{{short description|Austrian psychiatrist and neurologist}} {{Expand Polish|topic=bio|Constantin von Economo | date = December 2021 | fa = yes }}[[File:Economo.jpg|thumb|Constantin von Economo]]
'''Constantin Freiherr von Economo''' ({{langx|el|Κωνσταντίνος Οικονόμου}}; 21 August 1876 – 21 October 1931) was an Austrian [[psychiatrist]] and [[neurologist]] of Romanian origin. He is mostly known for his discovery of [[encephalitis lethargica]] and [[Cytoarchitectonics of the cerebral cortex|his atlas]] of [[cytoarchitectonics]] of the [[cerebral cortex]].
== Biography ==
=== Family and schooling === Constantin Economo von San Serff was born in [[Brăila]], Romania, to Johannes and Helene Economo, a wealthy family with large holdings in [[Thessaly]] and [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]]. The Economo (Οικονόμου, ''[[Oikonomou]]'') family originated from [[Edessa, Greece|Edessa]], in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Sanjak of Salonica]] (modern Edessa, [[Central Macedonia]], [[Greece]]) where some of Constantin's ancestors were notables, and his family included many bishops. In 1877, the family moved to [[Trieste]], [[Austria-Hungary]],<ref name=" Economo, K. (1932). ">Economo, K. (1932). ''Constantin Freiherr von Economo''. Wien: Mayer & Co.</ref> and Constantin spent his childhood and youth in Trieste. He was a good student, speaking several languages fluently.<ref name=" Economo, K. (1932). " /> In 1906, his family was ennobled and Economo obtained the title "[[Freiherr]]" (Baron).<ref name=" Jones, E.G. (2008). ">{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/brain/awn158|title=Cortical maps and modern phrenology|year=2008|last1=Jones|first1=E. G.|journal=Brain|volume=131|issue=8|pages=2227–2233|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=" Triarhou, L. C. (2006). " />
At the request of his father, Economo began his study of mechanical engineering at the Polytechnic University of Vienna in 1893 but switched to medicine after two years.<ref name=" Economo, K. (1932). " /> His first scientific work, '' "Zur Entwicklung der Vogelhypophyse" '' ("On the Development of the [[Pituitary Gland]] in Birds") was published in 1899. Economo worked as an assistant for [[Sigmund Exner]] from 1900 until 1903.<ref name=" Economo, K. (1932). " /> He received his medical degree in 1901.
He married Eleonora (Lola) Glaser, daughter of the [[Slovenes|Slovene]] linguist and literary scholar [[Karol Glaser]], and later lady-in-waiting of Queen [[Maria of Yugoslavia]].<ref>Amalija Maček et al., "O strukturi tržaškega meščanstva v 19. in začetku 20. stoletja. Prikaz na primeru družinske zgodovine Sergija Vilfana". Kronika 67 (2019), p. 564</ref> The two divorced before 1924.
=== Scientific career === From 1903 to 1904, he was a resident at the Clinic of Internal Medicine under [[Carl Wilhelm Hermann Nothnagel]].<ref name=" Economo, K. (1932). " /> Subsequently, he travelled through Europe for two years and worked for several scientists. He studied neurology, [[histology]], and psychiatry in Paris (under Alexis Joffroy, [[Valentin Magnan]] and [[Pierre Marie]]). In Nancy, he was introduced to [[hypnosis]] (under [[Hippolyte Bernheim]]); in Strasbourg he became familiar with methods of microscopic research of the nervous system (under Albrecht von Bethe). In Munich, von Economo worked with [[Emil Kraepelin]] and [[Alois Alzheimer]] and wrote his article "Contribution to the normal anatomy of the [[ganglion|ganglion cell]]." He also worked in the psychiatry of Berlin under [[Theodor Ziehen]] and in the neurologic ambulatory under [[Hermann Oppenheim]] and, finally, did experimental animal research in Trieste (under Carl Isidor Cori).<ref name=" Economo, K. (1932). " /> After these two years, he returned to Vienna and worked as assistant at the Clinic for Psychiatry and Nervous Diseases (headed by [[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]]) at Vienna’s General Hospital. Von Economo obtained his [[habilitation]] in 1913. In 1919 at age 43, he married Princess Karoline von Schönburg-Hartenstein. In 1921, von Economo was appointed Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology. He was to conduct his research in the Clinic for Psychiatry and Nervous Diseases in Vienna for the rest of his life, but in 1931, he was made head of a newly established department of brain research.<ref name=" Economo, K. (1932). " /> He died five months later.
