{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the sedge family}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Eriophorum Cotton Grass.JPG |image_caption = ''[[Eriophorum vaginatum]]'' |taxon = Eriophorum |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]{{r|IPNI:13751-1}} |type_species = ''[[Eriophorum vaginatum]]'' |type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]{{r|Tropicos}} |synonyms = {{Collapsible list |title=Heterotypic synonyms |{{Species list |Eriophoropsis |Palla |Leucoma |Ehrh. |Linagrostis |Guett. |Plumaria |Bubani |Plumaria |Heist. ex Fabr. }}}} |synonyms_ref = {{r|POWO:13751-1}} }}
'''''Eriophorum''''' ('''cottongrass''', '''cotton-grass''' or '''cottonsedge''') is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Cyperaceae]], the sedge family. They are found in the cool [[temperate]], [[Alpine climate|alpine]], and [[Arctic]] regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]], primarily in the [[middle latitudes]] of North America, Europe, and Asia.
==Description== ''Eriophorium'' species are [[Perennial plant|perennial]] [[herbaceous plant]]s that persist by means of underground [[rhizome]]s.{{r|FNA:112065|FoC:112065}} Stems (called [[Culm_(botany)|culms]]) grow singly or in clumps (i.e., [[cespitose]]). Both basal leaves and stem leaves are present, although the latter are bladeless in some species. The terminal [[inflorescence]] is either a single erect [[spikelet]] or multiple spikelets on [[Peduncle_(botany)|peduncles]] of various lengths. In the case of multiple spikelets, the inflorescence is subtended by one or more leaf-like [[bract]]s. Individual [[flower]]s have 10 or more smooth [[perianth]] bristles that greatly elongate and remain attached to the [[achene]] during fruiting. The bristles facilitate [[seed dispersal]] by wind. In cold [[Arctic]] regions, the bristles also serve as insulation by trapping solar radiation and thereby increasing the temperature of the reproductive organs.{{r|Crawford 1989}}
[[Identification key]]s often begin with a pair of alternatives that implicitly divide the genus into two mutually exclusive [[Section (botany)|section]]s:{{r|FNA:112065|FoC:112065|MFO|Go Botany}}
* ''Eriophorum'' section ''Vaginata'': one erect spikelet; no leaf-like bracts at the base of the inflorescence; stem leaves absent or, if present, either bladeless or with blade not more than 1 cm long * ''Eriophorum'' section ''Phyllanthela'': multiple spikelets (rarely one); one or more leaf-like bracts at the base of the inflorescence; uppermost stem leaf with a blade at least 1 cm long
Besides the number of spikelets and the presence of bracts and stem leaves, other characters may be used for identification, including: the length of the uppermost leaf blade relative to its sheath; the number of bracts (0, 1, or more than 1); the length and orientation of the bracts; the length of the peduncles; and the color of the bristles.
