Isotopes of copper

{{Short description|none}} {{Infobox copper isotopes}} Copper (₂₉Cu) has two stable isotopes, ⁶³Cu and ⁶⁵Cu, along with 28 known radioisotopes from ⁵⁵Cu to ⁸⁴Cu. The most stable radioisotope, ⁶⁷Cu, has a half-life of only 61.83 hours, then follow ⁶⁴Cu at 12.70 hours and ⁶¹Cu at 3.34 hours. The others have half-lives all under an hour and most under a minute. The isotopes with mass below 63 generally undergo positron emission and electron capture to nickel isotopes, while isotopes with mass above 65 generally undergo β⁻ decay to zinc isotopes. The single example in between, ⁶⁴Cu, decays both ways.

There are at least 10 metastable isomers of copper, of which the most stable is ^68mCu with a half-life of 3.75 minutes.

== List of isotopes == {{Anchor|Copper-52|Copper-53|Copper-54}}

<!--Please delete anchor(s) from the list above or table below if adding a dedicated isotope section(s).-->

{{Isotopes table | symbol = Cu | refs = NUBASE2020, AME2020 II, IsotopeFRIB, IsomerFRIB | notes = m, unc(), mass#, exen#, spin(), spin#, daughter-st, p, n, IT, discoveryname }} |-id=Copper-55 | rowspan=2|⁵⁵Cu | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 29 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 26 | rowspan=2|54.965854(27)<ref name="zhang2023">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=M. |last2=Zhou |first2=X. |last3=Wang |first3=M. |last4=Zhang |first4=Y. H. |last5=Litvinov |first5=Yu. A. |last6=Xu |first6=H. S. |last7=Chen |first7=R. J. |last8=Deng |first8=H. Y. |last9=Fu |first9=C. Y. |last10=Ge |first10=W. W. |last11=Li |first11=H. F. |last12=Liao |first12=T. |last13=Litvinov |first13=S. A. |last14=Shuai |first14=P. |last15=Shi |first15=J. Y. |last16=Sidhu |first16=R. S. |last17=Song |first17=Y. N. |last18=Sun |first18=M. Z. |last19=Suzuki |first19=S. |last20=Wang |first20=Q. |last21=Xing |first21=Y. M. |last22=Xu |first22=X. |last23=Yamaguchi |first23=T. |last24=Yan |first24=X. L. |last25=Yang |first25=J. C. |last26=Yuan |first26=Y. J. |last27=Zeng |first27=Q. |last28=Zhou |first28=X. H. |title=$$B\rho $$-defined isochronous mass spectrometry and mass measurements of $$^{58}$$Ni fragments |journal=The European Physical Journal A |date=14 February 2023 |volume=59 |issue=2 |doi=10.1140/epja/s10050-023-00928-6|doi-access=free }}</ref> | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/55.pdf 1987] | rowspan=2|55.9(15)&nbsp;ms | β⁺ | ⁵⁵Ni | rowspan=2|3/2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺, p (?%) | ⁵⁴Co |-id=Copper-56 | rowspan=2|⁵⁶Cu | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 29 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 27 | rowspan=2|55.9585293(69) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/56.pdf 1987] | rowspan=2|80.8(6)&nbsp;ms | β⁺ (99.60%) | ⁵⁶Ni | rowspan=2|(4+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺, p (0.40%) | ⁵⁵Co |-id=Copper-57 | ⁵⁷Cu | style="text-align:right" | 29 | style="text-align:right" | 28 | 56.94921169(54) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/57.pdf 1976] | 196.4(7)&nbsp;ms | β⁺ | ⁵⁷Ni | 3/2− | | |-id=Copper-58 | ⁵⁸Cu | style="text-align:right" | 29 | style="text-align:right" | 29 | 57.94453228(60) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/58.pdf 1952] | 3.204(7)&nbsp;s | β⁺ | '''⁵⁸Ni''' | 1+ | | |-id=Copper-59 | ⁵⁹Cu | style="text-align:right" | 29 | style="text-align:right" | 30 | 58.93949671(57) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/59.pdf 1947] | 81.5(5)&nbsp;s | β⁺ | ⁵⁹Ni | 3/2− | | |-id=Copper-60 | ⁶⁰Cu | style="text-align:right" | 29 | style="text-align:right" | 31 | 59.9373638(17) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/60.pdf 1947] | 23.7(4)&nbsp;min | β⁺ | '''⁶⁰Ni''' | 2+ | | |-id=Copper-61 | ⁶¹Cu | style="text-align:right" | 29 | style="text-align:right" | 32 | 60.9334574(10) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/61.pdf 1937] | 3.343(16)&nbsp;h | β⁺ | '''⁶¹Ni''' | 3/2− | | |-id=Copper-62 | ⁶²Cu | style="text-align:right" | 29 | style="text-align:right" | 33 | 61.9325948(07) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/62.pdf 1936] | 9.672(8)&nbsp;min | β⁺ | '''⁶²Ni''' | 1+ | | |-id=Copper-63 | ⁶³Cu | style="text-align:right" | 29 | style="text-align:right" | 34 | 62.92959712(46) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/63.pdf 1923] | colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable''' | 3/2− | 0.6915(15) | |-id=Copper-64 | rowspan=2|⁶⁴Cu | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 29 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=2|63.92976400(46) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/64.pdf 1936] | rowspan=2|12.7004(13)&nbsp;h | β⁺ (61.52%) | '''⁶⁴Ni''' | rowspan=2|1+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻ (38.48%) | '''⁶⁴Zn''' |-id=Copper-65 | ⁶⁵Cu | style="text-align:right" | 29 | style="text-align:right" | 36 | 64.92778948(69) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/65.pdf 1923] | colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable''' | 3/2− | 0.3085(15) | |-id=Copper-66 | ⁶⁶Cu | style="text-align:right" | 29 | style="text-align:right" | 37 | 65.92886880(70) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/66.pdf 1937] | 5.120(14)&nbsp;min | β⁻ | '''⁶⁶Zn''' | 1+ | | |-id=Copper-66m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^66mCu | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1154.2(14)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/29/66Cu-1.pdf 1972] | 600(17)&nbsp;ns | IT | ⁶⁶Cu | (6)− | | |-id=Copper-67 | ⁶⁷Cu | style="text-align:right" | 29 | style="text-align:right" | 38 | 66.92772949(96) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/67.pdf 1948] | 61.83(12)&nbsp;h | β⁻ | '''⁶⁷Zn''' | 3/2− | | |-id=Copper-68 | ⁶⁸Cu | style="text-align:right" | 29 | style="text-align:right" | 39 | 67.9296109(17) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/68.pdf 1953] | 30.9(6)&nbsp;s | β⁻ | '''⁶⁸Zn''' | 1+ | | |-id=Copper-68m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^68mCu | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 721.26(8)&nbsp;keV | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/29/68Cu-1.pdf 1969] | rowspan=2|3.75(5)&nbsp;min | IT (86%) | ⁶⁸Cu | rowspan=2|6− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻ (14%) | '''⁶⁸Zn''' |-id=Copper-69 | ⁶⁹Cu | style="text-align:right" | 29 | style="text-align:right" | 40 | 68.929429267(15) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/69.pdf 1966] | 2.85(15)&nbsp;min | β⁻ | ⁶⁹Zn | 3/2− | | |-id=Copper-69m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^69mCu | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2742.0(7)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/29/69Cu-1.pdf 1997] | 357(2)&nbsp;ns | IT | ⁶⁹Cu | (13/2+) | | |-id=Copper-70 | ⁷⁰Cu | style="text-align:right" | 29 | style="text-align:right" | 41 | 69.9323921(12) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/70.pdf 1971] | 44.5(2)&nbsp;s | β⁻ | '''⁷⁰Zn''' | 6− | | |-id=Copper-70m1 | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^70m1Cu | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 101.1(3)&nbsp;keV | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/29/70Cu-2.pdf 2004] | rowspan=2|33(2)&nbsp;s | β⁻ (52%) | '''⁷⁰Zn''' | rowspan=2|3− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (48%) | ⁷⁰Cu |-id=Copper-70m2 | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^70m2Cu | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 242.6(5)&nbsp;keV | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/29/70Cu-1.pdf 1971] | rowspan=2|6.6(2)&nbsp;s | β⁻ (93.2%) | '''⁷⁰Zn''' | rowspan=2|1+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (6.8%) | ⁷⁰Cu |-id=Copper-71 | ⁷¹Cu | style="text-align:right" | 29 | style="text-align:right" | 42 | 70.9326768(16) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/71.pdf 1983] | 19.4(14)&nbsp;s | β⁻ | ⁷¹Zn | 3/2− | | |-id=Copper-71m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^71mCu | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2755.7(6)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/29/71Cu-1.pdf 1998] | 271(13)&nbsp;ns | IT | ⁷¹Cu | (19/2−) | | |-id=Copper-72 | ⁷²Cu | style="text-align:right" | 29 | style="text-align:right" | 43 | 71.9358203(15) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/72.pdf 1983] | 6.63(3)&nbsp;s | β⁻ | ⁷²Zn | 2− | | |-id=Copper-72m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^72mCu | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 270(3)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/29/72Cu-1.pdf 1998] | 1.76(3)&nbsp;μs | IT | ⁷²Cu | (6−) | | |-id=Copper-73 | rowspan=2|⁷³Cu | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 29 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 44 | rowspan=2|72.9366744(21) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/73.pdf 1983] | rowspan=2|4.20(12)&nbsp;s | β⁻ (99.71%) | ⁷³Zn | rowspan=2|3/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n (0.29%) | ⁷²Zn |-id=Copper-74 | rowspan=2|⁷⁴Cu | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 29 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 45 | rowspan=2|73.9398749(66) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/74.pdf 1987] | rowspan=2|1.606(9)&nbsp;s | β⁻ (99.93%) | ⁷⁴Zn | rowspan=2|2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n (0.075%) | ⁷³Zn |-id=Copper-75 | rowspan=2|⁷⁵Cu | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 29 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 46 | rowspan=2|74.94152382(77) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/75.pdf 1985] | rowspan=2|1.224(3)&nbsp;s | β⁻ (97.3%) | ⁷⁵Zn | rowspan=2|5/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n (2.7%) | ⁷⁴Zn |-id=Copper-75m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^75m1Cu | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 61.7(4)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/29/75Cu-1.pdf 2010] | 0.310(8)&nbsp;μs | IT | ⁷⁵Cu | 1/2− | | |-id=Copper-75m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^75m2Cu | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 66.2(4)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/29/75Cu-2.pdf 2010] | 0.149(5)&nbsp;μs | IT | ⁷⁵Cu | 3/2− | | |-id=Copper-76 | rowspan=2|⁷⁶Cu | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 29 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 47 | rowspan=2|75.9452370(21)<ref name="canete2024">{{cite journal |last1=Canete |first1=L. |last2=Giraud |first2=S. |last3=Kankainen |first3=A. |last4=Bastin |first4=B. |last5=Nowacki |first5=F. |last6=Ascher |first6=P. |last7=Eronen |first7=T. |last8=Girard Alcindor |first8=V. |last9=Jokinen |first9=A. |last10=Khanam |first10=A. |last11=Moore |first11=I.D. |last12=Nesterenko |first12=D. |last13=De Oliveira |first13=F. |last14=Penttilä |first14=H. |last15=Petrone |first15=C. |last16=Pohjalainen |first16=I. |last17=De Roubin |first17=A. |last18=Rubchenya |first18=V. |last19=Vilen |first19=M. |last20=Äystö |first20=J. |title=Long-sought isomer turns out to be the ground state of 76Cu |journal=Physics Letters B |date=June 2024 |volume=853 |article-number=138663 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2024.138663|arxiv=2401.14018 }}</ref> | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/76.pdf 1987] | rowspan=2|656(2)&nbsp;ms<ref name="olaizola2025">{{cite journal |last1=Olaizola |first1=B. |last2=Illana |first2=A. |last3=Benito |first3=J. |last4=Suárez-Bustamante |first4=D.P. |last5=Del Piccolo |first5=G. |last6=Algora |first6=A. 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G. |last2=Sahin |first2=E. |last3=Görgen |first3=A. |last4=Bello Garrote |first4=F. L. |last5=Tsunoda |first5=Y. |last6=Otsuka |first6=T. |last7=Niikura |first7=M. |last8=Nishimura |first8=S. |last9=Xu |first9=Z. |last10=Baba |first10=H. |last11=Benzoni |first11=G. |last12=Browne |first12=F. |last13=Bruce |first13=A. M. |last14=Ceruti |first14=S. |last15=Crespi |first15=F. C. L. |last16=Daido |first16=R. |last17=de Angelis |first17=G. |last18=Delattre |first18=M.-C. |last19=Dombradi |first19=Zs. |last20=Doornenbal |first20=P. |last21=Fang |first21=Y. |last22=Franchoo |first22=S. |last23=Gey |first23=G. |last24=Gottardo |first24=A. |last25=Isobe |first25=T. |last26=John |first26=P. R. |last27=Jung |first27=H. 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J. |last61=Watanabe |first61=H. |last62=Werner |first62=V. |last63=Wu |first63=J. |last64=Yagi |first64=A. |last65=Yalcinkaya |first65=M. |last66=Yokoyama |first66=R. |last67=Yoshinaga |first67=K. |title=First spectroscopic study of odd-odd Cu 78 |journal=Physical Review C |date=3 April 2023 |volume=107 |issue=4 |article-number=044301 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.107.044301|hdl=10852/106240 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1143+X&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" style="text-align:center" |[https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/29/78Cu-1.pdf 2023]

