Congregation Baith Israel Anshei Emes

{{short description|Synagogue in New York City}} {{for|similarly named synagogues|Beth Israel (disambiguation){{!}}Beth Israel}} {{featured article}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Infobox religious building | name = Baith Israel Anshei Emes | native_name = {{langx|he|בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל אַנְשֵׁי אֱמֶת}} | native_name_lang = | image = Baith Israel Anshei Emes sanctuary - panorama.jpg | image_upright = 1.4 | alt = | caption = Synagogue sanctuary | religious_affiliation = [[Conservative Judaism]] | tradition = | sect = | district = | prefecture = | province = | region = | deity = | rite = | festival =  | organisational_status =  | ownership = | governing_body = | leadership = Rabbi Michelle Dardashti<ref name=Leadership/> | bhattaraka = | patron = | consecration_year = | status = [[Synagogue]] | functional_status = Active | religious_features_label = | religious_features = | location = 236 Kane Street, [[Cobble Hill, Brooklyn|Cobble Hill]], [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] | locale = | municipality = | cercle = | state = | country = United States | map_type = New York City | map_size = 250 | map_alt = | map_relief = 1 | map_caption = Location in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]] | grid_name = | grid_position = | sector = | territory = | administration = | coordinates = {{coord|40|41|08|N|73|59|43|W|display=inline,title|region:US-NY_type:landmark}} | coordinates_footnotes = | heritage_designation = | architect = | architecture_type = Synagogue | architecture_style = {{nowrap|[[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque Revival]]}} | founded_by = | creator = | funded_by = | general_contractor = | established = 1856 {{small|(as a congregation)}} | groundbreaking = | year_completed = {{start date and age|1855}} | construction_cost = | date_demolished =  | facade_direction = North-east | capacity = 864 worshippers | length = | width = | width_nave = | interior_area = | height_max = | dome_quantity = | dome_height_outer = | dome_height_inner = | dome_dia_outer = | dome_dia_inner = | minaret_quantity = | minaret_height = | spire_quantity = | spire_height = | site_area = | temple_quantity = | monument_quantity = | shrine_quantity = | inscriptions = | materials = | elevation_m =  | elevation_footnotes = | nrhp = | designated = | added = | refnum = | delisted1_date = | website = {{URL|kanestreet.org}} | module =  | footnotes = <ref name=Greenwald33>[[#refGreenwald2001|Greenwald (2001)]], p. 33.</ref><ref name=Wolfe>[[#refWolfe1994|Wolfe (1994)]], p. 452.</ref><ref name=Morrone322>[[#refMorrone2001|Morrone & Iska (2001)]], p. 322.</ref><ref name=Greenwald34>[[#refGreenwald2001|Greenwald (2001)]], p. 34.</ref> }} '''Congregation Baith Israel Anshei Emes'''<ref>or Baith Israel-Anshei Emeth</ref> ({{langx|he|בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל אַנְשֵׁי אֱמֶת||House of Israel – People of Truth}}), more commonly known as the '''Kane Street Synagogue''', is an [[Women in Judaism#Conservative Judaism|egalitarian Conservative]] [[synagogue]] at 236 Kane Street in the [[Cobble Hill, Brooklyn|Cobble Hill]] neighborhood of [[Brooklyn]] in [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], United States. It is the [[Oldest synagogues in the United States|oldest continuously operating synagogue]] in Brooklyn.<ref name=JTSrecords/><ref name=Shelby/>

Founded as Baith Israel in 1856,<ref name=Founded/> the congregation constructed the first synagogue on [[Long Island]],<ref name=Greenwald33/> and hired [[Aaron Wise (rabbi)|Aaron Wise]] for his first [[rabbi]]nical position in the United States.<ref name=Dickter/> Early tensions between traditionalists and reformers led to the latter forming [[Congregation Beth Elohim (Brooklyn, New York)|Congregation Beth Elohim]], a [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] synagogue, in 1861.<ref name=Olitzky226/>

The synagogue nearly failed in the early 20th century,<ref name=Greenwald33/><ref name=Olitzky227/> but the 1905 hiring of [[Israel Goldfarb]] as rabbi, the purchase of its current buildings, and the 1908 merger with Talmud Torah Anshei Emes re-invigorated the congregation.<ref name=Greenwald33/> The famous composer [[Aaron Copland]] celebrated his [[Bar and Bat Mitzvah|Bar Mitzvah]] there in 1913,<ref name=Pollack26/> and long-time [[Goldman Sachs]] head [[Sidney Weinberg]] was married there in 1920.<ref name=Barton/><ref name=WeinbergFamily/>

Membership peaked in the 1920s, but with the onset of the [[Great Depression]] declined steadily, and by the 1970s the congregation could no longer afford to heat the sanctuary.<ref name=Wenger/><ref name=Clark/> Membership has recovered since that low point; the congregation renovated its school/community center in 2004, and in 2008 embarked on a million-dollar capital campaign to renovate the sanctuary.<ref name=Whitman/><ref name=Wolff/>

