago, USA |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318003134/http://www.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp |archivedate=March 18, 2009 }}</ref>

<ref name="urlMycoBank: Crivellia papaveracea">{{cite web |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=491295 |title=''Crivellia papaveracea'' (De Not.) Inderb. & Shoemaker 2006 |publisher=International Mycological Association |work=MycoBank |accessdate=2010-12-15}}</ref>

<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=Nalin |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin |first3=Laith Khalil Tawfeeq |last3=Al-Ani |last4=Somayeh |first4=Dolatabadi |last5=Stadler |first5=Marc |last6=Haelewaters |first6=Danny |last7=Tsurykau |first7=Andrei |last8=Mesic |first8=Armin |last9=Navathe |first9=Sudhir |last10=Papp |first10=Viktor |last11=Oliveira Fiuza |first11=Patrícia |last12=Vázquez |first12=Víctor |last13=Gautam |first13=Ajay |last14=Becerra |first14=Alejandra G. |last15=Ekanayaka |first15=Anusha |last16=K. C. |first16=Rajeshkumar |last17=Bezerra |first17=Jadson |last18=Matočec |first18=Neven |last19=Maharachchikumbura |first19=Sajeewa |last20=Suetrong |first20=Satinee |year=2020 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=11 |pages=1060–1456 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 |doi-access=free|hdl=10481/61998 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Woudenberg2013">{{cite journal |last1=Woudenberg |first1=J.H.C. |last2=Groenewald |first2=J.Z. |last3=Binder |first3=M. |last4=Crous |first4=P.W. |title=''Alternaria'' redefined |journal=Stud. Mycol. |date=30 June 2013 |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=171–212. |doi=10.3114/sim0015 |pmc=3713888}}</ref>

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Category:Pleosporaceae Category:Fungi of Africa Category:Fungi of Asia Category:Fungi of Australia Category:Fungi of Europe Category:Fungi of North America Category:Fungi described in 2013 Category:Fungus species