| 3.8(4)&nbsp;ms | IT | ⁷⁸Cu | (0−) | | |-id=Copper-79 | rowspan=2|⁷⁹Cu | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 29 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 50 | rowspan=2|78.95447(11) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/79.pdf 1991] | rowspan=2|241.3(21)&nbsp;ms | β⁻, n (66%) | ⁷⁸Zn | rowspan=2|(5/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻ (34%) | ⁷⁹Zn |-id=Copper-80 | rowspan=2|⁸⁰Cu | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 29 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 51 | rowspan=2|79.96062(32)# | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/80.pdf 1995] | rowspan=2|113.3(64)&nbsp;ms | β⁻, n (59%) | ⁷⁹Zn | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻ (41%) | ⁸⁰Zn |-id=Copper-81 | rowspan=2|⁸¹Cu | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 29 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 52 | rowspan=2| 80.96574(32)# | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/81.pdf 2010] | rowspan=2| 73.2(68)&nbsp;ms | β⁻, n (81%) | ⁸⁰Zn | rowspan=2|5/2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻ (19%) | ⁸¹Zn |-id=Copper-82 | ⁸²Cu | style="text-align:right" | 29 | style="text-align:right" | 53 | 81.97238(43)# | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/82.pdf 2010] | 34(7)&nbsp;ms | β⁻ | ⁸²Zn | | | |-id=Copper-83 | ⁸³Cu | style="text-align:right" | 29 | style="text-align:right" | 54 | 82.97811(54)# | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/29/83.pdf 2017] | 21#&nbsp;ms [>410&nbsp;ns] | | | 5/2−# | | |-id=Copper-84 | ⁸⁴Cu<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shimizu |first1=Y. |last2=Kubo |first2=T. |last3=Sumikama |first3=T. |last4=Fukuda |first4=N. |last5=Takeda |first5=H. |last6=Suzuki |first6=H. |last7=Ahn |first7=D. 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== Copper nuclear magnetic resonance == Both stable isotopes of copper (⁶³Cu and ⁶⁵Cu) have nuclear spin of 3/2−, and thus produce nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, although the spectral lines are broad due to quadrupolar broadening. ⁶³Cu is the more sensitive nucleus while ⁶⁵Cu yields very slightly narrower signals. Usually though ⁶³Cu NMR is preferred.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/nmr/techniques/1d/row4/cu.html | title=(Cu) Copper NMR }}</ref>