== 19th century ==

=== Origins ===

Twelve [[History of the Jews in Germany|Bavarian]], [[History of the Jews in the Netherlands|Dutch]], and [[History of the Jews in Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Jew]]s<ref name=BavarianJews/> gathered at a private home on January 22, 1856, to discuss their "earnest desire [to] effect the incorporation of a synagogue and congregation for divine service",<ref name=Dickter>[[#refDickter2004|Dickter (2004)]].</ref> and in March that year<ref name=Founded/> they founded Congregation Baith Israel. The group had originally organized in 1855 as the United Brethren Society, a [[benefit society]] that provided members with medical and burial assistance.<ref name=OurHistory>[[#refOurHistory|Our History]], Synagogue website.</ref> Hiring the [[Reverend#Judaism|Reverend]] M. Gershon<ref name=Journal23>[[#refRabbisCantors|"Rabbis, Cantors and Presidents 1856–2006", ''The Synagogue Journal'', Issue 23]], June 9, 2006.</ref> as [[hazzan|cantor]] (the person who leads the prayers),<ref name=Mooney>[[#refMooney2004|Mooney (2004)]].</ref> they first met in various homes, then rented space at 155 Atlantic Street, now [[Atlantic Avenue (New York City)|Atlantic Avenue]].<ref name=Olitzky226>[[#refOlitzky1996|Olitzky & Raphael (1996)]], p. 226.</ref><ref name=Abelow40>[[#refAbelow1937|Abelow (1937)]], p. 40.</ref>

Gershon's appointment was controversial; after a background check, the board decided by a 10–9 vote on April 6, 1856, that he had never held the position of cantor in any other congregation, and was therefore not "sufficiently acquainted with the actual requirements to fill said office", and was furthermore not "a competent reader enough to [[Torah reading|read the Sepher Torah]]".<ref name=Mooney/> As a result, services were led by laymen,<ref name=LayLedServices/> except during the [[Jewish holiday]]s, when a professional cantor would be brought in from Manhattan.<ref name=CantorBroughtIn/>

An 1886 ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'' article states that until the founding of Baith Israel "[h]itherto the Hebrew residents in Brooklyn had been under the necessity of finding their way across the [[East River]] in all kinds of weather, when they wished to go to their place of worship".<ref name=BE18890613>[[#refBE18860613|''Brooklyn Eagle'', June 13, 1886]].</ref> According to synagogue legend, the founders had grown tired of rowing across the East River each Friday to celebrate [[Shabbat]] in [[Manhattan]].<ref name=rowing>[[#refGross1999|Gross (1999)]]. See also [[#refBarton2006|Barton (2006)]], [[#refDickter2004|Dickter (2004)]], and [[#refGreenwald2001|Greenwald (2001)]], p. 33.</ref> Carol Levin, however, writes that a ferry service from Whitehall Street in Manhattan to [[South Ferry, Brooklyn]] (at the foot of Atlantic Street) had existed since 1836 (see [[South Ferry (ferry)]]), that the Atlantic Street synagogue's location, so close to the ferry terminus, "must have seemed convenient to many", and that "[f]erry service was fast, frequent and inexpensive ... In the year 1869 there were almost 52 million passengers." Thus, in her view, the story of the founders growing tired of rowing across the East River is a "folk tale".<ref name=Levin20060106>[[#refLevin20060106|Levin (January 6, 2006)]].</ref>

=== Attempts at reform and amalgamation, construction of first synagogue ===

In the congregation's early years, tensions existed between traditionalists and reformers, and in 1861, 41 of the latter left Baith Israel to form the [[Congregation Beth Elohim]], a [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] synagogue.<ref name=Olitzky226/> That year Baith Israel hired the Reverend Joel Alexander as its religious leader.<ref name=Journal23/> Alexander, the synagogue's first full-time rabbi, was a graduate of the Jews Seminary in [[Münster]], and had been [[Semicha|ordained]] both in [[Poznań|Posen]] and by [[Hermann Adler]], the [[List of chief rabbis of the United Kingdom|Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom]].<ref name=OurHistory/>

In 1862, the remaining 35 members purchased two lots at the corner of State Street and Boerum Place in [[Boerum Hill]] for $3,000 (today ${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|3000|1862|r=-3}}}}), and on January 12 laid the cornerstone for a new building, the first synagogue built on [[Long Island]]. The building was completed on August 12, at a cost of $10,000 (today ${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|10000|1862|r=-3}}}}), and was [[consecration|consecrated]] on August 31 by Alexander and assembled dignitaries.<ref name=Greenwald33/><ref name=NYT18621001>[[#refNYT18621001|''The New York Times'', September 1, 1862]].</ref> The synagogue, which came to be known as the Boerum Schule, created a [[Hebrew school|Sunday school]] soon afterwards,<ref name=SchoolOrganized/> the first in Brooklyn,<ref name=BE18900314>[[#refBE18900314|''Brooklyn Eagle'', March 14, 1890]].</ref> and at the time, an innovation.<ref name=Greenwald33/> The school was free, and run by volunteers, with separate classes for boys and girls.<ref name=OurHistory/> By 1890 the school had 160 students,<ref name=BE18900314/> and at its peak the school had 500 pupils.<ref name=Greenwald33/>

