{{short description|Genre of political cartoons and Internet meme}} {{protection padlock|small=yes}} {{use dmy dates|date=May 2019|cs1-dates = l}} thumb|An example of Poland portrayed as a "countryball." The inversion of the Polish flag is intentional. '''Polandball''', also known as '''Countryballs''',{{Efn|The terms "Polandball" and "Countryballs" are widely considered interchangeable when referring to the genre.}} is an internet meme, a genre of geopolitical satire, and an art style primarily used in webcomics and videos in which countries and other political entities are personified as anthropomorphic balls bearing the design of their national flag—these figures are generally referred to as "countryballs." Polandball comics usually feature plots that satirize international relations, historical events, and stereotypes associated with featured countries, and are primarily created with widely available graphic art software such as Microsoft Paint, though comics created with more advanced software are often intentionally made to look crudely drawn.
The name "Polandball" is derived from the comics' origin as a means to troll a Polish user on the board named Wojak, who often spoke in broken English. Notably, in these early comics, Poland was drawn with an inverted Polish flag (resembling the flag of Indonesia or Monaco), which is now considered a defining feature of the genre.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |first= Ondřej |last= Procházka |editor= |format= |url= https://research.tilburguniversity.edu/en/publications/negotiating-ludic-normativity-in-facebook-meme-pages |title= Negotiating ludic normativity in Facebook meme pages |type= |orig-year= |agency= |edition= Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies |location= |year= 2020 |publisher= Tilburg University |volume= 8 |number= |pages= |series= |isbn= 978-94-6416-307-0 |archive-date= 31 March 2023 |access-date= 24 June 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230331124853/https://research.tilburguniversity.edu/en/publications/negotiating-ludic-normativity-in-facebook-meme-pages |url-status= live }}</ref>
After the initial strips that were focused on Wojak, other users on the board began to create their own comics featuring other countryballs and exploring real-world geopolitical relationships and history. The Polandball meme eventually spread to other parts of the internet, spawning large communities on social media sites like Facebook and Reddit,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Citation |last=Borkiewicz |first=Anna |title=Polandball |date=2021-10-19 |work=Public History in Poland |pages=206–217 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003165767/chapters/10.4324/9781003165767-16 |access-date=2026-05-01 |edition=1 |place=New York |publisher=Routledge |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003165767-16 |isbn=978-1-003-16576-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> while "Countryballs" videos have grown and continue to be popular on YouTube.<ref>Soldatenko, I. S. (2025). Non-classical mnemonic actors and new commemorative practices in the network space. ''Вестник университета'', 25.</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last=Ertanowska |first=Delfina |date=May 2021 |title=COUNTRYBALLS: POLITICAL COMICS AS A FORM OF ALTERNATIVE MEDIA NARRATIVE |url=https://journ.lnu.edu.ua/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/StudZbirnyk-2021_web.pdf |journal=Професійне Становлення Журналіста: Традиції Та Нові Підходи |isbn=978-617-100-578-5 |archive-date=22 April 2022 |access-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422081835/https://journ.lnu.edu.ua/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/StudZbirnyk-2021_web.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite book |title=Obrazy Rossii i Belarusi v predstavlenijach molodeži dvuch stran v XXI veke |date=2020 |publisher=Institut ėtnologii i antropologii RAN |isbn=978-5-4211-0254-0 |editor-last=Snežkova |editor-first=Irina Anatolʹevna |location=Moskva |editor-last2=Šalygina |editor-first2=Natalʹja Valentinovna |editor-last3=Rossijskaja akademija nauk |editor-last4=Belorusskij Gosudarstvennyj Universitet}}</ref>
==Background history== ===Precursors=== thumb|A still frame from "Europe vs. Italy" The Polandball meme, as noted by the British magazine ''The Shortlisted'', was possibly inspired by the work of Italian animator Bruno Bozzetto.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Pingitore |first=Silvia |date=2022-05-23 |title=Interview with Bruno Bozzetto {{!}} Silvia Pingitore |url=https://the-shortlisted.co.uk/bruno-bozzetto-interview-english/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=The Shortlisted {{!}} Celebrity Interviews by Silvia Pingitore |language=en-GB |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523151124/https://the-shortlisted.co.uk/bruno-bozzetto-interview-english/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In his 1999 cartoon "Europe vs. Italy," the European Union and Italy are depicted as circles, and the clip highlights the cultural and social differences between Italians and Europeans.<ref name=":6" />
