{{Short description|Flag of Cornwall}} {{EngvarB|date=October 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox flag | Name = Flag of Cornwall | Article = | Image = Saint Piran's Flag.svg | Use = 100000 | Nickname = St Piran's Flag | Morenicks = {{lang|kw|Baner Peran}}, {{lang|kw|An Gwynn ha Du}} | Symbol = {{FIAV|100000}} | Proportion = 3:5 | Adoption = 19th century | Design = A white cross on a black background.<br/>(''Sable, a cross argent'') | Type = }} thumb|right|Souvenir flags outside a café [[File:Stpiraninpenwith.JPG|thumb|right|Saint Piran's Day celebrations in Penzance]] [[File:High ripples from Loe ground.jpg|thumb|right|Flying the flag in Portloe]]
'''Saint Piran's Flag''' ({{langx|kw|Baner Peran}}) is the flag of Cornwall. The earliest known description of the flag, referred to as the Standard of Cornwall, was written in 1838.<ref name=gilbert>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oYYvAAAAMAAJ&q=formerly+the+banner+of+St.+Perran&pg=PA332|title=The Parochial History of Cornwall: Founded on the Manuscript Histories of Mr. Hals and Mr. Tonkin; with Additions and Various Appendices|first=Davies|last=Gilbert|date=17 November 1838|publisher=J. B. Nichols and son|via=Google Books}}</ref> It is used by Cornish people as a symbol of their identity.<ref name=rendle>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flaginstitute.org/pdfs/Phil%20Rendle.pdf|title=Phil Rendle, Cornwall – The Mysteries of St Piran, The Flag Institute}}</ref>
The flag is attributed to Saint Piran, a 5th-century Cornish abbot. But the white cross and black background design is also the coat of arms of the Saint-Perran (or Saint-Pezran) family from Cornouaille in Brittany, recorded from the 15th century.<ref>P. POTIER de COURCY, Nobiliaire et armorial de Bretagne, A. Aubry, 1862, p390</ref>
==Origins==
The earliest known evidence of this flag was recorded by Davies Gilbert in his 1838 work: ''The Parochial History of Cornwall'', in which he gives reference to
<blockquote>a white cross on a black ground [that] was formerly the banner of St Perran and the Standard of Cornwall; probably with some allusion to the black ore and the white metal of tin<ref name=gilbert/><ref name=rendle/></blockquote>
The fact that Gilbert identifies it as being "formerly" a standard of Cornwall implies that he believed it to have been used before 1838.<ref name=gilbert/> However, Gilbert did not leave a record of his background research, and referred only to his "recollection".<ref name=rendle/>
One of the oldest depictions of the flag can be seen in a stained glass window at Westminster Abbey. It was unveiled in 1888, in memory of the famous Cornish inventor and engineer Richard Trevithick. The window depicts St Michael at the top and nine Cornish saints, Piran, Petroc, Pinnock,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5453|title=St. Pinnock - Saints & Angels|first=Catholic|last=Online|website=Catholic Online}}</ref> Germanus, Julian, Cyriacus, Constantine, Nonna and Geraint in tiers below. The head of St Piran appears to be a portrait of Trevithick himself, and the figure carries the banner of Cornwall.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/richard-trevithick|title=Richard Trevithick|first=PixelToCode|last=pixeltocode.uk|website=Westminster Abbey}}</ref>
==Clues to its origin== {{More citations needed section|date=June 2010}} Saint Piran's Flag has similarities to the old Breton flag and the flag of Saint David. The cultural links between Brittany, Wales and Cornwall are well recorded. Saint Piran's Flag is the negative image of the old Breton flag, a black cross on a white field. The flag of Saint David shares a black background with Saint Piran's Flag, but is surmounted by a gold, rather than a white, cross.
[[File:Kroaz Du.svg|The Standard of the Army of the Breton Duchy ({{lang|br|An Kroaz Du}})|thumb]] [[File:Flag of Saint David.svg|The Welsh flag of Saint David|thumb]] It has also been suggested that it may have been based on the arms of the Earl of Cornwall, or the later Duchy of Cornwall; based on the arms of other Cornish families; or be linked with the black and white livery of the Knights of St John.<ref name=rendle/>
==French and Breton family arms== The arms of the Saint-Peran family in Brittany, show a white cross pattée on a black field. <gallery> File:Borgnearms.jpg|Arms of Geoffroy le Borgne File:Arneke2.jpg|Arms of the Arnèke family File:Rouvroy.jpg|Arms of Rouvroy de Saint-Simon File:Blason famille bzh de Saint-Péran.svg|Arms of Saint-Peran family (Brittany)<ref>''Guide des drapeaux bretons et celtes'' (English: Guide of Breton and Celtic flags) by Divi Kervella and Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez, published by Yoran Embanner (in French), (2008) {{ISBN|978-2-916579-12-2}}</ref> </gallery>
Several other French and Breton families also had coats of arms that bear a striking resemblance to the St Piran's flag:
* ''Saint Peran'' or ''Saint Pezran'' (= Piran) of Brittany (from Glomel, in Cornouaille), is described as, ''sable à croix patée d'argent''. * Geoffroy le Borgne of Brittany is described as {{lang|fr|de sable à croix d'argent}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.briantimms.com/vermandois/bretons.htm |title=Bretons |access-date=2006-01-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422104633/http://www.briantimms.com/vermandois/bretons.htm |archive-date=22 April 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> * Rossillon de Gex, coat of arms described: {{lang|fr|De sable à la croix d'argent}}. * Brunet, de la Besse, coat of arms described: {{lang|fr|D'azur, à la croix d'argent}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://armorial.free.fr/p%E9rigord/armes_descrip/b_perigord/brunet.html|title=visu_armes_p}}</ref> * Arnèke Family coat of arms.<ref>[http://membres.lycos.fr/paleographie/heraldique/hazebrouck/details/arneke.html La page du généalogiste fou ... L'héraldique] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229052411/http://membres.lycos.fr/paleographie/heraldique/hazebrouck/details/arneke.html |date=29 February 2008 }}</ref> * Rouvroy de Saint-Simon of Picardy, described: {{lang|fr|De sable à la croix d'argent chargée de cinq coquilles}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://perso.wanadoo.fr/jm.ouvrard/armor/fami/r/rouvroy.htm|title=rouvroy}}</ref>