In 1869 reformers again left Baith Israel, and, joining with dissenters from Kahal Kodesh Beth Elohim of [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburg]], founded Temple Israel.<ref name=Galvin30>[[#refGalvin2001|Galvin (2001)]], p. 30.</ref><ref name=Journal23b>[[#ref1853-2006|"Congregation Baith Israel Anshei Emes – 1853-2006", ''The Synagogue Journal'', Issue 23]], June 9, 2006.</ref> Though many reformers had left the congregation, several reforms in the service were nonetheless introduced: the congregation abolished most ''[[piyyut]]im'' and the [[Priestly Blessing]],<ref name=Greenwald33/><ref name=Olitzky227>[[#refOlitzky1996|Olitzky & Raphael (1996)]], p. 227.</ref> and, in 1873,<ref name=ConfirmationYear/> introduced a [[Reform Judaism (North America)#Confirmation ceremonies|confirmation ceremony]] for girls,<ref name=Waxman294>[[#refWaxman1998|Waxman (1998)]], p. 294.</ref> led by the Reverend Dr. Tinter.<ref name=OurHistory/> The confirmation ceremonies, which had initially been held during the holiday of ''[[Sukkot]]'', were eventually moved to the holiday of ''[[Shavuot]]'' (the holiday during which the Reform movement held these ceremonies), and continued for both boys and girls (in place of [[Bar and Bat Mitzvah]] celebrations) until the 1940s.<ref name=OurHistory/>

[[Aaron Wise (rabbi)|Aaron Wise]], father of [[Stephen Samuel Wise]], was one of the synagogue's earliest rabbis, from 1874 to 1875.<ref name=AaronWiseTerm/> This was his first rabbinical position in the United States,<ref name=Dickter/> before moving to [[Congregation Rodeph Sholom (Manhattan, New York)|Congregation Rodeph Sholom]] in Manhattan.<ref>See [[#refAbelow1937|Abelow (1937)]], p. 66, and [[#refNYT18921218|''The New York Times'', December 18, 1892]].</ref>

=== Building renovations, failed mergers, traditionalism ===

In 1876, the congregation voted by a margin of over two to one to re-orient the synagogue pews in the manner of Christian churches, and introduce [[Mechitza#Separate seating in synagogue|mixed seating]]. However, nothing was done about this until 1879, when the renovations were carried out: the front pews were removed, the side pews extended to the walls, and the vestibule moved outside the sanctuary. Led by rabbi Dr. E. M. Myers, the synagogue was re-dedicated on September 7.<ref name=BE18790908>[[#refBE18790908|''Brooklyn Eagle'', September 8, 1879]].</ref>

In April 1883, Baith Israel, Beth Elohim, and Temple Israel, Brooklyn's three leading synagogues, tried to merge;<ref name=BE18830407>[[#refBE18830407|''Brooklyn Eagle'', April 7, 1883]].</ref> Beth Elohim and Temple Israel had both been formed in the 1860s by dissenters from Baith Israel. This was the third such attempt; the previous two had failed when the members could not agree on synagogue ritual.<ref name="BE18830426-1">[[#refBE18830426-1|''Brooklyn Eagle'', April 26, 1883]].</ref> The combined congregation, which would purchase new premises, would have 150 members (only heads of households were considered members at that time). Members would be refunded half the purchase price of the pews in their existing buildings.<ref name="BE18830426-2">[[#refBE18830426-2|''Brooklyn Eagle'', April 26, 1883]].</ref> The rabbis of Beth Elohim and Temple Israel were to split the offices of rabbi and cantor: Baith Israel, at the time, had no rabbi.<ref name="BE18830426-1"/> Though this attempt also failed, in the following year the three congregations carried out combined activities, including a picnic<ref name=BE18840707>[[#refBE18840707|''Brooklyn Eagle'', July 7, 1884]].</ref> and a celebration of the 100th birthday of [[Moses Montefiore|Sir Moses Montefiore]].<ref name=BE18841027>[[#refBE18841027|''Brooklyn Eagle'', October 27, 1884]].</ref> [[File:MarcusFriedlander1891.jpg|thumb|upright|right|200px|Marcus Friedlander in 1891|alt=Rev. M. Friedlander.]] Baith Israel hired Marcus Friedlander as rabbi in 1887.<ref name=Dickter/> Born in [[Congress Poland]] in 1862, he left Russia for England before he was twenty. Though speaking little English at the time, he graduated there from the London Theological Seminary, before emigrating to the United States. He was 24 years old when he assumed the post at Baith Israel, at the time the youngest man in [[New York (state)|New York]] state to be appointed to so significant a position of Jewish leadership.<ref name=BE18890408>[[#refBE18890408|''Brooklyn Eagle'', April 8, 1889]].</ref><ref name=BE18910927>[[#refBE18910927|, ''Brooklyn Eagle'', September 27, 1891]].</ref> Friedlander served until 1893, when he resigned to take a more lucrative position in California<ref name=BE18930501>[[#refBE18930501|''Brooklyn Eagle'', May 1, 1893]].</ref> at the [[Temple Sinai (Oakland, California)|First Hebrew Congregation of Oakland]].<ref name=Olitzky55>[[#refOlitzky1996|Olitzky & Raphael (1996)]], p. 55.</ref> After Friedlander left, his name was, for reasons unknown, deleted from the synagogue histories, and the financial records and minute books dating from his tenure were removed from Baith Israel's archives.<ref name=OurHistory/> He was succeeded by Joseph Taubenhaus, the brother of Dr. Gottheil/Godfrey Taubenhaus, the rabbi of Congregation Beth Elohim; another brother, Jacob/[[Jean Taubenhaus]] was a famous French [[chess master]].<ref name=BE18930501/>