Another possible inspiration for Polandball can be traced back to drawball.com, where users could freely draw on a circular canvas called a "drawball". <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Polandball – A Case Study |url=https://culture.pl/en/article/polandball-a-case-study |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=Culture.pl |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928234426/https://culture.pl/en/article/polandball-a-case-study |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2009, thousands of Polish netizens from Wykop.pl, PokazyWarka, and various other sites took over the drawball with an illustration of the Polish flag with the word "POLSKA" in the middle. The circular canvas constrained the flag in such a way that it became a literal "Poland ball". <ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">Orliński, Wojciech (16 January 2010). "Wyniosłe lol zaborców, czyli Polandball". ''Komentarze'' (in Polish). Gazeta Wyborcza. Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</ref><ref name=":9">Zapałowski, Radosław (15 February 2010). "Znowu lecą z nami w... kulki" (in Polish). Cooltura. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.</ref> The raid happened after a person on the Kibice.net forum asked for people to help them draw the Polish flag.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" />
Other users on the website attempted to sabotage the artwork by inverting the color scheme to match that of a Poké Ball, or defacing it with a large swastika.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> Eventually, hackers attacked NK.pl and Wykop.pl on 18 August. The sites withstood the attacks, but ran considerably slower for the rest of the day.<ref name=":8" />
=== First Polandball comics and spread === The first Polandball comics were published on the German imageboard krautchan.net by a British user of the site under the name Falco, with the intention of trolling a Polish user called Wojak.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last=Moskopp |first=Nils Dagsson |title=Internet-Meme - kurz & geek |date=2013 |publisher=O'Reilly Media |others=Christian Heller |isbn=978-3-86899-805-4 |edition=1st |location=Heidelberg|pages=86–88}}</ref> Falco's style of irreverent humor, crude drawing, and emphasis on broken English and stereotypes proved popular with other users for the purpose of satirizing countries other than Poland.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":16" />
When the style eventually began to be shared in other places on the internet outside of krautchan.net, with Facebook and Reddit emerging as the two most prominent hubs for Polandball comics and community activity, different ideas of what constitutes "good quality Countryballs content" began to develop according to the unique characteristics of each site.<ref name=":0" /> ==Platforms== === Facebook === On 11 November 2009, a Facebook page named ''POLANDBALL'' was created, reaching over 215,000 likes by July 2015<ref name=":2">Procházka, Ondřej. (2016). Cohesive Aspects of Humor in Internet Memes on Facebook: a Multimodal Sociolinguistic Analysis. Ostrava Journal of English Philology. 8. 7-38.</ref>, and it is notable for being one of the earliest major hubs for Polandball comics outside of krautchan.net.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Procházka |first=Ondřej |date=2019 |title=Making Sense of Facebook's Content Moderation: A Posthumanist Perspective on Communicative Competence and Internet Memes |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S232644890000146X/type/journal_article |journal=Signs and Society |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=362–397 |doi=10.1086/704763 |issn=2326-4489}}</ref> Though it was initially dedicated to posting Polandball content in the style of the original krautchan.net comics, the ''POLANDBALL'' page became known for sharing comics that deviated from the "standard" Polandball conventions, blending the Polandball style with other memes, and simply posting non-Polandball memes centered around history and geopolitics.<ref name=":0" />
The ''POLANDBALL'' page is considered the normative authority for Countryball content on Facebook, however the decentralized nature of the various Countryball pages on Facebook has led to concerns about community conduct.<ref name=":0" /> The community centered around the ''POLANDBALL'' page is known for its rejection of "politically correct" language in its comments sections,<ref name=":2" /> and the "satirical and often disparaging humor" often employed within its content across all associated pages.<ref>Prochazka, O. (2018). ''"Learn English before you start posting...": The sociolinguistics of inequality in a translocal Czech Facebook meme page''. (Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies; No. 210).</ref> It is speculated that this led to a series of suspensions for the main ''POLANDBALL'' page, and its temporary removal in 2017.<ref name=":3" />
