{{Short description|Genus of fungi}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Conocybe tenera by Alan Rockefeller.jpg | image_caption = ''Conocybe tenera'' | taxon = Conocybe | type_species = ''Conocybe tenera'' | type_species_authority = (Schaeff.) Fayod (1889) | synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlFungorum synonymy: Conocybe"/> | synonyms = *''Gastrocybe'' <small>Watling (1968)</small><ref name="Tóth 2013"/> *''Raddetes'' <small>P.Karst. (1887)</small> *''Pholiotella'' <small>Speg. (1889)</small> *''Pseudoconocybe'' <small>Hongo (1967)</small> }}
'''''Conocybe''''' is a genus of mushrooms with ''Conocybe tenera'' as the type species and at least 243 other species. There are at least 50 different species in North America.
Most have a long, thin fragile stipe and are delicate, growing in grasslands on dead moss, dead grass, sand dunes, decayed wood, and dung. ''Conocybe'' species generally prefer fertile soils in lawns and pastures and are found worldwide. ''Conocybe'' species are sometimes called dunce caps or cone heads due to their conical or bell-shaped caps. Former species of ''Conocybe'' that have a well-developed partial veil and/or lack lecythiform cheilocystidia have been transferred to the genus ''Pholiotina'', which was formerly a subgenus of ''Conocybe''.<ref name="Tóth 2013"/> However, ''Pholiotina'' as it is currently defined is polyphyletic, although none of the three clades that make it up belong in ''Conocybe''.<ref name="Tóth 2013"/> Similar to ''Galerina'', a ''Conocybe'' species can be distinguished microscopically by its cellular cap cuticle, which is filamentous (thread-like) in ''Galerina''. It is easy to confuse ''Conocybe'' species for ''Galerina'' species unless the microscopic nature of the cap cuticle is examined. ''Conocybe'' species have cap cuticles resembling cobblestones. ''Conocybe'' species can also be mistaken for species of ''Bolbitius''.
Four species of ''Conocybe'' that are known to contain the hallucinogenic compounds psilocin and psilocybin are ''C. kuehneriana'', ''C. siligineoides'', ''C. cyanopus'', and ''C. smithii''.<ref name="Guzmán 1998"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gotvaldova |first1=Klara |last2=Borovicka |first2=Jan |last3=Hajkova |first3=Katerina |last4=Cihlarova |first4=Petra |last5=Rockefeller |first5=Alan |last6=Kuchar |first6=Martin |year=2022 |title=Extensive Collection of Psychotropic Mushrooms with Determination of Their Tryptamine Alkaloids |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |volume=23 |issue=22 |language=en |article-number=14068 |doi=10.3390/ijms232214068 |issn=1422-0067|doi-access=free |pmid=36430546 |pmc=9693126 }}</ref> ''Conocybe siligineoides'' was used for shamanic purposes by the Mazatecs of Oaxaca.<ref name="Heim 1958"/>
''Conocybe filaris'' and ''Conocybe rugosa'' are somewhat common mushrooms that contain the deadly cyclic peptide alpha-amanitin.
''Conocybe'' comes from the Greek ''cono'' meaning ''cone'' and ''cybe'' meaning ''head''.
thumb|upright|''Conocybe cf. coprophila'' underside
==Selected species== {{Main|List of Conocybe species}} *''Conocybe apala'' (very common) *''Conocybe aurea'' *''Conocybe coprophila'' (Coprophilous) *''Conocybe cyanopus'' (psychoactive) *''Conocybe elegans'' *''Conocybe farinacea'' (Coprophilous) *''Conocybe filaris'' (deadly) *''Conocybe kuehneriana'' (psychoactive) *''Conocybe moseri'' *''Conocybe pubescens'' (Coprophilous) *''Conocybe reticulata'' *''Conocybe rickenii'' *''Conocybe siligineoides'' (psychoactive) *''Conocybe smithii'' (psychoactive) *''Conocybe tenera'' (type species) *''Conocybe volviradicata''<ref name="Watling 2010"/>
==Legal status== {{main|Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms}}
===United States===
====Louisiana==== Except for ornamental purposes, growing, selling or possessing '''''Conocybe'' spp.''' (and '''''Psilocybe'' spp.''') is prohibited by Louisiana State Act 159.
==See also== *List of Agaricales genera
==References== {{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Guzmán 1998">{{cite journal |title=A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion |journal=Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto |vauthors=Guzmán G, Allen JW, Gartz J |year=1998 |volume=14 |pages=198–280 |url=http://www.magic-mushrooms.net/World_Wide_Distribution_of_Magic_Mushrooms.pdf |access-date=2014-08-04 |archive-date=2010-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626050845/http://www.magic-mushrooms.net/World_Wide_Distribution_of_Magic_Mushrooms.pdf }}</ref>
<ref name="Heim 1958">{{cite book |vauthors=Heim R, Wasson RG |title=Les champignons hallucinogènes du Mexique: études ethnologiques, taxinomiques, biologiques, physiologiques et chimiques |year=1958 |location=Paris, France |publisher=Muséum national d'histoire naturelle |language=fr}}</ref>
<ref name="Tóth 2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tóth A, Hausknecht A, Krisai-Greilhuber I, Papp T, Vágvölgyi CV, Nagy LG |title=Iteratively Refined Guide Trees Help Improving Alignment and Phylogenetic Inference in the Mushroom Family Bolbitiaceae |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2013 |volume=8 |issue=2 |article-number=e56143 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0056143 |pmid=23418526 |pmc=3572013 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...856143T |doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Watling 2010">{{cite journal |vauthors=Watling R, Işiloğlu M, Sermenli HB |title=Observations on the Bolbitiaceae 31. ''Conocybe volviradicata'' sp. nov. |journal=Mycotaxon |year=2010 |volume=114 |pages=145–149 |doi=10.5248/114.145|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="urlFungorum synonymy: Conocybe">{{cite web |title=Synonymy: ''Conocybe'' Fayod |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=17357 |publisher=Species Fungorum. CAB International |access-date=2014-07-04}}</ref>
}}
==External links== {{Wikispecies}} {{Commons}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1933387}}
Category:Bolbitiaceae Category:Agaricales genera Category:Taxa named by Jacob Christian Schäffer