In 1889, the congregation again renovated the synagogue building, repairing it and replacing the roof, increasing the seating capacity, adding a new vestibule and double entrance way, and redecorating the interior. At that time over half of the congregants still spoke [[German language|German]] as their native language.<ref name=BE18890408/> The congregation had 50 members—defined as "heads of families who own seats"—by 1891, and 300 congregants in total.<ref name=BE18910927/> By 1900, the congregation had 160 members, and the congregational school, which held classes for two hours once a week, had ten teachers and 150 students.<ref name=AJYearBookV2p329>[[#refAJYearBookV2|''American Jewish Year Book'', Vol. 2]], p. 329.</ref>

Though the synagogue had undertaken innovations in some areas of [[halakha|Jewish law]], it still insisted on strict adherence in others. In 1878 Tinter was dismissed for officiating at the marriage of a Jewish woman and Christian man,<ref name=Journal23b/> and Baith Israel was, for a time, the only congregation in Brooklyn that celebrated [[Jewish holiday]]s for the traditional two days.<ref name=OurHistory/> In 1889 Baith Israel asserted it was "the only orthodox congregation in the city",<ref name=BE18890221>[[#refBE18890221|''Brooklyn Eagle'', February 21, 1889]].</ref> and that year the board forced the resignation of a Mr. J. Folkart, for transgressing the [[Yom Kippur#Observances|laws of Yom Kippur]].<ref name=Whitman>[[#refWhitman2008|Whitman (2008)]].</ref><ref name=Mooney/> In 1892, when Hyman Rosenberg was expelled as rabbi of Brooklyn's [[Congregation Beth Jacob Ohev Sholom|Beth Jacob synagogue]] for [[Kosher animals|eating ham]], the ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'' canvassed local rabbis for their views on the matter. While George Taubenhaus, rabbi of Beth Elohim stated, "I do not believe my congregation would expel me if I ate ham", Baith Israel's rabbi Friedlander responded, "While there are some differences between the reform and orthodox Jews, I do not think it is the place for any Jewish minister to eat ham. The reformers do not so strictly observe the old Mosaic law, but it does not seem to me a good example for a rabbi to set to his congregation."<ref name=BE18921216>[[#refBE18921216|''Brooklyn Eagle'', December 16, 1892]].</ref>

== 20th century ==

=== Decline and reinvigoration ===

By 1904, membership had fallen to 30,<ref name=Olitzky227/> and the synagogue nearly failed:<ref name=Greenwald33/> mass transit had allowed Jews to migrate away from [[downtown Brooklyn]],<ref name=Greenwald33/> and a fire had nearly destroyed the Boerum synagogue building.<ref name=OurHistory/> Further innovations were attempted, including a [[pipe organ]] and a mixed-sex [[choir]],<ref name=Olitzky227/> but these were removed<ref name=OrganAndChoir/> after objections from [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] members.<ref name=Greenwald33/> The congregation decided that the Boerum location was part of the problem, and made the bold decision to sell it, buy new premises, and hire a rabbi<ref name=Greenwald33/> (the synagogue had, for many years, run without one).<ref name=Greenwald35>[[#refGreenwald2001|Greenwald (2001)]], p. 35.</ref> In 1905, they hired Israel Goldfarb, a 1902 graduate of the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America|Jewish Theological Seminary]],<ref name=Waxman294/> as "Hazan [cantor] and Teacher",<ref name=Kaufman215>[[#refKaufman1999|Kaufman (1999)]], p. 215.</ref> his first and only pulpit. The following year Goldfarb was appointed rabbi,<ref name=OurHistory/> a position he would hold for over 50 years.<ref name=GoldfarbRetirement/> [[Image:Kane Street synagogue exterior.jpg|thumb|250px|left|upright|Kane Street synagogue exterior.]] In 1905, the congregation also purchased for $30,000 (today ${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|30000|1905|r=-4}}}}) its current building at Tompkins Place and Harrison Street (renamed Kane Street in 1928),<ref name=NewMusicBox>[[#refNewMusicBox|"Copland's Sanctuary", ''NewMusicBox'']].</ref> along with an adjacent school building and a connecting two-story arcade.<ref name=Greenwald33/><ref name=Olitzky227/> The [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque revival]] church building, erected in 1855, had originally housed the Middle [[Dutch Reformed Church]], and, from 1887, the Trinity [[Independent Evangelical—Lutheran Church|German Lutheran]] Church.<ref name=Greenwald33/><ref name=Wolfe/> The hiring of Goldfarb and purchase of a new building helped revive the congregation, and by 1906 (its 50th anniversary) membership had doubled.<ref name=Greenwald33/>

