{{Short description|Panoan language spoken in Peru and Brazil}} {{Infobox language | name = Shipibo-Conibo | fontcolor = #ffffff | states = Peru | region = Ucayali Region | ethnicity = Shipibo-Conibo people | speakers = 26,000 | date = 2003 | ref = e18 | familycolor = pano-tacanan | fam1 = Panoan | fam2 = Mainline Panoan | fam3 = Nawa | fam4 = Chama | lc1 = | glotto = ship1254 | glottorefname = Shipibo-Konibo | map = Shipibo.png | altname = Shipibo | dia1 = Shipibo–Konibo | dia2 = Kapanawa | dia3 = ?Xipináwa {{extinct}} | nativename = | image = Pizarra_de_inicial_en_Bena_Jema.JPG | iso3 = shp }}
{{Listen | type = music | filename = Himno nacional del Perú en shipibo.ogg | title = Peruvian national anthem in Shipibo | description = National Anthem of Peru in Shipibo | pos = right }}'''Shipibo''' (also '''Shipibo-Conibo''', '''Shipibo-Konibo''') is a Panoan language spoken in Peru and Brazil by approximately 26,000 speakers.
== History == In 1557, the Spanish explorer Juan de Salinas y Loyola encountered the Kokama and Pariache; the latter have been identified as Konibo. He described them as though they has been organized into a chiefdom. Theoughout the 18th century, the Shipibo, Konibo, and Xetebo allied with the Kokama to defend their territory from the Spaniards; they were succesful until 1790. Afterwards, the Franciscans missionized them until their expulsion in the 1820s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis |last=Valenzuela |first=Pilar M. |title=Transitivity in Shipibo-Konibo Grammar |date=2003 |degree=phd |publisher=Ann Arbor: UMI |url=https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Avalenzuela-2003/valenzuela_2003_transitivity.pdf |place=Eugene, OR}}</ref> They produced the first surviving works on Shipibo-Konibo, including a Konibo grammar sketch and vocabulary in 1800, though these would remain unpublished until a century later.{{sfnp|Fleck|2013|p=18}}
==Dialects== thumb|150px|A Shipibo jar Shipibo has three attested dialects:
* Shipibo 'tamarin monkey ones' and Konibo (Conibo) 'eel ones'<ref name=":0" />, which have merged{{sfnp|Fleck|2013|p=18}} * Kapanawa of the Tapiche River, which is obsolescent{{sfnp|Fleck|2013|p=18}}
Extinct Xipináwa (Shipinawa) is thought to have been a dialect as well,{{sfnp|Fleck|2013|p=14}} but there is no linguistic data.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |url=https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Aloukotka-1968-classification/Loukotka_1968_ClassSAIndLang_001_278.pdf |title=Classification of South American Indian Languages |date=1968 |publisher=Latin American Center, University of California Los Angeles |isbn=9780879031077 |editor-last=Wilbert |editor-first=Johannes |edition=4th |location=Latin American Center, UCLA |lccn=}}</ref>
==Phonology==
===Vowels=== [[Image:Shipibo monophthongs chart.svg|thumb|250px|Monophthongs of Shipibo, from {{Harvcoltxt|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=282}}]]
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |+ Monophthong phonemes{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=282}} ! ! Front !Central ! Back |- ! Close | {{IPA link|ɪ|i ĩ}} {{angbr|i}} | | {{IPA link|ɯ|ɯ ɯ̃}} {{angbr|e}} |- ! Mid | | | {{IPA link|o̞|o õ}} {{angbr|o}} |- ! Open | |{{IPA link|ɐ|a ã}} {{angbr|a}} | |} In connected speech, two adjacent vowels may be realized as a rising diphthong.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=283}} {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} are lower than their cardinal counterparts (in addition to being more front in the latter case): {{IPAblink|i̞}}, {{IPAblink|o̞|o̽}}, {{IPA|/ɯ/}} is more front than cardinal {{IPAblink|ɯ}}: {{IPAblink|ɯ|ɯ̟}}, whereas {{IPA|/a/}} is more close and more central {{IPAblink|ɐ}} than cardinal {{IPAblink|a}}. The first three vowels tend to be somewhat more central in closed syllables, whereas {{IPA|/ɯ/}} before coronal consonants (especially {{IPA|/n, t, s/}}) can be as central as {{IPAblink|ɨ}}.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|pp=282–283}}
====Nasalization==== The oral vowels {{IPA|/i, ɯ, o, a/}} are phonetically nasalized {{IPA|[ĩ, ɯ̃, õ, ã]}} after a nasal consonant, but the phonological behaviour of these allophones is different from the nasal vowel phonemes {{IPA|/ĩ, ɯ̃, õ, ã/}}.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=282}} Oral vowels in syllables preceding syllables with nasal vowels are realized as nasal, but not when a consonant other than {{IPA|/w, j/}} intervenes.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=283}}
====Unstressed vowels==== The second of two adjacent unstressed vowels is often elided.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=283}} Unstressed vowels may be devoiced or even elided between two voiceless obstruents.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=283}}
===Consonants===