=== Reddit === thumb|A basic Polandball tutorial In May 2011, a subreddit named r/polandball was created that reached over 350,000 subscribers as of September 2017.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hagen |first=Sal |date=15 November 2017 |title=Polandball is of Reddit: How r/polandball Transcends Memes through Carefully Curated Geopolitical Satire |url=https://networkcultures.org/longform/2017/11/15/polandball-is-of-reddit-how-rpolandball-transcends-memes-through-carefully-curated-geopolitical-satire/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928093806/https://networkcultures.org/longform/2017/11/15/polandball-is-of-reddit-how-rpolandball-transcends-memes-through-carefully-curated-geopolitical-satire/ |archive-date=28 September 2020 |access-date=17 September 2020 |website=Institute of Network Cultures}}</ref> In response to the ''POLANDBALL'' Facebook page's sharing of "non-orthodox" Polandball content, moderation of Polandball content on Reddit is much stricter and the "rules" of Polandball comics are more heavily enforced than on Facebook or other sites.<ref name=":0" />
Before Redditors are allowed to submit comics to the subreddit, they must submit their first comic for approval by the moderators before being granted permission to post, and every comic must adhere to many pages of rules to preserve the high quality of content posted to the subreddit.<ref name=":1" /> Consequently, the subreddit's moderators are considered "strict and authoritarian by numerous people outside the website."<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Despite this reputation, r/polandball is generally considered to be the main hub of user-generated Polandball comics on the internet.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /> According to the subreddit's side bar:<blockquote>Polandball is unique and should remain so. It clearly stands apart from rage comics and memes. Read the official Polandball guidelines. To maintain high content quality, all comics must adhere to them.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /></blockquote>To this end, various Polandball "tutorials" have been developed on Reddit and other parts of the internet in the interest of maintaining the meme's distinct style.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" />
=== YouTube === Between 2012 and 2017, YouTube channels featuring "Countryballs" content emerged, with the Belarusian channel Art's Animations reaching over 297,000 subscribers as of 2020.<ref name=":16" /> Another channel under the name No Idea Animations had achieved over 489,000 subscribers as of 2021.<ref name=":15" /> Unlike on Reddit (where moderation enforces normative standards for Polandball comics),<ref name=":0" /> "Countryballs" content on YouTube is more varied and often deviates from the conventions established on krautchan.<ref name=":16" />
Countryballs content on YouTube overlaps with another genre of geopolitical content known as "mapping," with the primary purpose of tracking the historical and geographical changes occurring throughout historical periods of interest—due to its simplicity and versatility, the Countryballs format has proved popular with YouTubers producing "mapping" content.<ref name=":16" />
== Characteristics and themes == {{multiple image | perrow = 2 | total_width = 300 | image1 = Polandball comic about democracy.png | image2 = Poland can into Wikipedia (retouched).jpg | image3 = Jewish Physics.png | image4 = Ikea can into meatballs (version 1).png | footer = Clockwise from top left; comic satirising the Cold War, comic about Poland editing Wikipedia, comic parodying Deutsche Physik using an Israel countryball, comic about Swedish IKEA furniture names }}
=== Satire === Similarly to the medium of political cartoons, Polandball comics aim to satirize a wide variety of topics, including political entities, geopolitical events, history, national stereotypes, international relations, and culture.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":14" /> Comics done in the Polandball style often employ stereotypes rooted in racism and xenophobia in their portrayal of countries.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":10">Wilson, Lam. "HB Herald: May 2017" (PDF). IB Herald. p. 42. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2023.</ref> The intent is to create a caricature, such as Poland's common appearance in the comics as a poorly-educated, low-income immigrant speaking broken English.<ref name=":4" />
Other satirical elements of Polandball comics include abridged or over-simplified accounts of historical events. In a paper titled "Memes and Graphic Novels as Public History," Anna Borkiewicz notes that while "Some historical knowledge and knowledge of this and other countries' stereotypes is required to understand Polandball memes,... the brevity of the format does not lend itself to providing detailed historical accounts, and often we see historical accuracy sacrificed in favor of unnuanced simplifications – from which a measure of humor may be derived."<ref name=":4" />