==Myths about the origins==
There are a very large number of modern legends about the origins of the flag.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb-corn.html | title=Cornwall (England) }}</ref><ref name=rendle>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flaginstitute.org/pdfs/Phil%20Rendle.pdf|title=Phil Rendle, Cornwall – The Mysteries of St Piran, The Flag Institute}}</ref>
An article in the old ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' on "Cornish Wrestling" stated that the flag was carried by the Cornish contingent at the Battle of Agincourt (1415).<ref>Heraldry Society Flag Section Newsletter, Autumn 1969</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb-corn.html|title=Cornwall (England)|website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref> However, the reference given by the ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' seems to have been confused with one that comes from a 1590 poem entitled ''Poly-Olbion'' by Michael Drayton. It states that the banner carried by the Cornish men at Agincourt depicted two Cornish wrestlers in a hitch.<ref>''Poly-Olbion'' by Michael Drayton</ref>
==Usage==
The flag is often displayed on bumper stickers, and flying from buildings, including those of Cornwall Council.<ref name=suzylou>[http://www.cornishstudies.com/index.php?q=node/10 How far has the “Cornish Revival” affected modern Cornwall?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008211307/http://www.cornishstudies.com/index.php?q=node%2F10 |date=8 October 2011 }}</ref> It is flown at most Cornish gatherings, such as the Gorsedh Kernow, St Piran's Day (5 March), Camborne's Trevithick Day (April), Padstow's 'Obby 'Oss festival (May), Helston's Flora Day (May), and at Cornish rugby matches. It is regularly seen around Cornwall on car stickers with the word {{lang|kw|Kernow}} (Cornish for Cornwall), and is used around the world as a symbol of the Cornish diaspora or overseas Cornish associations. It has been adapted for use in the logos of a number of organisations, such as the Cornwall district of the Methodist Church, is used by a variety of Cornish businesses such as Ginsters, and is seen on the design of the Cornish All Blacks rugby shirts as well as the Cornish Pirates rugby logo.<ref name=suzylou/>{{dead link|date=June 2015}}
At the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant in June 2012, the flag was flown on the Royal Rowing Barge alongside the flags representing England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales and the City of London. One of the largest flags in the pageant was also St Piran's Flag, flown by the St Ives mackerel lugger ''Barnabas''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.falmouthpacket.co.uk/news/westcornwall/9745015.St_Ives_lugger_flies_the_flag_at_Jubilee_river_pageant/?ref=rss|title=St Ives lugger flies the flag at Jubilee river pageant|publisher=Falmouth Packet|date=6 June 2012|access-date=7 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Western Morning News">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisiscornwall.co.uk/Mystery-Cornish-flag-jubilee-boat-solved/story-16366581-detail/story.html%23axzz2SOsN9zU9|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130505071742/http://www.thisiscornwall.co.uk/Mystery-Cornish-flag-jubilee-boat-solved/story-16366581-detail/story.html%23axzz2SOsN9zU9|archive-date=5 May 2013|url-status=dead|title=Mystery over Cornish flag on jubilee boat is solved | This is Cornwall|access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref>
The flags of Smith Island, Maryland and Tangier, Virginia incorporate St. Piran's cross in the upper-left canton in recognition of the early settlers who came to the islands from Cornwall and Devon.
The flag can be seen in ''Doc Martin'', which is set in the fictional Cornwall fishing village of Portwenn and filmed in the real-life one of Port Isaac.
==Gallery== <gallery> File:Flag of the Duke of Cornwall.svg|The flag of the Duke of Cornwall File:Cornish Ensign.svg|Cornish Ensign File:Flag of Malpas, Cornwall.svg|Flag of Malpas File:Burgee of Penzance Sailing Club.svg|Burgee of Penzance Sailing Club File:Burgee of Port Navas Yacht Club.svg|Burgee of Port Navas Yacht Club File:Australian Cornish-heritage flag.svg|Cornish Australian heritage flag File:Flag of Smith Island, Maryland.svg|Flag of Smith Island, Maryland File:Flag of Tangier, Virginia.svg|Flag of Tangier, Virginia </gallery>
== See also == {{Portal|Cornwall}} * Outline of Cornwall * List of Cornish flags * Cornish heraldry * The Flag of the Duchy of Brittany * List of topics related to Cornwall * St Piran's Day * Flag of Devon * Scillonian Cross
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031013133459/http://atlasgeo.span.ch/fotw/flags/gb-corn.html Flags of the World] – Speculations of the origins of this flag. * [{{Flag Institute|Cornwall}} The Flag Institute]
{{Cornwall}} {{Culture of Cornwall}} {{Subnational flags of the United Kingdom}}
Category:Flags of Cornwall Category:Politics of Cornwall Category:Cornish nationalism Piran Category:Flags with crosses Category:Flags with rectangular symmetry Category: Articles containing Cornish-language text