==Taxonomy== In the first edition of ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' published in 1753, the Swedish botanist [[Carl Linnaeus]] established [[genus]] ''Eriophorum'' by recognizing four [[species]]: ''Eriophorum vaginatum'', ''Eriophorum polystachion'', ''Eriophorum virginicum'', and ''Eriophorum alpinum''.{{r|IPNI:13751-1}}{{sfnp|Linnaeus|1753|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358071#page/64/mode/1up Vol. 1, pp. 52–53]}} In the second edition published in 1762, Linnaeus added a fifth species, ''Eriophorum cyperinum''.{{sfnp|Linnaeus|1762|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11628531#page/92/mode/1up Vol. 1, pp. 76–77]}} The name ''Eriophorum'' {{small|L.}} is the primary [[Genus#Use|generic name]] in use today.{{r|POWO:13751-1|WFO}} Although the names of some of the species have changed, the number of recognized [[Taxon|taxa]] in genus ''Eriophorum'' has remained more-or-less the same since 1994.{{sfnp|Novoselova|1994a}}{{sfnp|Novoselova|1994b}}
In the fifth edition of ''[[Genera Plantarum]]'' published in 1754 (intended to accompany the first edition of ''Species Plantarum''), Linnaeus referenced the prior work of the Italian botanist [[Pier Antonio Micheli]] and the French botanist [[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort]].{{sfnp|Linnaeus|1754|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14678#page/62/mode/1up p. 27]}} In 1729, Micheli described genus ''Linagrostis'', including an illustration of an unidentified plant.{{sfnp|Micheli|1729|loc=[https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/11953/?offset=#page=77&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q= p. 53], [https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/11953/?offset=#page=289&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q= Tab. 31]}} (The plant was later identified to be ''Eriophorum vaginatum''.{{sfnp|Fernald|1905b|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/562632#page/134/mode/1up p. 129]}}) Tournefort coined the French name ''Linaigrette'' (Latin: ''Linagrostis'') in 1694,{{sfnp|Tournefort|1694}} but his contribution became better known in Europe when his book was translated to Latin in 1719.{{sfnp|Tournefort|Jussieu|1719|loc=[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Josephi_Pitton_Tournefort_Aquisextiensis/ujMVAAAAQAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=linagrostis p. 664]}}
The French naturalist and mineralogist [[Jean-Étienne Guettard]] resurrected the pre-Linnaean name ''Linagrostis'' in 1750, and again in 1754, but ''Linagrostis'' {{small|Guett.}} is regarded as a synonym for ''Eriophorum'' {{small|L.}}{{r|IPNI:13878-1|POWO:13878-1}} After Guettard, the name ''Linagrostis'' was redescribed by numerous botanists, including [[John Hill (botanist)|John Hill]] (1756), [[Johann Gottfried Zinn]] (1757), and [[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli]] (1771),{{r|IPNI:13876-1|IPNI:13877-1|IPNI:13875-1}} but all three published [[Nomen illegitimum|illegitimate names]] since ''Linagrostis'' {{small|Guett.}} takes precedence. Scopoli's description of ''Linagrostis'' {{small|Tourn. ex Scop.}} is notable, however, since it is explicitly based on the early work of Tournefort.{{sfnp|Scopoli|1772|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/58202542#page/125/mode/1up p. 47]}} The names ''Linagrostis vaginata'' {{small|(L.) Scop.}}, ''Linagrostis alpina'' {{small|(L.) Scop.}}, and ''Linagrostis polystachia'' {{small|(L.) Scop.}} are synonyms for the corresponding names introduced by Linnaeus in 1753.{{r|POWO:310258-1|POWO:310255-1|POWO:310257-1}}
The Austrian botanist and mycologist [[Eduard Palla]] established genus ''Eriophoropsis'' in 1896 by [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregating]] ''Eriophorum virginicum'' into a new genus.{{r|IPNI:295913-2}} The name ''Eriophoropsis'' {{small|Palla}} is both a synonym for ''Eriophorum'' {{small|L.}} and the [[basionym]] of ''Eriophorum'' subgen. ''Eriophoropsis'' {{small|(Palla) Raymond}}, the latter described by the Canadian botanist [[Louis-Florent-Marcel Raymond]] in 1954.{{r|POWO:295913-2|IPNI:77347168-1}}
===Species=== {{As of|2025|09}}, the following [[species]] are accepted by [[Plants of the World Online]] (POWO):{{r|POWO:13751-1}}