===Aeronautics=== Von Economo was not only an eminent scientist but also a passionate pilot. In 1907, he developed an interest in aeronautics and balloon-flying and became the first Austrian having an international pilot's diploma in 1912. From 1910 until 1926 he was President of the Austrian Aero-Club<ref name=" Economo, K. (1932). " /> and chairman of the Aviation Board at the Austrian Ministry of Commerce and Transport.<ref name=" Triarhou, L. C. (2006). " /> During World War I, he served first in the automobile corps at the Russian front and in 1916 as a pilot at the front in South Tyrol. In the same year, at the request of his parents, he returned to Vienna to care as a military physician for patients with head injuries. Here, he saw his first cases of [[Encephalitis lethargica]].<ref name=" Economo, K. (1932). " />
=== Death === In 1931, von Economo died in Vienna, aged 55, of the [[sequelae]] of a [[heart attack]]. He was honored by an Austrian stamp in 1976.<ref name=" Haas, L.F. (2002). ">{{cite journal|doi=10.1136/jnnp.73.1.81|pmid=12082055|title=Constantin von Economo (1876–1931)|year=2002|last1=Haas|first1=L F|journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry|volume=73|issue=1|pages=81 |pmc=1757297}}</ref> Since 1966, a bust portraying him can be found in the '' "Arkadenhof"'' of the University of Vienna.<ref name=" Van Bogaert, L., Théodoridès, J. (1979). ">Van Bogaert, L., Théodoridès, J. (1979). ''Constantin von Economo. The Man and the Scientist''. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften {{ISBN|3-7001-0284-4}}.</ref>
== Scientific work == Economo published about 150 articles and books.<ref name=" Triarhou, L. C. (2006). " /> In his early studies, he concentrated on the neuroanatomy and physiology of the [[midbrain]], [[pons]] and [[trigeminal nerve]] pathway and wrote articles dealing for example with choreic hemiplegia, pontine [[tumors]], [[mastication]] and [[deglutition]].<ref name=" Economo, K. (1932). " /><ref name=" Triarhou, L. C. (2006). " /><ref name=" Haas, L.F. (2002). " />
=== Encephalitis lethargica === This [[encephalitis]] with acute inflammation of the [[grey matter]]<ref name="Economo, C. (1917).">''Economo, C. (1917). ''Encephalitis lethargica. ''Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 30'', 581–585.</ref><ref name=" Reid, A.H. et al. (2001). " /> occurred in epidemic form worldwide from 1915 until about 1924,<ref name=" Reid, A.H. et al. (2001). " /> mainly in Europe and North-America,<ref name=" Pearce, J.M. (1996). ">{{cite journal|pmid=8708646|pmc=1073797|year=1996|last1=Pearce|first1=JM|title=Baron Constantin von Economo and encephalitis lethargica|volume=60|issue=2|pages=167|journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry|doi=10.1136/jnnp.60.2.167}}</ref> causing lesions in the [[substantia nigra]].<ref name=" Triarhou, L. C. (2006). " /> Von Economo described in detail the symptoms, pathology and histology of the disease which was soon called Von Economo’s Disease. Three types of this illness could be distinguished. The symptoms of the somnolent-ophthalmoplegic form were [[somnolence]], often leading to [[coma]] and death, paralysis of [[cranial nerves]], extremities and eye muscles and expressionless faces. The [[hyperkinetic]] form manifested itself with restlessness, motor disturbances as twitching of muscle groups, involuntary movements, anxious mental state and [[insomnia]] or inversion of sleep patterns. The amyostatic-akinetic form often led to a chronic state similar to [[Parkinson's disease]], called postencephalitic parkinsonism. The symptoms were weakness of muscles, rigidity of movements and insomnia or sleep inversion.<ref name=" Reid, A.H. et al. (2001).">{{cite journal|pmid=11444794|year=2001|last1=Reid|first1=AH|last2=McCall|first2=S|last3=Henry|first3=JM|last4=Taubenberger|first4=JK|title=Experimenting on the past: The enigma of von Economo's encephalitis lethargica|volume=60|issue=7|pages=663–670|journal=Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology|doi=10.1093/jnen/60.7.663|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Von Economo published his findings in an article of 1917, '' "Die Encephalitis lethargica," '' and in the monograph ''"Die Encephalitis lethargica, ihre Nachkrankheiten und ihre Behandlung"'' in 1929 (Encephalitis lethargica – Its sequelae and treatment). The condition has not occurred since 1940.<ref name=" Reid, A.H. et al. (2001). " /> Von Economo was inspired by this illness to search for a centre of sleep in the brain.<ref name=" Triarhou, L. C. (2006). " />