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |+ Consonant phonemes{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=281}} ! colspan="2" | ! Labial ! Dental/<br/>Alveolar ! Retroflex ! Palato-<br/>alveolar ! Dorsal ! Glottal |- ! colspan="2" | Nasal | {{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|n}} | | | | |- ! colspan="2" | Plosive | {{IPA link|p}} {{angbr|p}} | {{IPA link|t̪|t}} {{angbr|t}} | | | {{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|c/qu}} | |- ! colspan="2" | Affricate | | {{IPA link|ts}} {{angbr|ts}} | | {{IPA link|tʃ}} {{angbr|ch}} | | |- ! rowspan="2" | Fricative ! {{small|voiceless}} | | {{IPA link|s}} {{angbr|s}} | {{IPA link|ʂ}} {{angbr|s̈h}} | {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{angbr|sh}} | | {{IPA link|h}} {{angbr|j}} |- ! {{small|voiced}} | {{IPA link|β}} {{angbr|b}} | | | | | |- ! colspan="2" | Approximant | {{IPA link|w}} {{angbr|hu}} | | {{IPA link|ɻ}} {{angbr|r}} |{{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|y}} | | |}
* {{IPA|/m, p, β/}} are bilabial, whereas {{IPA|/w/}} is labial–velar. ** {{IPA|/β/}} is most typically a fricative {{IPAblink|β}}, but other realizations (such as an approximant {{IPAblink|β̞}}, a stop {{IPAblink|b}} and an affricate {{IPAblink|bβ}}) also appear. The stop realization is most likely to appear in word-initial stressed syllables, whereas the approximant realization appears most often as onsets to non-initial unstressed syllables.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=282}} * {{IPA|/n, ts, s/}} are alveolar {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|n}}, {{IPAplink|ts}}, {{IPAplink|s}}]}}, whereas {{IPA|/t/}} is dental {{IPAblink|t̪}}.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=281}} * The {{IPA|/ʂ–ʃ/}} distinction can be described as an apical–laminal one.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=282}} * {{IPA|/k/}} is velar, whereas {{IPA|/j/}} is palatal.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=281}} * Before nasal vowels, {{IPA|/w, j/}} are nasalized {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|w̃}}, {{IPAplink|j̃}}]}} and may be even realized close to nasal stops {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ŋ|ŋʷ}}, {{IPAplink|ɲ}}]}}.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=283}} * {{IPA|/w/}} is realized as {{IPAblink|w}} before {{IPA|/a, ã/}}, as {{IPAblink|ɥ}} before {{IPA|/i, ĩ/}} and as {{IPAblink|ɰ}} before {{IPA|/ɯ, ɯ̃/}}. It does not occur before {{IPA|/o, õ/}}.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=283}} * {{IPA|/ɻ/}} is a very variable sound: ** Intervocalically, it is realized either as continuant, with or without weak frication ({{IPAblink|ɻ}} or {{IPAblink|ʐ}}).{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=282}} ** Sometimes (especially in the beginning of a stressed syllable) it can be realized as a postalveolar affricate {{IPA|[d̠͡z̠]}}, or a stop-approximant sequence {{IPA|[d̠ɹ̠]}}.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=283}} ** It can also be realized as a postalveolar flap {{IPAblink|ɾ̠}}.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=282}}
==References== {{reflist}}
==Bibliography== {{refbegin}} * Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}. * Elias-Ulloa, Jose (2000). El Acento en Shipibo (Stress in Shipibo). Thesis. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima - Peru. * Elias-Ulloa, Jose (2005). Theoretical Aspects of Panoan Metrical Phonology: Disyllabic Footing and Contextual Syllable Weight. Ph.D. Dissertation. Rutgers University. ROA 804 [https://web.archive.org/web/20060219075222/http://roa.rutgers.edu/view.php3?id=1107]. * {{cite journal |last=Fleck |first=David W. |date=10 October 2013 |title=Panoan Languages and Linguistics |journal=Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History |issue=99 |pages=1–112 |doi=10.5531/sp.anth.0099 |hdl=2246/6448 |issn=0065-9452 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/6448/AP99.pdf }} * Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages'' (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|0-292-70414-3}}. * Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge. * Loriot, James and Barbara E. Hollenbach. 1970. "Shipibo paragraph structure." Foundations of Language 6: 43–66. (This was the seminal Discourse Analysis paper taught at SIL in 1956–7.) * Loriot, James, Erwin Lauriault, and Dwight Day, compilers. 1993. Diccionario shipibo - castellano. Serie Lingüística Peruana, 31. Lima: Ministerio de Educación and Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. 554 p. (Spanish zip-file available online http://www.sil.org/americas/peru/show_work.asp?id=928474530143&Lang=eng) This has a complete grammar published in English by SIL only available through SIL. * {{citation |last1=Valenzuela |first1=Pilar M. |last2=Márquez Pinedo |first2=Luis |last3=Maddieson |first3=Ian |year=2001 |title=Shipibo |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=281–285 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40852342 |doi=10.1017/S0025100301002109 |doi-access=free }} {{refend}}
==External links== {{Incubator|shp|lang=Shipibo}} {{Commons category|Shipibo-Conibo}} * [https://www.ethnologue.com/language/shp Shipibo-Conibo] at Ethnologue * [http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=mundo/amerindia/ge_pano/panoan/shipibo Lengua Shipibo] at Proel * [https://ids.clld.org/contributions/281 Shipibo-Conibo] (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
{{Languages of Brazil}} {{Languages of Peru}} {{Pano-Tacanan languages}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Panoan languages Category:Languages of Peru Category:Languages of Brazil Category:Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia Category:Shipibo-Conibo