{| class="wikitable" |- ! style="width: 20em; text-align: left" | Name/Author ! style="width: 5em; text-align: center" | Year described ! style="width: 5em; text-align: center" | Year published ! style="text-align: center" | Group ! style="text-align: left" | Distribution |- | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | ''[[Eriophorum angustifolium]]'' {{small|Honck.}} | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1782 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1782 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | Multispicate | style="text-align: left" | Widespread across Europe, Asia, North America |- | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | ''[[Eriophorum arcticum]]'' {{small|(M.S.Novos.) Schekhovts.}} | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1994 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 2023 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | Unispicate | style="text-align: left" | Siberia |- | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | ''[[Eriophorum brachyantherum]]'' {{small|Trautv. & C.A.Mey.}} | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1856 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1856 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | Unispicate | style="text-align: left" | Scandinavia, northern Russia, Mongolia, Korea, Alaska, northern Canada |- | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | ''[[Eriophorum callitrix]]'' {{small|Cham. ex C.A.Mey.}} | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1831 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1831 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | Unispicate | style="text-align: left" | Siberia, Russian Far East, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Montana, Wyoming |- | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | ''[[Eriophorum chamissonis]]'' {{small|C.A.Mey.}} | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1831 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1831 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | Unispicate | style="text-align: left" | Siberia, Russian Far East, Korea, Mongolia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, northern and western United States |- | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | ''[[Eriophorum gracile]]'' {{small|Roth}}{{r|IPNI:307364-1}} | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1799 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1799 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | Multispicate | style="text-align: left" | Much of Europe; northern and Central Asia; China, Tibet, Mongolia, Alaska, Canada, northern United States |- | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | ''[[Eriophorum humile]]'' {{small|Turcz.}} | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1838 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1838 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | Unispicate | style="text-align: left" | Altai, Tuva, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Amur |- | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | ''[[Eriophorum latifolium]]'' {{small|Hoppe}} | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1800 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1800 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | Multispicate | style="text-align: left" | Much of Europe; Caucasus, Turkey, Mongolia |- | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | ''[[Eriophorum scheuchzeri]]'' {{small|Hoppe}} | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1800 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1800 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | Unispicate | style="text-align: left" | Much of Europe; northern and Central Asia including Siberia, Xinjiang, Himalayas, Alaska, Greenland, Canada, mountains of western United States |- | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | ''[[Eriophorum tenellum]]'' {{small|Nutt.}} | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1818 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1818 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | Multispicate | style="text-align: left" | Eastern Canada and northeastern United States from Nunavut and Labrador to New Jersey |- | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | ''[[Eriophorum tolmatchevii]]'' {{small|M.S.Novos.}} | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1994 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1994 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | Unispicate | style="text-align: left" | Krasnoyarsk, Yakutiya |- | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | ''[[Eriophorum transiens]]'' {{small|Raymond}} | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1959 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1959 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | Multispicate | style="text-align: left" | Guizhou |- | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | ''[[Eriophorum triste]]'' {{small|(Th.Fr.) Hadac & Á.Löve}} | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1869 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1950 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | Multispicate | style="text-align: left" | Finland, North America and temperate regions of Asia |- | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | ''[[Eriophorum vaginatum]]'' {{small|L.}} | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1753 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1753 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | Unispicate | style="text-align: left" | Widespread across Europe, Asia, North America |- | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | ''[[Eriophorum virginicum]]'' {{small|L.}} | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1753 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1753 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | Multispicate | style="text-align: left" | Eastern North America from Labrador to Tennessee, west to Michigan |- | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | ''[[Eriophorum viridicarinatum]]'' {{small|(Engelm.) Fernald}} | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1844 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1905 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | Multispicate | style="text-align: left" | Canada including Arctic territories; northern United States |}
The following natural [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s are also accepted by POWO:
{| class="wikitable" |- ! style="width: 20em; text-align: left" | Name/Author<br />(hybrid formula) ! style="width: 5em; text-align: center" | Year described ! style="width: 5em; text-align: center" | Year published ! style="text-align: left" | Distribution |- | style="text-align: left" | [[Eriophorum × beringianum|''Eriophorum'' × ''beringianum'']] {{small|Raymond}}<br />(''E. angustifolium'' × ''E. chamissonis'') | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1957 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1957 | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | Alaska including Aleutians; Magadan region of Russia |- | style="text-align: left" | [[Eriophorum × churchillianum|''Eriophorum'' × ''churchillianum'']] {{small|Lepage}}<br />(''E. triste'' × ''E. vaginatum'') | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1957 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1957 | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | Alaska |- | style="text-align: left" | [[Eriophorum × fellowsii|''Eriophorum'' × ''fellowsii'']] {{small|(Fernald) M.S.Novos.}}<br />(''E. virginicum'' × ''E. viridicarinatum'') | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1905 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1995 | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | Ontario, Maine, Massachusetts |- | style="text-align: left" | [[Eriophorum × gracilifolium|''Eriophorum'' × ''gracilifolium'']] {{small|M.S.Novos.}}<br />(''E. gracile'' × ''E. latifolium'') | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1994 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1994 | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | European Russia |- | style="text-align: left" | [[Eriophorum × medium|''Eriophorum'' × ''medium'']] {{small|Andersson}}<br />(''E. chamissonis'' × ''E. scheuchzeri'') | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1857 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1857 | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | Scattered locations in Finland, Norway, Russia, Alaska, Quebec, Labrador |- | style="text-align: left" | [[Eriophorum × pylaieanum|''Eriophorum'' × ''pylaieanum'']] {{small|Raymond}}<br />(''E. chamissonis'' × ''E. vaginatum'') | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1951 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1951 | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | Scattered locations in Canada and Alaska |- | style="text-align: left" | [[Eriophorum × rousseauianum|''Eriophorum'' × ''rousseauianum'']] {{small|Raymond}}<br />(''E. angustifolium'' × ''E. scheuchzeri'') | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1950 | style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top" | 1950 | style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top" | Alaska, Quebec |}
[[World Flora Online]] (WFO) accepts all of the above species and hybrids except ''Eriophorum arcticum''.{{r|WFO}} In addition, WFO accepts ''Eriophorum'' × ''polystachiovaginatum'' whereas POWO does not.
====Other names==== Of the five species described by Linnaeus in 1753 and 1762, three of the names are no longer in use. ''Eriophorum polystachion'' {{small|L.}} is a [[rejected name]],{{r|FNA:242357811|FoC:242357811}} now considered to be a synonym for ''Eriophorum angustifolium'' {{small|Honck.}} subsp. ''angustifolium'',{{r|POWO:332128-2}} while ''Eriophorum alpinum'' {{small|L.}} and ''Eriophorum cyperinum'' {{small|L.}} are synonyms for ''[[Trichophorum alpinum]]'' {{small|(L.) Pers.}} and ''[[Scirpus cyperinus]]'' {{small|(L.) Kunth}}, respectively.{{r|POWO:95694-2|POWO:276737-2}}