Goldfarb was a talented musician, known to this day as composer of popular tunes for the songs "[[Shalom Aleichem (liturgy)|Shalom Aleichem]]" and "Magein Avot" used in most [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] synagogues. With his brother Samuel E. Goldfarb, he compiled ''The Jewish Songster'' for schoolchildren, the first American collection of Jewish songs.<ref name=Greenwald35/><ref name=Michelman2006>[[#refMichelman2006|Michelman (2006)]].</ref> Israel Goldfarb also served as Professor of Liturgical Music at the Jewish Theological Seminary from 1920 to 1944, and in 1949 founded the School of Sacred Music at [[Hebrew Union College]].<ref name=Greenwald35/>

In his ''[[Kol Nidre]]'' sermon of 1905, Goldfarb emphasized the need for a [[Talmud Torah]] (providing inexpensive Jewish education for primary school children), and it was immediately founded.<ref name=Greenwald33/> Talmud Torahs helped synagogues in neighborhoods with small Jewish populations to attract young Jewish families, and were common in "second-settlement areas of New York City such as [[Harlem]] and Brooklyn".<ref>[[#refKaufman1999|Kaufman (1999)]], p. 160 cites Baith Israel's Talmud Torah as one of two such examples.</ref> By 1907–1908 the congregation had grown to 85 member families. The Talmud Torah, which held classes four days a week, had three teachers and 75 students.<ref name="AJYearBookV9pp262-263">[[#refAJYearBookV9|''American Jewish Year Book'', Vol. 9]], pp. 262–263.</ref>

=== Merger with Talmud Torah Anshei Emes and growth ===

In 1908,<ref name=MergeYear/> Baith Israel merged with Degraw Street's Talmud Torah Anshei Emes Synagogue, a growing congregation that had become too large for the [[Terraced house#New York City|row house]] in which it held services.<ref name=Olitzky227/><ref name=Greenwald35/> Talmud Torah Anshei Emes's membership was mostly made up of Eastern European Jews, who were stricter in their observances than Baith Israel's mostly German-origin membership; to accommodate them, a special all-men section of pews was designated at the front left of the sanctuary.<ref name=OurHistory/>

The merged congregations adopted the current name, a combination of the two previous names, and, with the assistance and encouragement of Goldfarb and synagogue president Harris Copland<ref name=Pollack26>[[#refPollack2000|Pollack (2000)]], p. 26.</ref><ref name=Abelow46>[[#refAbelow1937|Abelow (1937)]], p. 46.</ref> founded a sisterhood.<ref name=Olitzky227/><ref name=Greenwald35/> Nevertheless, the combined membership was still not large;<ref name=Waxman294/> in 1911, the year the congregation renovated the recently acquired synagogue building,<ref name=Olitzky227/> the Talmud Torah had only 45 students, 10 of them the children of non-members.<ref name=Waxman294/>

The sisterhood had grown to 42 members by 1913; that year 11 men were accepted as new congregants, including "a dentist, an optician, a druggist, a lawyer, a butler and two store owners and a roofer"—in general, [[middle class]] occupations.<ref name=Waxman294/> Baith Israel Anshei Emes also became one of the charter members of the [[United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism]] in 1913,<ref name=Olitzky227/><ref name=Greenwald36>[[#refGreenwald2001|Greenwald (2001)]], p. 36.</ref> with Michael Salit, who had been synagogue president in 1906,<ref name=Journal23/> serving as the congregation's delegate,<ref name=Waxman294/> and he, Rabbi Goldfarb and another synagogue member, Isaac Applebaum, were among the 22 individuals who initially founded the organization.<ref name=OurHistory/>

[[Aaron Copland]] celebrated his Bar Mitzvah at Baith Israel Anshei Emes in 1913. The Copland family was active in the synagogue; his father Harris became treasurer and chairman of the Talmud Torah in 1905,<ref name=Pollack26/> had helped purchase the current building,<ref name=Dickter/><ref name=Barton>[[#refBarton2006|Barton (2006)]].</ref> served as president of the congregation from 1907 to 1910,<ref name=CoplandPresident/> and was made a life trustee in 1936.<ref name=NewMusicBox/> Aaron's brother Ralph served as superintendent of the Sunday School.<ref name=Pollack26/> Goldfarb was instrumental in assisting Aaron Copland in his early musical career. While still in high school, Aaron had approached Goldfarb for his support in studying music: Aaron's father wanted him to enter the legal profession. Goldfarb engineered an agreement whereby Aaron would study music for two or three years, and, if that did not work out, then study law.<ref name=NewMusicBox/> In his memoirs, Copland would later describe Goldfarb as "a composer of liturgical music and the possessor of a fine baritone voice ... a sensitive human being and an effective leader of the congregation".<ref name=Pollack26/><ref name=NewMusicBox/>

