Diabrotica

{{Short description|Genus of beetles}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Western corn rootworm.jpg | taxon = Diabrotica | display_parents = 3 | authority = [[Louis Alexandre Auguste Chevrolat|Chevrolat]] in [[Pierre François Marie Auguste Dejean|Dejean]], 1836 <ref>{{ITIS |id=719674 |taxon=''Diabrotica''}}</ref> }}

'''''Diabrotica''''' is a large, widespread [[genus]] of [[beetle]]s in the [[Family (taxonomy)|family]] [[Chrysomelidae]]. Members of this genus include several destructive [[agricultural pest]] [[species]], sometimes referred to as '''corn rootworms'''.

There are an estimated 400 species grouped into the genus ''Diabrotica''.<ref name=":07">{{Cite journal |last=Eben |first=Astrid |date=February 2022 |title=Ecology and Evolutionary History of Diabrotica Beetles—Overview and Update |journal=Insects |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=156 |doi=10.3390/insects13020156 |doi-access=free |pmid=35206729 |pmc=8877772 |issn=2075-4450}}</ref> Within ''Diabrotica'' there are 3 series: f''ucata, virgifera,'' and ''signifera'' groups. The ''fucata'' series contains the majority of ''Diabrotica'' diversity with 354 species.<ref name=":07" /> ''Fucata'' are characterized as multivoltine, producing two broods of offspring per year.<ref name=":07" /> The ''virgifera'' series comprises 24 species, and the ''signifera'' series contains 11. Additionally, ''virgifera'' and ''signifera'' are characterized as univoltine, and will only brood one set of offspring annually.<ref name=":07" />

There is very limited information on most species of ''Diabrotica.''<ref name=":07" /> Majority of the research conducted on the ''Diabrotica'' ''genus'' focuses on investigating species of consequential economic importance, such as ''D. balteata'', ''D. barberi'', ''D. undecimpunctata howardi'', ''D. virgifera'', ''D. speciosa''. Multiple ''Diabrotica'' species are considered major agricultural pests, therefore the control and management of populations is of significant importance to farm management strategies.<ref name=":07" />

== Taxonomy and evolutionary history == The ''Diabrotica'' genus arose in the [[Cretaceous]] period and began to diversify and speciate ~60 million years ago, which culminated ~30-40 million years ago.<ref name=":07" /> Contrary to previous suggestions, Diabrotica speciation was not linked to the onset of corn and other crop cultivation. Gene sequencing has led to a phylogenetic reconstruction of the ''Diabrotica'' genus that indicates monophagy is the ancestral trait. The genus began to diversify when certain lineages expanded their diets to include a multitude of different types of plants, leading to a polyphagous trait.<ref name=":07" /> However, subsequent reversals back to monophagy or oligophagy have occurred in some evolutionary branches.

The diversification and evolution of ''Diabrotica'' species is closely linked to their relationship with wild plant species in the family [[Cucurbitaceae]] (cucurbits), which characteristically produce cucurbitacin secondary compounds.<ref name=":07" /> Cucurbitacins are bitter and toxic. While cucurbitacins deter most herbivores, ''Diabrotica'' beetles are attracted to cucurbitacins and compulsively feed on cucurbit species, especially the tissues that contain high concentrations of cucurbitacins, such as roots, seeds, and cotyledons. ''Diabrotica'' beetles favour cucurbitacin-containing plants to the extent that they will leave another nutritious plant host for a cucurbit plant.<ref name=":07" /> The mouthparts of ''Diabrotica'' beetles display receptors that bind cucurbitacins to stimulate this compulsive feeding behaviour. By feeding on cucurbit plants and sequestering cucurbitacin in their haemolymph, ''Diabrotica'' beetles are afforded some protective advantages, such as chemical defenses against natural predators. This is an example of pharmacophagy, in which insects consume plant metabolites for reasons besides nutrition.<ref name=":07" /> The aforementioned demonstrates a situation of chemically mediated coevolution between ''Diabrotica'' and cucurbit plants, and even ''Diabrotica'' species that have evolved to no longer rely on cucurbitacin-containing plants still demonstrate this compulsive feeding behavior in the presence of these plants. [[File:Plant_in_Family_Cucurbitaceae.jpg|thumb|Plant in the Cucurbitaceae Family - ''Coccinia grandis'']] ''Diabrotica'' species are separated into 3 groups: ''virgifera'', ''fucata'', and ''signifera''.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Laura A. |last2=Meinke |first2=Lance J. |date=2006-08-01 |title=Seasonality and Adult Habitat Use by Four Diabrotica Species at Prairie-Corn Interfaces |journal=Environmental Entomology |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=922–936 |doi=10.1603/0046-225X-35.4.922 |issn=0046-225X|doi-access=free }}</ref> These are ‘groups of convenience’ as they are based on host range, diet, life history, and other ecological traits, rather than being supported by molecular and genetic data.