The Swedish mycologist and botanist [[Elias Magnus Fries]] described ''Eriophorum russeolum'' in 1836.{{r|IPNI:307401-1}} Some authors consider ''Eriophorum russeolum'' {{small|Fr.}} to be a synonym for ''Eriophorum chamissonis'' {{small|C.A.Mey.}},{{r|FNA:242357816|POWO:307401-1}} while others consider the two names to refer to separate species.{{sfnp|Raymond|1954}}{{r|Euro+Med|USDA:ERIOP|BONAP-state-genus}}
In 1942, the American agrostologist and botanist [[Alan Ackerman Beetle]] placed the species ''Scirpus criniger'' {{small|A.Gray}} into genus ''Eriophorum''.{{r|IPNI:95720-2}} In 2012, ''Eriophorum crinigerum'' {{small|(A.Gray) Beetle}} was [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregated]] into genus ''Calliscirpus'', and so ''Eriophorum crinigerum'' is a synonym for ''Calliscirpus criniger'' {{small|(A.Gray) C.N.Gilmour, J.R.Starr & Naczi}}.{{r|POWO:95720-2}}
In 1957, the Canadian botanist [[Louis-Florent-Marcel Raymond]] placed the species ''Scirpus scabriculmis'' {{small|Beetle}} into genus ''Eriophorum''.{{r|IPNI:307402-1}} In 2019, ''Eriophorum scabriculme'' {{small|(Beetle) Raymond}} was segregated into genus ''Trichophorum''.{{sfnp|Starr|Léveillé-Bourret|Vu|Nguyên|2019|pages=20–25}} Hence ''Eriophorum scabriculme'' is a synonym for ''Trichophorum scabriculme'' {{small|(Beetle) J.R.Starr, Lév.-Bourret & B.A.Ford}}.{{r|POWO:307402-1}}
The invalidly published name ''Eriophorum'' × ''polystachiovaginatum'' {{small|Beauverd}} is a synonym for ''Eriophorum'' × ''beauverdii'' {{small|Soó}} but the latter is unplaced by POWO.{{r|POWO:307339-1}}
===Subdivision=== In 1849, the Swedish botanist [[Nils Johan Andersson]] placed the European species of ''Eriophorum'' into two new sections:{{sfnp|Andersson|1849|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15347404#page/27/mode/1up pp. 11–14]}}
{{columns-start}} ''Eriophorum'' section ''Vaginata'':{{r|IPNI:77346770-1}} * ''Eriophorum vaginatum'' * ''Eriophorum capitatum'' (a synonym for ''Eriophorum scheuchzeri'') * ''Eriophorum russeolum'' (a synonym for ''Eriophorum chamissonis'') {{column}} ''Eriophorum'' section ''Phyllanthela'':{{r|IPNI:77346771-1}} * ''Eriophorum angustifolium'' * ''Eriophorum latifolium'' * ''Eriophorum gracile'' {{columns-end}}
In 1905, the American botanist [[Merritt Lyndon Fernald]] placed the North American species of ''Eriophorum'' into Andersson's sections as follows:{{sfnp|Fernald|1905a}}
{{columns-start}} ''Eriophorum'' section ''Vaginata'': * ''Eriophorum scheuchzeri'' * ''Eriophorum chamissonis'' * ''Eriophorum vaginatum'' * ''Eriophorum callitrix'' * ''Eriophorum opacum'' [[Combinatio nova|''n. comb.'']] (a synonym for ''Eriophorum brachyantherum'') {{column}} ''Eriophorum'' section ''Phyllanthela'': * ''Eriophorum gracile'' * ''Eriophorum tenellum'' * ''Eriophorum polystachion'' (a synonym for ''Eriophorum angustifolium'') * ''Eriophorum viridicarinatum'' ''n. comb.'' * ''Eriophorum virginicum'' {{columns-end}}
===Phylogeny=== Based on [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] analyses, ''Eriophorum'' forms a well‐supported [[clade]] nested within the genus ''[[Scirpus]]'', which suggests the latter is [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]]. To resolve this issue, there are at least two options: 1) merge ''Eriophorum'' into ''Scirpus'', or 2) split ''Scirpus'' into a series of new genera. {{As of|2024|08}}, there has been insufficient data for a majority of botanists to prefer one option or the other.{{sfnp|Léveillé-Bourret|2018|pages=7,36–37,42,222}}{{sfnp|Larridon|Zuntini|Léveillé-Bourret|Barrett|2021|pages=873}}
''Eriophorum virginicum'', ''Eriophorum tenellum'', and ''Eriophorum gracile'' form a strongly supported clade that is sister to the rest of the genus. The clade is distinguished by having [[glume]]s (scales at the base of each flower in a [[spikelet]]) with many prominent nerves, whereas the glumes of the remaining species possess a single prominent midnerve.{{sfnp|Léveillé-Bourret|2018|pages=28,35–36,42}}
Within a weakly supported clade of [[:wikt:unispicate|unispicate]] species (i.e., species with a single spikelet), ''Eriophorum russeolum'' and ''Eriophorum scheuchzeri'' form a strongly supported, [[monophyly|monophyletic]] [[species complex]] characterized by a [[rhizomatous]] habit, up to 7 sterile glumes, and by glumes with well-defined [[hyaline]] margins (i.e., with thin, translucent edges). In contrast, in the sister clade to this complex (''Eriophorum vaginatum'', ''Eriophorum brachyantherum'', and ''Eriophorum callitrix'') each species has a [[caespitose]] habit and more than 12 sterile glumes that generally lack clear hyaline margins.{{sfnp|Léveillé-Bourret|2018|pages=28,35–36,42}}
==Distribution and habitat== ''Eriophorum'' species are found in the cool [[temperate]], [[Alpine climate|alpine]], and [[Arctic]] regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]],{{r|FNA:112065|FoC:112065}} primarily in the [[middle latitudes]] of North America, Europe, and Asia.