By 1916, the congregation had installed 10 [[stained glass]] windows, electric lighting, a new [[pulpit]], and two large bronze [[Menorah (Hanukkah)|menorahs]], and employed six people. Dues were $12 (today ${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|12|1916|r=-1}}}}) per year, and Sunday school fees were $0.02 (today ${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|0.02|1916|r=2}}}}0) per session.<ref name=Greenwald36/> Membership had grown to 140 families by 1919. The congregational school held classes daily, and had 400 students and 20 teachers.<ref name=refAJYearBookV21p440>[[#refAJYearBookV21|''American Jewish Year Book'', Vol. 21]], p. 440.</ref>

[[Sidney Weinberg]], who rose from the job of assistant porter to head [[Goldman Sachs]] from 1930 to 1969, was married at Baith Israel Anshei Emes in 1920. The Weinberg family, which had joined the synagogue when it was still on Beorum Place, was also very active in the synagogue; Sidney's mother, Sophie, was sisterhood president from 1912 to 1913, and his father, Pincus, served as president from 1919 to 1921, and the children all attended the Sunday school and Talmud Torah.<ref name=Barton/><ref name=WeinbergFamily>[[#refLevin20060317|Levin (March 17, 2006)]].</ref> The Weinbergs subsequently moved to [[Flatbush, Brooklyn|Flatbush]], where in 1924 Pincus became the first president of the [[East Midwood Jewish Center]].<ref name=Greenwald35/><ref name=EMCJhistory>[[#refEMCJhistory|History]], East Midwood Jewish Center website.</ref>

In 1924, a fire almost destroyed the upper level of the school building, but the congregation repaired the damage.<ref name=Olitzky227/> Another renovation was begun in 1928, and included installing illuminated stained glass over the [[Ark (synagogue)|ark]] and bronze memorial tablets at the rear of the sanctuary, and repainting the sanctuary walls and columns in a [[trompe-l'œil]] manner imitating [[Jerusalem stone]] and [[marble]].<ref name=Greenwald36/>

=== Great Depression and post-World War II decline ===

[[Image:Kane Street Courtyard.jpg|thumb|upright|250px|Synagogue courtyard.]] On its 75th anniversary in 1931, the congregation received a congratulatory message from [[President of the United States|President]] [[Herbert Hoover]].<ref name=Hoover>[[#refHoover1931|Hoover, March 1, 1931]] (dated February 28, 1931).</ref> Additional congratulatory messages arrived from [[List of Governors of New York|Governor]] (later President) [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], Lieutenant Governor [[Herbert H. Lehman]], [[Mayor of New York City|Mayor]] [[Jimmy Walker]], and [[Felix M. Warburg]].<ref name=Greenwald36/> Nevertheless, the [[Great Depression]] brought difficult times; officers were no longer paid their salaries, and were informed in 1932 that they would have to "wait indefinitely" to receive their back wages. In 1933, the synagogue abolished fixed wages entirely for its employees, and instead paid them on a "month-to-month basis", depending on what the congregation could afford.<ref name=Wenger>[[#refWenger1999|Wenger (1999)]], pp. 126–127.</ref>

In 1932 women were allowed to join the choir. In [[Tzniut#Female singing voice|deference to traditionalists]], however, the choir was moved to the organ loft, so that the women would be less visible.<ref name=Journal23b/>

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Herman Belth raised $20,000 (today ${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|20000|1950|r=-4}}}}) and contributed another $20,000 for another renovation of the synagogue. The building was fortified, the interior (except the front wall) repainted, and the exterior brick walls, which had been clad in "blue-veined white stone", were refinished with "[[brownstone]] type [[stucco]]ed slabs".<ref name=Greenwald37>[[#refGreenwald2001|Greenwald (2001)]], p. 37.</ref> When the renovations were complete, the synagogue was re-dedicated in January 1953.<ref name=Olitzky227/><ref name=Greenwald37/> Despite Belth's efforts, membership continued to decline, as congregants [[Suburbanization|moved to the suburbs]].<ref name=Greenwald37/> Though the Centennial Celebrations of 1956 "provided a brief burst of energy for the Congregation and produced funds to maintain the Synagogue",<ref name=OurHistory/> during this period the choir was disbanded, the Sunday School and Talmud Torah closed, and paid staff reduced.<ref name=Greenwald37/>

In the 1960s, following Goldfarb's retirement,<ref name=GoldfarbRetirement/> the synagogue hired a series of part-time rabbis,<ref name=Olitzky227/> including Goldfarb's grandson, Henry D. Michelman, who served as rabbi from 1967 to 1971.<ref name=Michelman2006/> Michelman, who would later become the Executive Vice President of the [[Synagogue Council of America]],<ref name=Steinfels>[[#refSteinfels1989|Steinfels (1989)]].</ref> was, like his grandfather, a talented musician, composing music for synagogues and churches, writing [[Film score|scores]] for television films for [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], [[A&E Network|A&E]], [[CNBC]], and [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]], and serving as Chairman of the American Society of Jewish Music.<ref name=ASJM2007>[[#refASJM2007|Rabbi Henry D. Michelman]], American Society for Jewish Music website, April 25, 2007.</ref>