== Distribution and historical changes == ''Diabrotica'' is a neotropical genus that evolutionarily originated in Central America and is native to North and South America.<ref name=":07" /> Central America is the most rich in ''Diabrotica'' species (i.e. has the highest number of ''Diabrotica'' species), but Mexico and Brazil are also high in ''Diabrotica'' diversity. Although the tropical areas are significantly more diverse in ''Diabrotica'' species, the US ''Diabrotica'' fauna has a greater proportion of pest species.<ref name=":6">{{Citation |last=Krysan |first=James L. |title=Introduction: Biology, Distribution, and Identification of Pest Diabrotica |date=1986 |work=Methods for the Study of Pest Diabrotica |series=Springer Series in Experimental Entomology |pages=1–23 |editor-last=Krysan |editor-first=James L. |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4612-4868-2_1 |access-date=2025-02-24 |place=New York, NY |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4612-4868-2_1 |isbn=978-1-4612-4868-2 |editor2-last=Miller |editor2-first=Thomas A.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> 4 out of the 7 ''Diabrotica'' species native to the US are pests. However, only 6 out of the 338 ''Diabrotica'' species found in the tropical regions are pests.

Climate is the main factor that puts constraints on the distribution of different groups of ''Diabrotica'' species.<ref name=":6" /> For example, the entire ''fucata'' group is incapable of overwintering. Consequently, members of the ''fucata'' group inhabit host plants primarily located in the tropics and subtropics.<ref name=":07" /> However, variations in weather conditions from year to year lead to annual fluctuations in the geographic ranges of ''fucata'' group species.<ref name=":6" /> ''D. speciosa sensu lato'', regarded as the best known pest species within the ''fucata'' group in South America, has a broad distribution covering the majority of the continent. ''Signifera'' group species are exclusively found within South America.<ref name=":07" /> A multitude of species in the ''virgifera'' group are capable of overwintering.<ref name=":6" /> Specifically the US ''virgifera'' group species overwinter as cold-resistant eggs.

The [[western corn rootworm]], ''D.'' ''virgifera'', is the most damaging pest of corn crops in the US and was accidentally brought to Serbia.<ref name=":07" /> As a result, its range expanded to threaten corn crops in the Eastern and Central areas of Europe, especially in Germany and Hungary. Belgium, Netherlands, and the UK were successful in extirpating in western corn rootworm. Through various strategies, such as crop rotation, ''Diabrotica'' beetles have been kept at non-damaging levels in Germany and France.<ref name=":07" />

== Habitat and diet == Since adult ''Diabrotica'' are highly motile and have the ability to migrate, the genus occupies diverse habitats.<ref name=":5" /> ''Diabrotica'' movement patterns are driven by the appeal and availability of food sources. Typically, the preferred food source of adult ''Diabrotica'' includes pollen and reproductive structures of plants. Species of the ''fucata'' group are polyphagous, which means that they feed on various plant species.<ref name=":07" /> Species of the ''virgifera'' and ''signifera'' groups are oligophagous, which means that they consume only a few plant species.

''Diabrotica'' species in the ''virgifera'' group that feed on corn primarily inhabit huge maize monocultures.<ref name=":07" /> Both ''D. virgifera'' and ''D. longicornis barberi'' are corn-feeding species within the ''virgifera'' group; however, their feeding and egg-laying behaviours exhibit some key differences.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Branson |first1=T. F. |last2=Krysan |first2=J. L. |date=1981-12-01 |title=Feeding and Oviposition Behavior and Life Cycle Strategies of Diabrotica : An Evolutionary View with Implications for Pest Management 1 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ee/article-abstract/10/6/826/2392620?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Environmental Entomology |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=826–831 |doi=10.1093/ee/10.6.826 |issn=0046-225X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Both species feed on silks, pollen, and young kernels of corn. Adult ''D. virgifera'' also feed on corn leaves, but ''D. l. barberi'' do not. In fact, ''D. virgifera'' will remain in a corn field past the seasonal availability of pollen and silk to feed on the corn foliage, especially when their egg-laying period is prolonged. However, once silk and pollen are no longer available in a corn crop, ''D. l. barberi'' will move on and inhabit other fields of plants.<ref name=":1" /> As a result, high densities of ''D. l. barberi'' larvae are commonly present in crops where corn was not cultivated during the prior year. This is seldom observed for ''D. virgifera'' larvae, rather they usually remain in the corn field. Research has revealed that ''D. virgifera'' populations tend to rise when corn is continuously planted in the same field each year, but ''D. l barberi'' populations tend to benefit more from crop rotation.<ref name=":1" /> All together, it suggests that ''D. virgifera'' are much more dependent on corn as a habitat and food source than ''D. l. barberi''. ''D. undecimpunctata howardi'' is a member of the fucata group that uses a broad range of plant species and does not rely on corn as long as other nutritive food sources are present.<ref name=":5" />

== Lifecycle == [[File:Diabrotica virgifera virgifera larvae.jpg|thumb|''Diabrotica virgifera virgifera'' larvae]] Adult female ''Diabrotica'' that are feeding on the leaves and pollen of the host plant release their eggs (~300-400 eggs) in the soil adjacent to the plant's roots.<ref name=":07" /> Eggs can be deposited as deep as 15 cm into the soil. After the eggs hatch, larval development occurs. In ''Diabrotica'' larval development, there are 3 [[instar]] larva, which are stages in Arthropod life cycles that occur between moults. Following the 3rd instar, is a mature [[pupa]], which is the stage exhibiting complete metamorphosis to the adult form. As larvae develop, they feed on and thus damage the roots of the host plant.<ref name=":07" />