* North America: ''E.'' ''angustifolium'', ''E.'' ''brachyantherum'', ''E.'' ''callitrix'', ''E.'' ''chamissonis'', ''E.'' ''gracile'', ''E.'' ''scheuchzeri'', ''E.'' ''tenellum'', ''E.'' ''triste'', ''E.'' ''vaginatum'', ''E.'' ''virginicum'', ''E.'' ''viridicarinatum'' * Europe: ''E.'' ''angustifolium'', ''E.'' ''brachyantherum'', ''E.'' ''chamissonis'', ''E.'' ''gracile'', ''E.'' ''latifolium'', ''E.'' ''scheuchzeri'', ''E.'' ''triste'', ''E.'' ''vaginatum'' * Asia: ''E.'' ''angustifolium'', ''E.'' ''arcticum'', ''E.'' ''brachyantherum'', ''E.'' ''callitrix'', ''E.'' ''chamissonis'', ''E.'' ''gracile'', ''E.'' ''humile'', ''E.'' ''latifolium'', ''E.'' ''scheuchzeri'', ''E.'' ''tolmatchevii'', ''E.'' ''transiens'', ''E.'' ''triste'', ''E.'' ''vaginatum''
Preferred habitats include [[bog]]s, [[fen]]s, [[meadow]]s, and [[alpine tundra]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}
==Uses== [[Paper]] and the wicks of [[candle]]s have been made of its fiber, and [[pillow]]s stuffed with the same material. The leaves were formerly used in treating [[diarrhea]], and the spongy [[pith]] of the stem for the removal of [[tapeworm]].<ref>{{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Cotton-Grass|short=x|vb=x}}</ref>
==References== {{Reflist|40em|refs=
<ref name="BONAP-state-genus">{{BONAP |genus=Eriophorum |state=1 |date=2014 |access-date=27 August 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="Crawford 1989">{{cite book |last=Crawford |first=R. M. M. |title=Studies in Plant Survival |year=1989 |publisher=Blackwell Science |pages=54–55}}</ref>
<ref name="Euro+Med">{{cite web |last1=Jiménez-Mejías |first1=P. |last2=Luceño |first2=M. |title=''Eriophorum'' |date=2011 |url=https://europlusmed.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/29c73b19-80f2-4129-9911-171b582318aa |website=Euro+Med Plantbase |access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="FNA:112065">{{eFloras|1|112065|Eriophorum |family=Cyperaceae |first1=Peter W. |last1=Ball |first2=Daniel E. |last2=Wujek |access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref> <ref name="FNA:242357811">{{eFloras|1|242357811|Eriophorum angustifolium |family=Cyperaceae |first1=Peter W. |last1=Ball |first2=Daniel E. |last2=Wujek |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> <ref name="FNA:242357816">{{eFloras|1|242357816|Eriophorum chamissonis |family=Cyperaceae |first1=Peter W. |last1=Ball |first2=Daniel E. |last2=Wujek |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="FoC:112065">{{eFloras|2|112065|Eriophorum |family=Cyperaceae |first1=Prof. Song-Yun |last1=Liang |first2=Gordon C. |last2=Tucker |first3=David A. |last3=Simpson |access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref> <ref name="FoC:242357811">{{eFloras|2|242357811|Eriophorum angustifolium |family=Cyperaceae |first1=Prof. Song-Yun |last1=Liang |first2=Gordon C. |last2=Tucker |first3=David A. |last3=Simpson |access-date=14 September 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="Go Botany">{{cite web |title=''Eriophorum'' |url=https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/dkey/eriophorum/ |website=Go Botany |publisher=Native Plant Trust |access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="IPNI:13751-1">{{IPNI |id=13751-1 |taxon=''Eriophorum'' |authority={{small|L.