The membership decline continued in the late 1960s<ref name=Shelby>[[#refShelby1998|Shelby (1998)]].</ref> and early 1970s, as older congregants died and moved away, and dwindled to the point where the congregation could no longer afford to heat the sanctuary,<ref name=Clark>[[#refClark2006|Clark (2006)]].</ref> and thought they would have to disband.<ref name=Gross>[[#refGross1999|Gross (1999)]].</ref> Nevertheless, in 1972 the congregation established a nursery school and ''prozdor'' (high school).<ref name=Olitzky227/>

=== Rebirth: 1980s and 1990s ===

[[Image:Kane Street Synagogue Sanctuary 0808 2 web.jpg|upright|thumb|250px|Sanctuary interior.]] Changing demographics and new synagogue programs helped the congregation recover from its low point in the 1970s.<ref name=Clark/> In 1979, Raymond Scheindlin, a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in [[Arabic literature]] from [[Columbia University]], and professor of [[Piyyut|medieval Hebrew poetry]] at the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]] (JTSA), became the part-time rabbi of the congregation,<ref name=Olitzky227/> replacing Howard Gorin, who had served since 1976.<ref name=Journal23/><ref name=TikvatIsrael>[[#refTikvatIsrael|Our Rabbi, Tikvat Israel Congregation website]].</ref> Scheindlin had become a member in 1974, after joining the faculty of the JTSA and moving to [[Brooklyn Heights]], and from that point on [[Torah reading|read the Torah]] every week and served as [[hazzan|cantor]].<ref name=Scheindlinxiii>[[#refRand2007|Rand & Decter (2007)]], pp. xii–xiii.</ref> He also encouraged the re-constitution of a choir, which called itself "the DeRossi Singers" after [[Salamone Rossi|Salamone DeRossi]], the leading Jewish composer of the late [[Italian Renaissance]], whose works the choir sang.<ref name=Olitzky227/><ref name=Greenwald38>[[#refGreenwald2001|Greenwald (2001)]], p. 38.</ref> Even after leaving the synagogue, Scheindlin continued to return to serve as cantor for the High Holidays every year until 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kanestreet.org/anniversary/|title=Kane Street Synagogue Celebrates its 161st Anniversary|website=Kane Street Synagogue|access-date=16 December 2017}}</ref>

In 1982 Scheindlin stated that the membership had grown to the point where it again required the services of a full-time rabbi,<ref name=Greenwald38/> and the congregation hired Jonathan Ginsburg as its first full-time rabbi since Israel Goldfarb's retirement.<ref name=Olitzky227/> Ginsburg developed adult education and young singles programs, and improved standards in the synagogue's children's education programs. Geoffrey Goldberg followed him as rabbi from 1987 to 1988.<ref name=Olitzky227/>

In 1994 the buildings' stained glass windows, parapet tower, and brownstone were repaired, landscaping redone, and, with a grant from the [[Sol Goldman]] Charitable trust, the ''[[Bema#Judaism|bimah]]'' and vestibule were refurbished.<ref name=Journal23b/> Membership had increased to almost 200 families by 1995,<ref name=Olitzky227/> and in 1996 Samuel H. Weintraub was hired as rabbi.<ref name=Journal23/>

=== Increasing involvement of women === {{further|Jewish feminism|Role of women in Judaism}} In 1961 the synagogue began granting women some pulpit honors, giving the Sisterhood President ''[[Torah reading#Hagbaha and Gelila|gelila]]'',<ref name=OurHistory/> and in 1966 granting married couples ''hagbaha and gelila'' (the honors of lifting and re-wrapping the Torah after it has been read).<ref name=Journal23b/> In the 1970s, women became more involved in the synagogue's political and religious activities: in 1972, the first woman was elected to the board of trustees, and in 1975, the congregation began [[Torah reading#Aliyot|calling women to the Torah]] and counting women in the ''[[minyan]]'',<ref name=Olitzky227/> the latter just two years after the [[Committee on Jewish Law and Standards]] of the [[Rabbinical Assembly]] voted nine to four in favor of this innovation.<ref name=Fine>[[#refFine2002|Fine (2002)]], p. 2.</ref>

In 1980, Nancy Fink, a [[Brooklyn Law School]] professor, was elected as the congregation's first female president.<ref name=Greenwald38/> Fink called a full membership meeting in 1982 to decide whether women could lead the services, blow the [[shofar]] (the rams-horn trumpet blown on the High Holidays), and whether daughters of ''[[kohen|kohanim]]'' (hereditary priests) could give the [[priestly blessing]]. Advised by Scheindlin, the congregation decided to make the services fully egalitarian, allowing women to perform all three functions.<ref name=Greenwald38/>