For multivoltine species (2 or more broods of offspring each year), the whole lifecycle (egg to adult) lasts around 30 days.<ref name=":07" /> In addition, these species usually spend the winter as dormant adults suspended in their development (diapausing adults). In contrast, eggs overwinter in univoltine species. The ''virgifera'' group species are univoltine and ''fucata'' group species are multivoltine.<ref name=":5" />

The corn rootworms, which include ''D. virgifera virgifera'', ''D. virgifera zaea'', and ''D. longicornis barberi'', are the 3 most economically relevant taxa due to their damage on agricultural crops, especially corn.<ref name=":1" /> These taxa are univoltine, thus they spend the winter as eggs deposited in soil and hatch in the late spring. Adults can be seen feeding on corn silk, leaves, and pollen from the midsummer through to the frost.

== Behaviour == === Foraging techniques === [[File:Diabrotica_virgifera_P1100311a.jpg|thumb|''Diabrotica virgifera'']] ''Diabrotica'' larvae, specifically ''Diabrotica viridula,'' are prominent pests of agricultural cornfields,<ref name=":07" /> as the larvae's preferred food source primarily consists of corn roots.<ref name=":07" /> Adult females intentionally deposit the eggs of their brood in the soil of cultivated farm fields.<ref name=":1" /> This oviposition upon successfully hatching, allows larvae the ability to easily locate and tunnel towards the roots of the host plant.<ref name=":1" /> There exists a proportionality between the density of laid eggs around the targeted host plant, and the damage inflicted upon the roots of the plant.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last1=Spencer |first1=Joseph L. |last2=Hibbard |first2=Bruce E. |last3=Moeser |first3=Joachim |last4=Onstad |first4=David W. |date=2009 |title=Behaviour and ecology of the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) |url=https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1461-9563.2008.00399.x |journal=Agricultural and Forest Entomology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=9–27 |doi=10.1111/j.1461-9563.2008.00399.x |issn=1461-9563|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The closer eggs are laid to the host results in greater propensity for damage to incur on the host as a result of larval feeding. Other Diabrotica species larvae within the ''fucata'' series are predominantly polyphagous in nature, feeding off a variety of diverse vegetation.<ref name=":6" />

Adult ''Diabrotica'' species are herbivores, with a diet predominantly consisting of foliage and pollen.<ref name=":07" /> Due to the vast richness of diversity in the genus a broad variety of plant species are used as host plants and food sources. Host sources of economic importance in prairie habitats include, but are not limited to, corn, squash, beans, and soybean varieties.<ref name=":07" /> Many ''Diabrotica'' species exhibit a preference for plants containing cucurbitacin's as they can be metabolized by the beetle into an effective chemical defense mechanism.<ref name=":07" />

=== Threat responses === Chemical defense is a key mechanism implemented by many ''Diabrotica'' species to act as an important mode of protection against predation.<ref name=":07" /> Cucurbitacin is a bitter tasting compound found in certain plants that is often toxic to insects.<ref name=":07" /> ''Diabrotica'' species will relentlessly ingest cucurbitacin compounds synthesized by their preferential food sources.<ref name=":07" /> After acquiring the cucurbitacin compounds, they metabolize the consumed cucurbitacin into the haemolymph.<ref name=":07" /> The ''Diabrotica'' beetle will have then successfully incorporated the bitter tasting properties of cucurbitacin compounds into itself. Therefore, the adoption of the deterring bitter, toxic characteristics of the cucurbitacin's results in the ''Diabrotica'' species significantly reducing the likelihood of predation.<ref name=":07" />

=== Breeding and courtship === Female members of ''Diabrotica'' species will release sex pheromones and begin expressing a characteristic calling posture signaling their receptivity to commence mating.<ref name=":22" /> The calling posture consists of exposing the membranes of the females abdominal segment's to facilitate the secretion of the aforementioned sex pheromones.<ref name=":22" /> Reproducing males will then approach the female and engage in tactile stimulation of the female's abdomen.<ref name=":22" /> This likely facilitates relaxation and increases the females receptiveness prior to and throughout the duration of copulation occurring.<ref name=":22" /> The mating procedure may last for 1–6 hours, with copulation lasting approximately 10–60 minutes.<ref name=":22" /> Mating behavior appears to be influenced by circadian rhythms, with the majority of mating events occurring around the dusk hours.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nardi |first1=C. |last2=Luvizotto |first2=R. A. |last3=Parra |first3=J. R. P. |last4=Bento |first4=J. M. S. |date=2012-06-01 |title=Mating Behavior of Diabrotica speciosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) |url=https://academic.oup.com/ee/article-abstract/41/3/562/360606?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false |journal=Environmental Entomology |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=562–570 |doi=10.1603/EN10284 |pmid=22732614 |issn=0046-225X}}</ref>