The role of satire in Polandball comics is debated, with some comics displaying a clearly offensive or racist agenda, however, due to the high effort involved in producing Polandball comics (i.e. due to their hand-drawn nature), it is also believed that traditional politicking is unlikely.<ref name=":1" />
=== Artwork === thumb|Examples of characters in Polandball comics that do not adhere to the standard "Countryball" conventions Unlike Rage comics or other template memes, the Polandball style is generally user-drawn.<ref name=":11">S. Arvidsson, P. Gabrielsson and U. Johansson, "Texture Mapping of Flags onto Polandball Characters using Convolutional Neural Nets," 2021 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), Shenzhen, China, 2021, pp. 1-7, doi: 10.1109/IJCNN52387.2021.9533306. keywords: {Computer vision;Quantization (signal);Image color analysis;Computational modeling;Transforms;Data models;Software},</ref><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":1" /> Conventions enforced by r/polandball include the avoidance of Microsoft Paint's line and rectangle tools, and the avoidance of the circle tool when drawing countryballs.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" />
Some countries featured in Polandball comics have established conventions regarding the inclusion of props and/or accessories carried by their respective countryballs, such as sunglasses for the United States, and a top hat and monocle for the United Kingdom.<ref name=":1" />
Although countryballs are the predominant form employed to portray countries in Polandball comics, the genre has spawned a variety of deviations from this convention:
* Nepal is depicted as a monster due to the atypical shape of its national flag.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Wellisch |first=Simon |date=2023-04-01 |title=Tringapore – Singapore in geopolitical comics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962629823000355 |journal=Political Geography |volume=102 |article-number=102857 |doi=10.1016/j.polgeo.2023.102857 |issn=0962-6298|doi-access=free }}</ref> * Kazakhstan is depicted as a brick (this is a reference to krautchan moderators' oversight when assigning countryball flairs to countries' flags on the board).<ref name=":13">Гибадуллина, Н. М (2018). А. А. Зарайский (ed.). "Комиксы «Countrybollz»: визуализация политики в Интернете" (PDF). Форум Молодых Учёных. 3 (19). Naberezhnye Chelny: pp. 120–125. ISSN 2500-4050.</ref><ref name=":12" /> * Israel and the Jewish Autonomous Oblast are depicted as hypercubes in reference to an early Polandball comic about "Jewish physics".<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> * Singapore and Bermuda are depicted as triangles (Singapore's depiction is believed to be a reference to the Indonesia–Malaysia–Singapore growth triangle, while Bermuda's depiction is a reference to the Bermuda Triangle).<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> * Various peoples and tribes that do not have flags or statehood, as well as other entities, are often represented by Billiard balls.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":1" />
=== Dialogue === [[File:Engrish example.png|thumb|An example of broken English commonly employed in Polandball comics]] Polandball comics extensively feature broken English dialogue for non-Anglosphere countries, or countries where English is not an official language.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Ke |first=Weitao |date=2024-03-14 |title=Deciphering Linguistic Stereotypes in Polandball Comics: A Qualitative Analysis of 'Engrish' and Cultural Representation |url=https://lnep.ewapub.com/article/view/10670 |journal=Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=18–26 |doi=10.54254/2753-7048/42/20240811 |issn=2753-7048|doi-access=free }}</ref> Broken English is also sometimes used when communicating in comments sections.<ref name=":2" /> In a study on ludic normativity in Facebook meme pages, Ondrej Prochazka finds that, "The use of 'poorly written' or 'broken' English is strategic here. It involves styling – conscious deployment of various linguistic repertoires and their mixture depending on the individual countryball and author's access to Countryball universe."<ref name=":0" />
Some common broken English tropes in Polandball comics include grammatically incorrect phrases like "can/cannot into" (as in the most famous Polandball phrase, "Poland cannot into space"),<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /> and incorrectly adding the plural progressive present tense suffix "-ings" to the end of verbs or other parts of speech.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> Broken English dialogue is also produced by including words phrases from languages other than English, or by employing another language's grammar structure or alphabet.<ref name=":5" />
==See also== * Social commentary * Editorial cartoon * List of Internet memes * ''Hetalia: Axis Powers'' – a Japanese webcomic in which the countries are personified as humans * ''Year Hare Affair'' – a Chinese webcomic in which countries are personified as animals
