{{Short description|Oto-Manguean language of Oaxaca, Mexico}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}} {{Infobox language | name = Copala | familycolor = oto-manguean | dateprefix = | iso3comment = | iso3 = trc | glotto = copa1237 | glottorefname = Copala Triqui | speakers = 30,000 | date = 2007 | ref = e25 | nativename = {{lang|trc|xnaꞌánj nu̱ꞌ}} | states = Oaxaca, Mexico | script = Latin script | fam1 = Oto-Manguean | fam2 = Mixtecan | fam3 = Trique | image = MX_LT_AUDIOCUENTOS_CULEBRA_(37053099965).jpg | imagecaption = Presentation in Copala Triqui at the fifth Fiesta de las Culturas Indígenas Pueblos y Barrios Originarios | map = Triqui_map.svg | mapcaption = {{legend|f9b4a5|Copala Triqui distribution}} }}
'''Copala Triqui''' ({{Langx|es|Triqui de Copala}}) is a Trique language primarily spoken in the municipality of Santiago Juxtlahuaca, Oaxaca, Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mexico.sil.org/language_culture/mixtec/triqui-trc|title=Triqui of San Juan Copala {{!}} SIL Mexico|website=www.mexico.sil.org|access-date=2019-09-06}}</ref> A 2007 estimate by SIL International placed the number of Copala Triqui speakers at 25,000 in Mexico.<ref name=e25/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.inali.gob.mx/clin-inali/html/v_triqui.html | title=Catálogo de las Lenguas Indígenas Nacionales }}</ref>
== Geographic distribution ==
=== Greenfield, California === Immigrants from Oaxaca have formed a large Copala Triqui speaking community in the city of Greenfield, California.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lingdomain.org/uploads/2/4/8/4/24841606/inflectionalchangect.pdf|title=Inflectional Change in Copala Triqui*|last=Broadwell|first=George Aaron|date=5 January 2017|website=lingdomain|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906043447/http://www.lingdomain.org/uploads/2/4/8/4/24841606/inflectionalchangect.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-06 |access-date=}}</ref> A bi-monthly Triqui language class was piloted at the Greenfield Public Library in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/news/831_tales/native-speakers-and-local-missionaries-work-to-save-an-indigenous/article_9e08cc24-3c48-5b6b-aafc-de9eb3e10705.html|title=Native speakers and local missionaries work to save an indigenous Mexican language.|last=Rubin|first=Sara|website=Monterey County Weekly|date=7 June 2012 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-06}}</ref> thumb|Welcome sign in Greenfield, California
== Orthography == Triqui has been written in a number of different orthographies, depending on the intended audience. Linguists typically write the language with all tones fully marked and all phonemes represented. However, in works intended for native speakers of Triqui, a practical orthography is often used with a somewhat simpler representation.
The following Copala Triqui example is written in both the practical (first line) and the linguistic (second line) orthographies:<ref>Hollenbach, Barbara. Vocabulario breve del triqui de San Juan Copala. 2005</ref> {{interlinear|Me síí rihaan a{{saltillo}}mii so̱{{saltillo}} ga̱|Me³ zii⁵ riaan³² a{{saltillo}}mii³² zo{{saltillo}}¹ ga²|WH 3 to speak 2 INTERR|'To whom are you speaking?' (¿Con quién estás hablando?) | indent = 3 | italics2 = yes | glossing3 = yes }}
== Syntax == Copala Triqui has a verb–subject–object word order: {{interlinear|A{{saltillo}}nii⁵ Mariia⁴ chraa³ raa⁴ yoo⁴ a³².|put Maria tortilla in tenate DECL|'Maria put the tortilla in the ''tenate'' (basket).' | indent = 3 }} Copala Triqui has an accusative marker maa³ or man³, which is obligatory for animate pronominal objects but optional otherwise: {{interlinear|Quene{{saltillo}}e³ Mariia⁴ (maa³) chraa⁴ a³².|saw Maria ACC tortilla DECL|'Maria saw the tortilla.' | indent = 3 }} {{interlinear|Quene{{saltillo}}e³ Mariia⁴ *(maa³) zo{{saltillo}}¹ a³².|saw Maria ACC you DECL|'Maria saw you.' | indent = 3 }}
This use of the accusative before some objects and not others is what is called differential object marking.