Lek formation is a behavioral pattern observed in ''Diabrotica'' species that preferentially consume cucurbitacin rich foods.<ref name=":07" /> During copulation, the male will transfer detoxified cucurbitacin compounds to their female mate.<ref name=":07" /> This transplantation of metabolized cucurbitacin's decreases the metabolic burden on brooding females to sequester energy to both brood offspring and synthesize chemical defense mechanisms against predation.<ref name=":07" />

== Pest control methods ==

=== Non-chemical control === Due to the pestilent species of univoltine ''Diabrotica'' lifecycles being intrinsically tied to specific host plants, agronomic practices such as crop rotation, shifting sowing times, and alternative tilling techniques are viable methods to decrease the likelihood of infestation in cultivated fields.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Cabrera Walsh |first1=Guillermo |last2=Ávila |first2=Crébio J. |last3=Cabrera |first3=Nora |last4=Nava |first4=Dori E. |last5=de Sene Pinto |first5=Alexandre |last6=Weber |first6=Donald C. |date=July 2020 |title=Biology and Management of Pest Diabrotica Species in South America |journal=Insects |language=en |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=421 |doi=10.3390/insects11070421 |doi-access=free |pmid=32650377 |pmc=7411984 |issn=2075-4450}}</ref> Although these techniques are effective for the management of univoltine ''Diabrotica'' species, multivoltine species remain largely unaffected by the implementation of these measures.<ref name=":3" /> To mitigate the damage of multivoltine ''Diabrotica'' pests, early plantation of the crops to allow ample time for maturation is moderately effective at avoiding the larval stage of ''Diabrotica'' when the crop is in its most vulnerable stage of development.<ref name=":3" /> This provides the crop adequate opportunity to grow and increase resilience against larval feeding attacks.<ref name=":3" /> However, this method is difficult to execute effectively due to variable hatch periods of overwintered eggs, and the dependence on correct seasonal timing making it susceptible to failure.<ref name=":3" />

=== Chemical control === The most effective treatment against pestilent ''Diabrotica'' larvae stage in maize cultivation involves the application of organophosphate and phenyl pyrazole insecticides into the seed furrow during planting.<ref name=":3" /> For potatoes, in-furrow application of neonicotinoids is also an effective pesticide for controlling larvae.<ref name=":3" /> These insecticides disrupt the development of the beetle's larval stages, drastically decreasing ''Diabrotica'' population's biotic potential, ultimately contributing to effective infestation control.<ref name=":3" />

=== Genetically modified organisms === Genetically modified crops are another method to reduce economic loss due to ''Diabrotica'' pests.<ref name=":3" /> High risk crops can be genetically modified to decrease susceptibility to root damage subjected by the feeding of larvae providing protection against pest-related damage.<ref name=":3" />

=== Plant resistance === Artificial selection of chemical defenses when growing particular crops can be utilized to increase resistance to ''Diabrotica'' pests.<ref name=":3" /> For example, leptins can act as insecticidal agents, and glycoalkaloids confer a natural resistance to specific ''Diabrotica'' species at both the adult and larval stages in potato species.<ref name=":3" /> These resistance-increasing biological compounds can be selected for and subsequently increased through generations of crop plants.<ref name=":3" />

=== Biological controls === [[Nematode]]s may be used as strategy in the management of ''Diabrotica'' larvae populations.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Toepfer |first1=S. |last2=Haye |first2=T. |last3=Erlandson |first3=M. |last4=Goettel |first4=M. |last5=Lundgren |first5=J.G. |last6=Kleespies |first6=R.G. |last7=Weber |first7=D.C. |last8=Walsh |first8=G. Cabrera |last9=Peters |first9=A. |last10=Ehlers |first10=R.-U. |last11=Strasser |first11=H. |last12=Moore |first12=D. |last13=Keller |first13=S. |last14=Vidal |first14=S. |last15=Kuhlmann |first15=U. |date=2009-01-01 |title=A review of the natural enemies of beetles in the subtribe Diabroticina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): implications for sustainable pest management |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09583150802524727 |journal=Biocontrol Science and Technology |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–65 |doi=10.1080/09583150802524727 |bibcode=2009BioST..19....1T |issn=0958-3157|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Multiple families of nematodes will attack ''Diabrotica'' pests in the soil of cultivated fields. ''[[Steinernema carpocapsae]]'' is most commonly used for larval control in the field.<ref name=":4" /> This method of pest control is heavily influenced by the environmental conditions of the soil, as moisture levels and application of the nematodes may drastically affect their effectiveness.<ref name=":4" /> Low-tillage and reduced weed control procedures must also be implemented as agronomic strategies when using the nematodes as pest control.<ref name=":3" />

The previous technique primarily targeted the larval stages of ''Diabrotica'' development. In order to target the adult demographic during infestation, an effective method involves exploiting the pestilent ''Diabrotica's'' preference for cucurbitacin containing food sources.<ref name=":3" /> The chemical composition of cucurbitacin's acts as a strong phagostimulant for adult ''Diabrotica'' beetles.<ref name=":3" /> Therefore, the beetles are attracted to the compound and inclined to ingest the material containing it.<ref name=":3" /> By coating cucurbitacin producing plants with an appropriate insecticide, a toxic trap can be easily created.<ref name=":3" /> These attractants can then be dispersed through fields to act as lures, poisoning the beetles and reducing the overall infestation.<ref name=":3" />