}} |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> <ref name="IPNI:295913-2">{{IPNI |id=295913-2 |taxon=''Eriophoropsis'' |authority={{small|Palla}} |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> <ref name="IPNI:77347168-1">{{IPNI |id=77347168-1 |taxon=''Eriophorum'' subgen. ''Eriophoropsis'' |authority={{small|(Palla) Raymond}} |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> <ref name="IPNI:77346771-1">{{IPNI |id=77346771-1 |taxon=''Eriophorum'' sect. ''Phyllanthela'' |authority={{small|Andersson}} |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> <ref name="IPNI:77346770-1">{{IPNI |id=77346770-1 |taxon=''Eriophorum'' sect. ''Vaginata'' |authority={{small|Andersson}} |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> <ref name="IPNI:95720-2">{{IPNI |id=95720-2 |taxon=''Eriophorum crinigerum'' |authority={{small|(A.Gray) Beetle}} |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> <ref name="IPNI:307364-1">{{IPNI |id=307364-1 |taxon=''Eriophorum gracile'' |authority={{small|Roth}} |access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref> <ref name="IPNI:307401-1">{{IPNI |id=307401-1 |taxon=''Eriophorum russeolum'' |authority={{small|Fr.}} |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref> <ref name="IPNI:307402-1">{{IPNI |id=307402-1 |taxon=''Eriophorum scabriculme'' |authority={{small|(Beetle) Raymond}} |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> <ref name="IPNI:13878-1">{{IPNI |id=13878-1 |taxon=''Linagrostis'' |authority={{small|Guett.}} |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> <ref name="IPNI:13876-1">{{IPNI |id=13876-1 |taxon=''Linagrostis'' |authority={{small|Hill}} |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> <ref name="IPNI:13877-1">{{IPNI |id=13877-1 |taxon=''Linagrostis'' |authority={{small|Zinn}} |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> <ref name="IPNI:13875-1">{{IPNI |id=13875-1 |taxon=''Linagrostis'' |authority={{small|Tourn. ex Scop.}} |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="MFO">{{cite web |last1=Reznicek |first1=A. A. |last2=Voss |first2=E. G. |last3=Walters |first3=B. S. |title=''Eriophorum'' |url=https://www.michiganflora.net/genus/Eriophorum |website=Michigan Flora Online |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=12 September 2024 |date=February 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="POWO:13751-1">{{cite POWO |id=13751-1 |title=''Eriophorum'' {{small|L.}} |access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref> <ref name="POWO:295913-2">{{cite POWO |id=295913-2 |title=''Eriophoropsis'' {{small|Palla}} |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref> <ref name="POWO:307339-1">{{cite POWO |id=307339-1 |title=''Eriophorum'' × ''beauverdii'' {{small|Soó}} |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> <ref name="POWO:95694-2">{{cite POWO |id=95694-2 |title=''Eriophorum alpinum'' {{small|L.}} |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> <ref name="POWO:95720-2">{{cite POWO |id=95720-2 |title=''Eriophorum crinigerum'' {{small|(A.Gray) Beetle}} |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> <ref name="POWO:276737-2">{{cite POWO |id=276737-2 |title=''Eriophorum cyperinum'' {{small|L.}} |access-date=28 August 2024}}</ref> <ref name="POWO:332128-2">{{cite POWO |id=332128-2 |title=''Eriophorum polystachion'' {{small|L.}} |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref> <ref name="POWO:307401-1">{{cite POWO |id=307401-1 |title=''Eriophorum russeolum'' {{small|Fr.}} |access-date=27 August 2024}}</ref> <ref name="POWO:307402-1">{{cite POWO |id=307402-1 |title=''Eriophorum scabriculme'' {{small|(Beetle) Raymond}} |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> <ref name="POWO:13878-1">{{cite POWO |id=13878-1 |title=''Linagrostis'' {{small|Guett.