The following example (repeated from above) shows a Copala Triqui question: {{interlinear|Me³ zii⁵ riaan³² a{{saltillo}}mii³² zo{{saltillo}}¹ ga²|WH 3 to speak 2 INTERR|'To whom are you speaking?' (¿Con quién estas hablando?) | indent = 3 }} As this example shows, Copala Trique has wh-movement and pied-piping with inversion.
Copala Triqui syntax is described in Hollenbach (1992).
Triqui is interesting for having toggle processes as well. For negation, a completive aspect prefix signifies the negative potential. A potential aspect prefix in the same context signifies the negative completive.
== Sample text == The following is a sample of Copala Triqui taken from a legend about the Sun and the Moon.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lopéz |first=Román Vidal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GMkAQAAIAAJ |title=The origin of the sun and moon: a Copala Triqui legend |last2=Broadwell |first2=George Aaron |date=2009-01-01 |publisher=Lincom Europa |language=es}}</ref> The first column is Copala Triqui, the second is a Spanish translation, and the third is an English translation. {| align="center" |'''Copala Triqui:''' |'''Spanish:''' |'''English:''' |- | : (1) Niánj me {{saltillo}}o̱ nana̱ maa ga̱a naá ca̱ta̱j riaan zoj riaan zo̱{{saltillo}} riaan me ma{{saltillo}}a̱n ze co̱no̱ maa niánj ne̱ : (2) {{saltillo}}O̱chrej me ze güii a̱ güii ca{{saltillo}}ngaa, [ne{{saltillo}}é] zo̱{{saltillo}}, chumii̱ taj nii me ze ñáán, [ne{{saltillo}}é] zo̱{{saltillo}}, {{saltillo}}o̱ xcua{{saltillo}}án{{saltillo}} {{saltillo}}na̱j Ca{{saltillo}}aj ne̱ : (3) Ñáán, [ne{{saltillo}}é] zo̱, xcua{{saltillo}}án{{saltillo}} Ca{{saltillo}}aj me ze me ndo rá yo{{saltillo}} ga̱ ta{{saltillo}}níí ne̱ : (4) Me ndo rá ga̱ ta{{saltillo}}níí ne̱ za̱ a ne̱ tiempó yo{{saltillo}} ga̱a ne̱ tiempó xrmi̱{{saltillo}} me ne̱ : (5) Navij rá, [ne{{saltillo}}é] zo̱{{saltillo}}, navij rá xcua{{saltillo}}án{{saltillo}} Ca{{saltillo}}aj. : (6) Ga̱a ne̱ "Vaa nica̱j" taj ne̱ : |(1) Esta es una historia antigua que les voy a relatar a ustedes, para tí, para cualquier persona que pueda escuchar esto. (2) Erase una vez, cuando nació el universo, una abuela que se llamaba Ca'aj.
(3) Vivía la abuela Ca’aj, quien deseaba mucho tener hijos.
(4) Deseaba mucho tener hijos, pero aquel tiempo era tiempo de tinieblas.
(5) Se preocupó, se preocupó la abuela Ca’aj.
(6) Entonces ella dijo, “Tengo esposo!” |(1) Here is an ancient legend that I am going to tell you all, you, and anyone who can hear this.
(2) Once upon a time, when the universe was born, they say that there lived a grandmother named Ca’aj.
(3) There lived our Grandmother Ca’aj, who wanted to have children very much.
(4) She wanted to have children very much, but that time was a time of darkness.
(5) Our Grandmother Ca’aj worried, worried.
(6) Then she said, “I have a husband!” |}
== References == {{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/38/31/22/38312220883398703427775394076164424459/trc_gramatica.pdf Gramática Popular del Triqui de Copala] {{Oto-Manguean languages}} Category:Trique language Category:Indigenous languages of Mexico Category:Endangered Oto-Manguean languages
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