==Species== {{Div col|colwidth=22em}} * ''[[Diabrotica adelpha]]'' Harold, 1875 * ''[[Diabrotica adornata]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica aegrota]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica alboplagiata]]'' Jacoby, 1882 * ''[[Diabrotica alegrensis]]'' Bechyne & Bechyne, 1962 * ''[[Diabrotica alexia]]'' Bechyne, 1956 * ''[[Diabrotica alfazema]]'' Bechyne, 1997 * ''[[Diabrotica amecameca]]'' Krysan & Smith, 1987 * ''[[Diabrotica amoena]]'' (Dalman, 1823) * ''[[Diabrotica amoenula]]'' Boheman, 1859 * ''[[Diabrotica analis]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica antonietta]]'' Bechyne, 1956 * ''[[Diabrotica apicalis]]'' Baly, 1886 * ''[[Diabrotica apicicornis]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica apicipennis]]'' (Baly, 1890) * ''[[Diabrotica aracatuba]]'' Bechyne & Bechyne, 1964 * ''[[Diabrotica arcuata]]'' Baly, 1859 * ''[[Diabrotica asignata]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica atomaria]]'' Jacoby, 1889 * ''[[Diabrotica atriceps]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica atriineata]]'' Baly, 1889 * ''[[Diabrotica atriscutata]]'' (Baly, 1890) * ''[[Diabrotica atromaculata]]'' Baly, 1889 * ''[[Diabrotica atrosignata]]'' (Baly, 1890) * ''[[Diabrotica bakeri]]'' (Bowditch, 1911) * ''[[Diabrotica barberi]]'' R. Smith & Lawrence, 1967 - northern corn rootworm * ''[[Diabrotica barclayi]]'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015 * ''[[Diabrotica balteata]]'' LeConte, 1865 - banded cucumber beetle * ''[[Diabrotica bartleti]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica beniensis]]'' Krysan & Smith, 1987 * ''[[Diabrotica biannularis]]'' Harold, 1875 * ''[[Diabrotica bilineata]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica bioculata]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica bipartita]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica bipustulata]]'' Baly, 1886 * ''[[Diabrotica bisecta]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica boggianii]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica boliviana]]'' Harold, 1877 * ''[[Diabrotica bordoni]]'' Bechyne & Bechyne, 1969 * ''[[Diabrotica brevicornis]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica brevilineata]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica brevittitata]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica brunneosignata]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica buckleyi]]'' Baly, 1879 * ''[[Diabrotica buqueti]]'' Baly, 1889 * ''[[Diabrotica caiuba]]'' (Bechyne & Bechyne, 1969) * ''[[Diabrotica calchaqui]]'' Cabrera & Cabrera Walsh, 2004 * ''[[Diabrotica callangaensis]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica carolae]]'' Krysan & Smith, 1987 * ''[[Diabrotica caveyi]]'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015 * ''[[Diabrotica cavicollis]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica centralis]]'' Jacoby, 1882 * ''[[Diabrotica championi]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica chapuisi]]'' Baly, 1886 * ''[[Diabrotica chimborensis]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica chloris]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica chloropus]]'' Harold, 1875 * ''[[Diabrotica chlororhoidalis]]'' Bechyne, 1958 * ''[[Diabrotica chontalensis]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica circulata]]'' Harold, 1875 * ''[[Diabrotica clarkellita]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica clarki]]'' [[Julius Weise|Weise]], 1916 * ''[[Diabrotica clio]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica columbiensis]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica confluenta]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica confraterna]]'' Baly, 1889 * ''[[Diabrotica confusa]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica consentanea]]'' Baly, 1886 * ''[[Diabrotica contigua]]'' Baly, 1889 * ''[[Diabrotica costaricensis]]'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015 * ''[[Diabrotica crenulata]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica cristata]]'' (Harris, 1837) * ''[[Diabrotica cryptochlora]]'' Bechyne, 1956 * ''[[Diabrotica cryptomorpha]]'' Bechyne, 1997 * ''[[Diabrotica curvilineata]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica curvipustulata]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica cyaneomaculata]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica decaspila]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica decempunctata]]'' Latreille, 1813 * ''[[Diabrotica deliqua]]'' Weise, 1921 * ''[[Diabrotica delrio]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica discoidalis]]'' Baly, 1865 * ''[[Diabrotica dissimilis]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica distincta]]'' Jacoby, 1882 * ''[[Diabrotica diversicornis]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica dmitryogloblini]]'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015 * ''[[Diabrotica duckworthorum]]'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015 * ''[[Diabrotica duplicata]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica duvivieri]]'' Baly, 1886 * ''[[Diabrotica dysoni]]'' Baly, 1886 * ''[[Diabrotica egleri]]'' (Bechyne & Bechyne, 1961) * ''[[Diabrotica elata]]'' Fabricius, 1801 * ''[[Diabrotica elegantula]]'' Baly, 1886 * ''[[Diabrotica emorsitans]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica enae]]'' Marques, 1941 * ''[[Diabrotica ephemera]]'' Bechyne, 1958 * ''[[Diabrotica eustolia]]'' Bechyne, 1958 * ''[[Diabrotica evanescens]]'' Baly, 1889 * ''[[Diabrotica exclamationis]]'' Baly, 1859 * ''[[Diabrotica extensa]]'' (Baly, 1889) * ''[[Diabrotica facialis]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica fallaciosa]]'' Weise, 1921 * ''[[Diabrotica fallenia]]'' Bechyne, 1956 * ''[[Diabrotica fauveli]]'' (Baly, 1890) * ''[[Diabrotica febronia]]'' Bechyne, 1958 * ''[[Diabrotica fenestralis]]'' Jacoby, 1879 * ''[[Diabrotica fidelia]]'' Bechyne, 1956 * ''[[Diabrotica firmiona]]'' Bechyne, 1958 * ''[[Diabrotica flava]]'' (Olivier, 1791) * ''[[Diabrotica flaviventris]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica flavofulva]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica formosa]]'' Baly, 1886 * ''[[Diabrotica fowleri]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica freudei]]'' Bechyne, 1956 * ''[[Diabrotica fucata]]'' (Fabricius, 1787) * ''[[Diabrotica fulveola]]'' (Baly, 1890) * ''[[Diabrotica fulvicornis]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica fulvofasciata]]'' Jacoby, 1889 * ''[[Diabrotica funerea]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica fuscula]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica gahani]]'' Jacoby, 1893 * ''[[Diabrotica generosa]]'' Baly, 1879 * ''[[Diabrotica germari]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica glaucina]]'' (Baly, 1889) * ''[[Diabrotica godmani]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica gorhami]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica gracilenta]]'' Erichson, 1847 * ''[[Diabrotica gracilis]]'' Jacoby, 1878 * ''[[Diabrotica graminea]]'' (Baly, 1886) * ''[[Diabrotica gratiosa]]'' Baly, 1886 * ''[[Diabrotica grayella]]'' Baly, 1886 * ''[[Diabrotica guaira]]'' Bechyne, 1958 * ''[[Diabrotica guaratiba]]'' (Marques, 1941) * ''[[Diabrotica gudula]]'' Bechyne, 1956 * ''[[Diabrotica guttifera]]'' Baly, 1889 * ''[[Diabrotica haroldi]]'' Baly, 1886 * ''[[Diabrotica hartjei]]'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015 * ''[[Diabrotica hathawayi]]'' Marques, 1941 * ''[[Diabrotica helga]]'' Bechyne, 1956 * ''[[Diabrotica hilli]]'' Krysan & Smith, 1987 * ''[[Diabrotica hogei]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica ianthe]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica illigeri]]'' Baly, 1889 * ''[[Diabrotica impressipennis]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica inaequalis]]'' Baly, 1886 * ''[[Diabrotica inornata]]'' Weise, 1921 * ''[[Diabrotica interrupta]]'' (Baly, 1886) * ''[[Diabrotica iridicollis]]'' Bechyne & Bechyne, 1965 * ''[[Diabrotica isohaeta]]'' Bechyne & Bechyne, 1969 * ''[[Diabrotica jacobiana]]'' Duvivier, 1885 * ''[[Diabrotica jacobyi]]'' Baly, 1879 * ''[[Diabrotica jamaicensis]]'' Bryant, 1924 * ''[[Diabrotica jariensis]]'' Bechyne & Bechyne, 1965 * ''[[Diabrotica javeti]]'' Baly, 1889 * ''[[Diabrotica josephbalyi]]'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015 * ''[[Diabrotica kirbyi]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica klugii]]'' Baly, 1886 * ''[[Diabrotica kraatzi]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica labiata]]'' Baly, 1886 * ''[[Diabrotica lacordairei]]'' (Kirsch, 1883) * ''[[Diabrotica lamiina]]'' (Bechyne & Bechyne, 1969) * ''[[Diabrotica latevittata]]'' (Baly, 1886) * ''[[Diabrotica lawrencei]]'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015 * ''[[Diabrotica lebasii]]'' Baly, 1886 * ''[[Diabrotica lemniscata]]'' LeConte, 1868 * ''[[Diabrotica liberata]]'' Bechyne, 1958 * ''[[Diabrotica liciens]]'' (Fabricius, 1801) * ''[[Diabrotica limitata]]'' (Sahlberg, 1823) * ''[[Diabrotica linensis]]'' Bechyne, 1956 * ''[[Diabrotica linsleyi]]'' Krysan & Smith, 1987 * ''[[Diabrotica longicornis]]'' (Say, 1824) * ''[[Diabrotica luciana]]'' (Blake, 1965) * ''[[Diabrotica lucifera]]'' Erichson, 1847 * ''[[Diabrotica luederwaldti]]'' (Bowditch, 1911) * ''[[Diabrotica lundi]]'' Smith & Lawrence, 1967 * ''[[Diabrotica luteopustulata]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica lutescens]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica macrina]]'' Bechyne, 1958 * ''[[Diabrotica manaensis]]'' (Weise, 1921) * ''[[Diabrotica mantillerii]]'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015 * ''[[Diabrotica