}} |access-date=2 September 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="POWO:310258-1">{{cite POWO |id=310258-1 |title=''Linagrostis vaginata'' {{small|(L.) Scop.}} |access-date=3 September 2024}}</ref> <ref name="POWO:310255-1">{{cite POWO |id=310255-1 |title=''Linagrostis alpina'' {{small|(L.) Scop.}} |access-date=3 September 2024}}</ref> <ref name="POWO:310257-1">{{cite POWO |id=310257-1 |title=''Linagrostis polystachia'' {{small|(L.) Scop.}} |access-date=3 September 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="Tropicos">{{Tropicos|40005388|Eriophorum |access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="USDA:ERIOP">{{PLANTS |id=ERIOP |taxon=Eriophorum |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="WFO">{{cite web |title=''Eriophorum'' {{small|L.}} |url=https://wfoplantlist.org/taxon/wfo-4000013860-2024-06?page=1&hide_syns=true |website=WFO Plant List |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref>
}}
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==External links== {{Commons category}} {{Wikispecies|Eriophorum}} * {{cite web |title=''Eriophorum'' {{small|L.}} (1753), Sp. Pl. 52 |url=https://www.binran.ru/resources/archive/paf/checklist/taxonomy/HTM/032-Cyper2.htm |access-date=20 August 2024}} * {{IPNI |id=42703-1 |taxon=''Eriophorum subgen. Phyllanthela'' |authority={{small|(Andersson) T.V.Egorova}} |access-date=20 August 2024}} * {{cite web |title=''Eriophorum'' {{small|L.}}, Sp. Pl. 52 (1753) |url=http://emonocot.org/taxon/urn:kew.org:wcs:taxon:244507 |work=eMonocot |access-date=May 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103210135/http://emonocot.org/taxon/urn:kew.org:wcs:taxon:244507 |archive-date=January 3, 2014 }} * {{cite web |title=''Eriophorum'' {{small|L.}} |url=https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=739 |website=Flora of Wisconsin |access-date=12 September 2024}} * {{cite web |title=Search results for: "Eriophorum" |url=https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/search?scientific_name=Eriophorum |website=Minnesota Wildflowers |access-date=12 September 2024}} * {{cite web |last1=Aiken |first1=S.G. |last2=Dallwitz |first2=M.J. |last3=Consaul |first3=L.L. |last4=McJannet |first4=C.L. |last5=Boles |first5=R.L. |last6=Argus |first6=G.W. |last7=Gillett |first7=J.M. |last8=Scott |first8=P.J. |last9=Elven |first9=R. |last10=LeBlanc |first10=M.C. |last11=Gillespie |first11=L.J. |last12=Brysting |first12=A.K. |last13=Solstad |first13=H. |last14=Harris |first14=J.G. |title=''Eriophorum'' {{small|L.}} |url=https://nature.ca/aaflora/data/www/cyer.htm |website=Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval |publisher=NRC Research Press, National Research Council of Canada |access-date=25 September 2025 |date=2007}} * {{cite journal |last1=Cayouette |first1=Jacques |title=A taxonomic review of the ''Eriophorum russeolum''-''E. scheuchzeri'' complex (Cyperaceae) in North America |journal=SIDA, Contributions to Botany |date=2004 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=791–814 |jstor=41968332 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9311605#page/811/mode/1up |access-date=19 December 2025}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q161739}} {{Authority control}}
[[Category:Eriophorum| ]] [[Category:Cyperaceae genera]] [[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]