== Copper-64 and other potential medical isotopes == Copper offers a relatively large number of radioisotopes that are potentially useful for nuclear medicine.

There is growing interest in the use of {{sup|64}}Cu, {{sup|62}}Cu, {{sup|61}}Cu, and {{sup|60}}Cu for diagnostic purposes and {{sup|67}}Cu and {{sup|64}}Cu for targeted radiotherapy. For example, {{sup|64}}Cu has a longer half-life than most positron-emitters (12.7 hours) and is thus ideal for diagnostic PET imaging of biological molecules.<ref name="64Cu-Harris">Harris, M. "Clarity uses a cutting-edge imaging technique to guide drug development". ''Nature Biotechnology'' September 2014: 34</ref>

== <span class="anchor" id="Copper-76m"></span> Copper-76 == '''Copper-76''' is a radioactive istope of copper with one long-lived isomer '''copper-76m''', whose half-lives are disputed. A 1990 study by Winger ''et al.'' at KEK reported two long-lived states with half-lives of 0.57(6)&nbsp;s and 1.27(3)&nbsp;s, with the longer-lived state being the isomer and having lower spin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winger |first1=J. A. |last2=Hill |first2=John C. |last3=Wohn |first3=F. K. |last4=Warburton |first4=E. K. |last5=Gill |first5=R. L. |last6=Piotrowski |first6=A. |last7=Schuhmann |first7=R. B. |last8=Brenner |first8=D. S. |title=Structure of Zn 76 from Cu 76 decay and systematics of neutron-rich Zn nuclei |journal=Physical Review C |date=1 September 1990 |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=954–960 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.42.954 |pmid=9966808 }}</ref> Subsequent experiments could not identify the claimed long-lived isomer, with the isomer that was observed later being assigned a spin of 3− based on the levels of ⁷⁶Zn populated by β⁻ decay.{{NUBASE2020|name}} (There is also a significant β⁻n decay mode to ⁷⁵Zn.) However, a 2024 experiment at the University of Jyväskylä discovered that the previously observed 3− state is actually the isomer, whose excitation energy is 64.8(25)&nbsp;keV, and the long-lived ground state probably has spin 1+; Canete ''et al.'' claim that there is a significant isomeric transition to the ground state.<ref name="canete2024"/> However, Olaizola ''et al.'' (2025) found that both the ground state and the isomer have similar half-lives around 656(2)&nbsp;ms, like was found in most previous experiments. Additionally, they find that the non-3− state is probably 6− based on shell model calculations, excluding a significant isomeric transition and preventing identification of the ground state.<ref name="olaizola2025"/>

== See also == '''Daughter products other than copper''' * Isotopes of zinc * Isotopes of nickel * Isotopes of cobalt

== References == {{reflist}}

{{Navbox element isotopes}}

Category:Isotopes of copper Category:Copper Copper