mapiriensis]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica marsila]]'' Bechyne, 1956 * ''[[Diabrotica martinjacobyi]]'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015 * ''[[Diabrotica matina]]'' Bechyne, 1958 * ''[[Diabrotica mauliki]]'' Barber, 1947 * ''[[Diabrotica mediofasciata]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica melanopa]]'' Erichson, 1847 * ''[[Diabrotica melanopyga]]'' Baly, 1889 * ''[[Diabrotica meyeri]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica milleri]]'' Krysan & Smith, 1987 * ''[[Diabrotica minuta]]'' Jacoby, 1879 * ''[[Diabrotica mitteri]]'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015 * ''[[Diabrotica modesta]]'' (Fabricius, 1801) * ''[[Diabrotica morosa]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica moseri]]'' Weise, 1921 * ''[[Diabrotica munda]]'' (Weise, 1921) * ''[[Diabrotica mutabilis]]'' Baly, 1886 * ''[[Diabrotica myrna]]'' Bechyne, 1956 * ''[[Diabrotica neolineata]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica nigritarsis]]'' (Baly, 1889) * ''[[Diabrotica nigrocincta]]'' Baly, 1886 * ''[[Diabrotica nigrolimbata]]'' Baly, 1886 * ''[[Diabrotica nigromaculata]]'' Jacoby, 1878 * ''[[Diabrotica nigroscutata]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica nigrostriata]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica nitidicollis]]'' Baly, 1889 * ''[[Diabrotica novemguttata]]'' (Weise, 1921) * ''[[Diabrotica novemmaculata]]'' Jacoby, 1878 * ''[[Diabrotica nummularis]]'' Harold, 1877 * ''[[Diabrotica obscura]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica occlusa]]'' Champion, 1920 * ''[[Diabrotica ochreata]]'' (Fabricius, 1792) * ''[[Diabrotica octoplagiata]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica oculata]]'' (Baly, 1890) * ''[[Diabrotica olivacea]]'' Jacoby, 1882 * ''[[Diabrotica olivieri]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica orthocosta]]'' (Bechyne & Bechyne, 1969) * ''[[Diabrotica pachitensis]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica palpalis]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica panamensis]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica panchroma]]'' Bechyne, 1955 * ''[[Diabrotica paradoxa]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica paranaensis]]'' Marques, 1941 * ''[[Diabrotica parintinsensis]]'' (Bechyne & Bechyne, 1969) * ''[[Diabrotica pascoei]]'' Baly, 1879 * ''[[Diabrotica paula]]'' (Bechyne & Bechyne, 1962) * ''[[Diabrotica pauperata]]'' (Baly, 1890) * ''[[Diabrotica peckii]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica periscopica]]'' Bechyne, 1958 * ''[[Diabrotica perkinsi]]'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015 * ''[[Diabrotica piceicornis]]'' Baly, 1889 * ''[[Diabrotica piceolimbata]]'' (Baly, 1890) * ''[[Diabrotica piceomarginata]]'' (Baly, 1890) * ''[[Diabrotica piceonotata]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica piceopicta]]'' (Baly, 1890) * ''[[Diabrotica piceopunctata]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica piceosignata]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica platysoma]]'' Bechyne, 1956 * ''[[Diabrotica plaumanni]]'' Bechyne, 1954 * ''[[Diabrotica plebeja]]'' Weise, 1921 * ''[[Diabrotica poeclienta]]'' Bechyne, 1958 * ''[[Diabrotica porracea]]'' Harold, 1875 * ''[[Diabrotica praeusta]]'' (Weise, 1921) * ''[[Diabrotica propylaea]]'' (Bechyne & Bechyne, 1969) * ''[[Diabrotica prostigma]]'' Bechyne, 1958 * ''[[Diabrotica proximans]]'' (Baly, 1890) * ''[[Diabrotica pulchella]]'' (Jacquelin-Val, 1856) * ''[[Diabrotica pulchra]]'' (Sahlberg, 1823) * ''[[Diabrotica purpurascens]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica pygidialis]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica quadricollis]]'' (Jacoby, 1887) * ''[[Diabrotica ramona]]'' Bechyne, 1956 * ''[[Diabrotica recki]]'' Marques, 1941 * ''[[Diabrotica redfordae]]'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015 * ''[[Diabrotica reedi]]'' (Baly, 1890) * ''[[Diabrotica regalis]]'' (Baly, 1859) * ''[[Diabrotica regularis]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica relicta]]'' Suffrian, 1867 * ''[[Diabrotica rendalli]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica reysmithi]]'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015 * ''[[Diabrotica rogersi]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica rosenbergi]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica rufolimbata]]'' Baly, 1879 * ''[[Diabrotica rufomaculata]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica rufopustulata]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica salvadorensis]]'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015 * ''[[Diabrotica samouella]]'' Bechyne, 1956 * ''[[Diabrotica sancatarina]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica sanguinicollis]]'' Jacoby, 1879 * ''[[Diabrotica