==Notes== {{notelist}}
==References== {{reflist}}
== Bibliography == {{refbegin|2}} * {{Cite web |first= Wojciech |last= Oleksiak |editor= |format= |url= https://culture.pl/en/article/polandball-a-case-study |title= Polandball – A Case Study |type= |orig-year= |agency= |edition= Culture.pl |location= |date= 2014 |publisher= |at= |volume= |issue= |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160707021847/https://culture.pl/en/article/polandball-a-case-study |archive-date= 2016-07-07 |language= en }} * {{Cite web|lang=hu|url=http://corvinusonline.blog.hu/2014/08/27/a_lengyellabda_a_nepal-szorny_a_zsido_hiperkocka_es_a_tobbiek|title=A lengyellabda, a Nepál-szörny, a zsidó hiperkocka és a többiek. Bevezetés a polandball világába|date=2014-08-27|publisher=Corvinus Economist|access-date=2022-05-12|ref={{sfnref|Corvinus Economist|2014}}}} * {{Cite web |first= Steven |last= Hoffman |editor= |format= |url= http://www.krakowpost.com/9279/2015/05/how-polandball-can-of-taking-over-internets |title= How Polandball can of taking over internets |type= газета |orig-year= |agency= |edition= Krakow Post |location= |date= 2015 |publisher= |at= |volume= |issue= |number= |pages= |page= |series= |isbn= |issn= |doi= |bibcode= |arxiv= |pmid= |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160401080611/http://www.krakowpost.com/9279/2015/05/how-polandball-can-of-taking-over-internets |archive-date= 2016-04-01 |language= en |quote= 2 }} * {{Cite web |first= Marjetka |last= Žnidaršič |editor= |format= |url= http://www.cek.ef.uni-lj.si/magister/znidarsic1955-B.pdf |title= Uporaba memov kot orodja komuniciranja na spletu |type= |orig-year= |agency= |edition= |location= |date= 2015 |publisher= Экономический факультет Люблянского университета |language= sl |access-date= 6 February 2024 |archive-date= 20 January 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220120005837/http://www.cek.ef.uni-lj.si/magister/znidarsic1955-B.pdf |url-status= live }} * {{cite book |first1=Bo |last1= Söderlund |first2=Jesper |last2=Olsson |date=2016 |language=sv |title=Sverigedemokraterna och flyktingkrisen: En kritisk diskursanalys av Sverigedemokraternas aktivitet på sociala medier |url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:942149/FULLTEXT01.pdf}}<!-- auto-translated from Russian by Module:CS1 translator --> * {{Cite web |first=Monique Thiene |last=Schneider |editor= |format= |url=https://theses.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/123456789/5652/Schneider%2C_Monique_1.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Not in the privileged club |type= |orig-year= |agency= |edition= |location= |year=2016 |publisher=Университет Неймегена }} * {{Cite journal |last= Гибадуллина |first= Н. М |editor= А. А. Зарайский |format= |url= https://pure.spbu.ru/ws/portalfiles/portal/39521740/Zhurnal_3_19_.pdf |title= Комиксы «Countrybollz»: визуализация политики в Интернете |orig-year= |journal= Форум Молодых Учёных |location= Naberezhnye Chelny |date= 2018 |volume= 3 |number= 19 |pages= 120–125 |series= |issn= 2500-4050 |archive-date= 10 May 2022 |access-date= 19 May 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220510070048/https://pure.spbu.ru/ws/portalfiles/portal/39521740/Zhurnal_3_19_.pdf |url-status= live }} * {{Cite web |first= Otso |last= Seppänen |editor= |format= |url= https://skrolli.fi/2018.2.mechuri.pdf |title= Puolapallot pölkkypäille |orig-year= |agency= |edition= Skrolli |location= |date= 2018 |publisher= |volume= |issue= |number= |pages= 38 |language= fi |access-date= 19 May 2023 |archive-date= 2 January 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210102235928/https://skrolli.fi/2018.2.mechuri.pdf |url-status= live }} * {{Cite journal |first= Ondřej |last= Procházka |editor= |format= |url= https://research.tilburguniversity.edu/en/publications/learn-english-before-you-start-posting-the-sociolinguistics-of-in |title= "Learn English before you start posting...": The sociolinguistics of inequality in a translocal Czech Facebook meme page |journal= Learn English Before You Start Posting... |type= |orig-year= |agency= |edition= Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies |year= 2018 |publisher= Тилбургский университет |volume= |number= 210 |pages= 1–21 |series= Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies |archive-date= 30 May 2023 |access-date= 24 June 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230530053415/https://research.tilburguniversity.edu/en/publications/learn-english-before-you-start-posting-the-sociolinguistics-of-in |url-status= live }} * {{Cite journal |first= Ondřej |last= Procházka |editor= |format= |url= https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/epdf/10.1086/704763 |title= Making Sense of Facebook's Content Moderation: A Posthumanist Perspective on Communicative Competence and Internet Memes |journal= Signs and Society |type= |orig-year= |agency= |edition= The University of Chicago Press |date= 2019 |publisher= Ostrava University |volume= 7 |issue= 3 |pages= 362–397 |series= |issn= |doi= 10.1086/704763 }} * {{Cite journal |last = Федорченко |first = С. Н. |editor = |format = |url = https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=38534043 |title = Интернет-мемы как элемент медиатизации политической повестки на примере международных отношений |orig-year = |agency = |journal = Журнал Политических Исследований |date = 2019 |volume = 3 |number = 2 |pages = 42–58 |series = |issn = 2587-6295 }} * {{cite book|chapter=Глава 4. Креативные формы молодежного восприятия образа страны. <small>Россия, Беларусь и новые формы визуальности: Countryballs и Humanization (Д. В. Громов)</small> |date=2020 |editor1=И. А. Снежкова |editor2=Н. В. Шалыгина |location=М. |pages=365 |publisher=Институт этнологии и антропологии имени Н. Н. Миклухо-Маклая РАН, Белорусский государственный университет |ref={{sfnref|Институт этнологии и антропологии РАН|2020}} |title=Образы России и Беларуси в представлениях молодежи двух стран в XXI веке |url=http://static.iea.ras.ru/news/Obrazy_Rossii_i_Belarusu.pdf}}<!-- auto-translated from Russian by Module:CS1 translator --> * {{Cite book |first= Ondřej |last= Procházka |editor= |format= |url= https://research.tilburguniversity.edu/en/publications/negotiating-ludic-normativity-in-facebook-meme-pages |title= Negotiating ludic normativity in Facebook meme pages |type= |orig-year= |agency= |edition= Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies |location= |year= 2020 |publisher= Tilburg University |volume= 8 |number= |pages= 1–159 |series= |isbn= 978-94-6416-307-0 }} * {{cite book |first=Simon |last=Torffvit |date=2021 |language=sv |pages=31–35 |title=En formell titt på informell svensk historia. <small>En analys av populära internationella forums brukande av svensk historia genom internet memes</small> |url=https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=9036603&fileOId=9036615}}<!-- auto-translated from Russian by Module:CS1 translator --> * {{cite book |first=Anna |last=Borkiewicz |chapter=12 Polandball. Memes and Graphic Novels as Public History |date=2021 |publisher=Routledge |title=Public History in Poland |isbn=978-1-000-50588-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTlJEAAAQBAJ}}<!-- auto-translated from Russian by Module:CS1 translator --> * {{Cite book |first= Delfina |last= Ertanowska |editor= |format= |url= https://journ.lnu.edu.ua/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/StudZbirnyk-2021_web.pdf |title= Countryballs: political comics as a form of alternative media narrative |type= |orig-year= |agency= |edition= Професійне становлення журналіста: традиції та нові підходи : збірник матеріалів Четвертої міжнародної науково-практичної конференції студентів та молодих учених |location= Львов |date= August 2021 |publisher= Львовский национальный университет имени Ивана Франко |volume= |number= |pages= 130–133 |series= |isbn= 978-617-100-578-5 |archive-date= 22 April 2022 |access-date= 6 February 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220422081835/https://journ.lnu.edu.ua/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/StudZbirnyk-2021_web.pdf |url-status= live }} * {{Cite thesis |first= Aino |last= Valtonen |editor= |format= |url= https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/81667 |title= "Nobody would say hi to someone they don't know" : Depictions of Finnishness by American TikTok creators |orig-year= |agency= |edition= |location= |date= 2022 |publisher= Университет Йювяскюля |archive-date= 16 November 2024 |access-date= 16 March 2026 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20241116054552/https://jyx.jyu.fi/handle/123456789/81667 |url-status= live }} {{refend}}
==External links== {{Commons}} {{Wikiquote|Polandball}} * [https://www.reddit.com/r/polandball r/Polandball on Reddit] * [https://www.polandballwiki.com Polandball Wiki] * [https://www.facebook.com/polandball/ Polandball Facebook page]
{{National personifications|state=collapsed}} {{Webcomics}} {{Reddit}} {{Portal bar|Comedy|Countries|Internet|Poland|2000s|2010s|2020s}}
Category:2000s webcomics Category:2009 comics debuts Category:2010s webcomics Category:2020s webcomics Category:American political satire Category:American webcomics Category:Stereotypes of Polish people Category:2009 in Internet culture Category:Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Category:Fictional balls Category:Internet memes introduced in 2009 Category:National personifications in comic books Category:Poland in fiction Category:Comics about politics Category:Race-related controversies in comics Category:Comics about anthropomorphic objects Category:Political Internet memes Category:Political webcomics Category:Satirical comics Category:Political satire comics Category:Works about Poland Category:2009 webcomic debuts Category:American comedy webcomics Category:Parody webcomics Category:Internet meme characters Category:Internet memes introduced from the United Kingdom Category:Culture of Reddit Category:Culture of Facebook