=== Cytoarchitectonic studies === [[File:Constantin von Economo's cytoarchitectonic chart of the human brain.png|thumb|right|Cytoarchitectonic map from Economo's work]] After the first attempts to divide the human cortex into areas according to the cytoarchitecture by [[Theodor Meynert]], [[Vladimir Betz]], [[Alfred Walter Campbell]], [[Grafton Elliot Smith]] and [[Korbinian Brodmann]], von Economo started his own project in 1912 and was joined by [[Georg N. Koskinas]] in 1919. In 1925, their monumental work '' "Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen" '' ("[[Cytoarchitectonics]] of the Adult Human Cerebral [[Cerebral cortex|Cortex]]") was published. This work was presented in two volumes, a textbook of more than 800 pages and an atlas with 112 large-sized microphotographic plates of the cortex.<ref name=" Economo, C., Koskinas, G.N. (1925).">'' Economo, C., Koskinas, G.N. (1925). '' Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen. Wien: Springer Verlag.</ref> The textbook contains detailed descriptions of their studies and an introduction to the history of cytoarchitectonic research.<ref name=" Economo, C., Koskinas, G.N. (1925)." /><ref name=" Elliot Smith, G. (1927). ">{{cite journal|pmc=1249949|author=Elliot Smith, G. |year=1927|title=Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen|journal=Journal of Anatomy |volume=61|issue=2|pages=264–266}}</ref> Two years later, a shorter version, '' "Zellaufbau der Großhirnrinde" '' ("The Cellular Architecture of the Cerebral Cortex") was published and translated into French, Italian and English.<ref name=" Economo, K. (1932). " /> With their atlas, von Economo and Koskinas hoped to create a basis for future brain research and the localisation of brain functions since they assumed that cytoarchitectonic differences reflect functional differences.<ref name=" Triarhou, L. C. (2006). ">{{cite journal|pmid=16564418|year=2006|last1=Triarhou|first1=LC|title=The signalling contributions of Constantin von Economo to basic, clinical and evolutionary neuroscience|volume=69|issue=3|pages=223–43|doi=10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.02.001|journal=Brain Research Bulletin|s2cid=21477302}}</ref> The atlas was republished in 2008.<ref>Karger AG: '' [http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=showproducts&ProduktNr=233045&searchWhat=books Atlas of Cytoarchitectonics of the Adult Human Cerebral Cortex]''. 23 February 2009.</ref>
Von Economo and Koskinas divided the cortex into seven lobes (''Lobi'') with further subdivisions (''Regiones'' and ''Areae''):<ref name=" Economo, C., Koskinas, G.N. (1925)." /> *[[Lobus frontalis]] ('''F'''): 35 Areae **Regio praerolandica: 10 Areae **Regio frontalis: 9 Areae **Regio orbitomedialis: 16 Areae *[[Gyrus cinguli|Lobus limbicus superior]] ('''L'''): 13 Areae **Regio limbica superior anterior: 5 Areae **Regio limbica superior posterior: 3 Areae **Subregio retrosplenialis: 5 Areae *[[Insular cortex|Lobus insulae]] ('''I'''): 6 Areae *[[Lobus parietalis]] ('''P'''): 18 Areae **Regio postcentralis: 6 Areae **Regio parietalis superior: 4 Areae **Regio parietalis inferior: 5 Areae **Regio parietalis basalis: 3 Areae *[[Lobus occipitalis]] ('''O'''): 7 Areae *[[Lobus temporalis]] ('''T'''): 14 Areae **Regio supratemporalis: 5 Areae **Regio temporalis propria: 2 Areae **Regio fusiformis: 3 Areae **Regio temporopolaris: 4 Areae *[[lobus temporalis|Lobus limbicus inferior]]/[[lobus temporalis|Lobus hippocampi]] ('''H'''): 14 Areae
=== Von Economo neurons === The name "von Economo neurons", or [[spindle neurons]], has been given to large bipolar nerve cells identified by von Economo in layer V of the [[anterior cingulate]] and fronto-[[insular cortex]].<ref name=" Jones, E.G. (2008). " /><ref name=" Triarhou, L. C. (2006). " />
=== Progressive cerebration === For von Economo, cerebration meant the [[evolution]] of the mind through generations, the increase of the brain mass, and the acquisition of new "organs of thought" due to differentiation of cortical areas. In this context, Economo was interested in "élite brains". He hoped to find microstructural characteristics in these brains distinguishing them from "average brains".<ref name=" Triarhou, L. C. (2006). " />
== References == {{Reflist|35em}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Economo, Constantin Von}} [[Category:1876 births]] [[Category:1931 deaths]] [[Category:Neurologists from Austria-Hungary]] [[Category:20th-century Austrian medical doctors]] [[Category:Austrian neurologists]] [[Category:Austrian people of Greek descent]] [[Category:Austrian barons]] [[Category:Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to Austria-Hungary]] [[Category:Nobility from Trieste]] [[Category:People from Brăila]] [[Category:Medical doctors from Trieste]] [[Category:Medical doctors from Vienna]] [[Category:Romanian people of Greek descent]] [[Category:TU Wien alumni]] [[Category:Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I]]