schaufussi]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica scripta]]'' Olivier, 1808 * ''[[Diabrotica scutellata]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica sebaldia]]'' Bechyne, 1956 * ''[[Diabrotica sedata]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica sel]]'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015 * ''[[Diabrotica selecta]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica semicirculata]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica semiflava]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica semisulcata]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica septemliturata]]'' Erichson, 1847 * ''[[Diabrotica septemplagiata]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica serrozulensis]]'' (Bechyne & Bechyne, 1962) * ''[[Diabrotica sesquilineata]]'' Erichson, 1847 * ''[[Diabrotica sexmaculata]]'' Baly, 1879 * ''[[Diabrotica sharpii]]'' Kirsch, 1883 * ''[[Diabrotica sheba]]'' Bechyne, 1958 * ''[[Diabrotica signaticornis]]'' Chevrolat, 1844 * ''[[Diabrotica signifera]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica silvai]]'' Marques, 1941 * ''[[Diabrotica simulata]]'' (Baly, 1890) * ''[[Diabrotica sinuata]]'' Olivier, 1789 * ''[[Diabrotica songoensis]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica spangleri]]'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015 * ''[[Diabrotica speciosa]]'' (Germar, 1824) - cucurbit beetle * ''[[Diabrotica speciosissima]]'' Baly, 1879 * ''[[Diabrotica spilota]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica sublimbata]]'' (Baly, 1865) * ''[[Diabrotica submarginata]]'' (Baly, 1890) * ''[[Diabrotica subrugosa]]'' (Gahan, 1891) * ''[[Diabrotica subsulcata]]'' Baly, 1865 * ''[[Diabrotica surinamensis]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica synoptica]]'' Bechyne, 1956 * ''[[Diabrotica tarsalis]]'' Harold, 1875 * ''[[Diabrotica teresa]]'' Bechyne, 1956 * ''[[Diabrotica terminalis]]'' Jacoby, 1879 * ''[[Diabrotica tessellata]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica testaceicollis]]'' (Baly, 1890) * ''[[Diabrotica tibialis]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica tijuquensis]]'' Marques, 1941 * ''[[Diabrotica tortuosa]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica transversa]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica travassosi]]'' Marques, 1941 * ''[[Diabrotica tricolor]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica trifasciata]]'' Fabricius, 1801 * ''[[Diabrotica trifoveolata]]'' (Baly, 1890) * ''[[Diabrotica trifurcata]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica triphonia]]'' Bechyne, 1958 * ''[[Diabrotica tropica]]'' (Weise, 1921) * ''[[Diabrotica tumidicornis]]'' Erichson, 1847 * ''[[Diabrotica undecimpunctata]]'' Mannerheim, 1843 - spotted cucumber beetle, southern corn rootworm, western cucumber beetle, western spotted cucumber beetle * ''[[Diabrotica underwoodi]]'' Bowditch, 1911 * ''[[Diabrotica unipunctata]]'' Jacoby, 1882 * ''[[Diabrotica univittata]]'' Jacoby, 1899 * ''[[Diabrotica utingae]]'' Marques, 1941 * ''[[Diabrotica vagrans]]'' Baly, 1889 * ''[[Diabrotica varicornis]]'' Jacoby, 1889 * ''[[Diabrotica variegata]]'' (Jacoby, 1887) * ''[[Diabrotica venancia]]'' Bechyne, 1958 * ''[[Diabrotica venezuelensis]]'' Jacoby, 1882 * ''[[Diabrotica vilaolivae]]'' Bechyne & Bechyne, 1969 * ''[[Diabrotica virescens]]'' Baly, 1886 * ''[[Diabrotica virgifera]]'' LeConte, 1858 - [[Mexican corn rootworm]], [[western corn rootworm]] * ''[[Diabrotica viridana]]'' Baly, 1886 * ''[[Diabrotica viridans]]'' (Baly, 1889) * ''[[Diabrotica viridicollis]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica viridifasciata]]'' Jacoby, 1887 * ''[[Diabrotica viridilimbata]]'' Baly, 1879 * ''[[Diabrotica viridimaculata]]'' Jacoby, 1878 * ''[[Diabrotica viridipustulata]]'' Baly, 1886 * ''[[Diabrotica viridula]]'' Fabricius, 1801 * ''[[Diabrotica waltersi]]'' Derunkov, Rocha Prado, Tishechkin & Konstantinov, 2015 * ''[[Diabrotica weisei]]'' Baly, 1890 * ''[[Diabrotica westwoodi]]'' (Baly, 1889) * ''[[Diabrotica zikani]]'' Bechyne, 1968 * ''[[Diabrotica zischkai]]'' Bechyne, 1956 {{Div col end}}

== References ==

== External links == {{Wikispecies|Diabrotica}} * [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/bean/banded_cucumber_beetle.htm ''Diabrotica balteata''] on the [[University of Florida|UF]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] Featured Creatures Web site * [http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/bean/spotted_cucumber_beetle.htm ''Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi''] on the [[University of Florida|UF]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] Featured Creatures website.

[[Category:Galerucinae]] [[Category:Diabrotica| ]] [[Category:Agricultural pest insects]] [[Category:Taxa named by Louis Alexandre Auguste Chevrolat]] [[Category:Chrysomelidae genera]]