Baith Israel Anshei Emes' move to egalitarianism culminated in August 1988, when Debra Cantor was hired as its first female rabbi, making it the first synagogue in the [[Northeastern United States]] to be led by a woman.<ref name=Goldman>[[#refGoldman1988|Goldman (1988)]].</ref><ref name=Gonzalez>[[#refGonzalez1993|Gonzalez (1993)]].</ref> Cantor, who was 33 at the time, had been [[valedictorian]] of that year's graduating class at the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America|Jewish Theological Seminary]].<ref name=Goldman/> The decision was not accepted by all congregants; the Conservative movement had ordained its first female rabbi, [[Amy Eilberg]], only three years before, in 1985, and following Cantor's appointment a number of families left the synagogue to form B'nai Avraham, an [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] congregation in [[Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn|Brooklyn Heights]].<ref name=Journal23/><ref name=Greenwald39>[[#refGreenwald2001|Greenwald (2001)]], p. 39.</ref>

== 21st century ==

[[Image:Baith Israel Anshei Emes Goldman Center 2.jpg|upright|thumb|250px|Sol and Lillian Goldman Education Center.]] In 2002 Congregation Baith Israel Anshei Emes received a $1 million grant for building renovations from Lillian Goldman, just weeks before her death; she had previously donated $20 million for the reconstruction and expansion of [[Lillian Goldman Law Library|Yale Law School's library]], and $5 million to Manhattan's [[92nd Street Y]] for a family center there.<ref name=Lewis>[[#refLewis2002|Lewis (2002)]].</ref> After raising over $2 million more,<ref name=Journal23b/> including a $54,000 grant from the Jewish Communal Fund,<ref name=JCF2003>[[#refJCF2003|Annual Report 2003]], Jewish Communal Fund.</ref> in 2003 the congregation began re-building the three-story school/community center from the ground up, leaving only the historic [[facade]].<ref name=Son>[[#refSon2003|Son (2003)]].</ref> In 2004 the building was re-opened as the "Sol and Lillian Goldman Education Center",<ref name=Wolff>[[#refWolff2004|Wolff (2004)]].</ref> and a day-time pre-school launched.<ref name=Whitman/> Though the sanctuary also needed extensive repairs, the renovations of the school/community center were undertaken first because the congregation decided "a venue for social functions is at the heart of every cohesive religious group".<ref name=Whitman/> The following year, the school received a $25,000 grant from the Edith Glick Shoolman Children's Foundation "[t]o assist in the development of the Kane Street Kids program for preschool age children housed in the Congregation's Early Childhood Center".<ref name=Shoolman>[[#refShoolman|Grantees 2004/5]], Edith Glick Shoolman Children's Foundation website.</ref>

Nearly 300 households were members by 2006,<ref name=Clark/> and in the same year, the [[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]] awarded the synagogue a grant of $350,000 for exterior restoration of the sanctuary.<ref name=EPF2006>[[#refEPF2006|2006 EPF Grant Awards]], New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, October 20, 2006.</ref> The grant was part of a million-dollar capital campaign that the membership intended to carry out in 2008, as the synagogue building still required extensive repairs: the roof leaked, causing interior damage, and (along with the [[Rain gutter|gutters]]) needed to be replaced; interior columns were taped to prevent plaster from falling off them; the sanctuary doors needed to be replaced; and the stained glass windows needed to be removed, the metal holding them repaired, and their wooden framing replaced.<ref name=Whitman/> In 2007 the New York Landmarks Conservancy's Sacred Sites Program awarded Congregation Baith Israel Anshei Emes grants totaling $17,500, for copper roof and masonry restoration.<ref name=SSPGrants2007>[[#refSSPGrants2007|Past Projects in 2007]], The New York Landmarks Conservancy.</ref>

In 2008, the synagogue filed documents with the New York Department of State, and was approved to officially use the name "Kane Street Synagogue," which had been its commonly used name for several decades at that point.

The congregation had been supportive of the LGBTQ+ community since at least the early 1990s,<ref name="Pompeo">[[#refPompeo2007|Pompeo (2007)]].</ref> and following the late 2006 decision by the [[Committee on Jewish Law and Standards]] to allow same-sex [[commitment ceremonies]],<ref name="USCJCommitment">[[#refUSCJCommitment|Ordination of Gays and Lesbians and Same-Sex Commitment Ceremonies Memorandum]], United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, December 6, 2006.</ref> in 2007 Kane Street Synagogue voted to follow suit.<ref name="OurHistory" /> The day before [[Yom Kippur]], 2009, the synagogue was picketed by members of the [[Westboro Baptist Church]], who shouted antisemitic and anti-gay slogans.<ref name="Muessig2009">[[#refMuessig2009|Muessig (2009)]].</ref>

The congregation was led by now Rabbi Emeritus, Samuel H. Weintraub from 1996 to 2021.<ref name="Leadership">{{Cite web|title=Samuel H. Weintraub {{!}} Kane Street Synagogue|url=https://kanestreet.org/staff/samuel-h-weintraub/|access-date=2021-12-20|website=kanestreet.org}}</ref> He was succeeded by Interim Senior Rabbi Paul. F. Resnick.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paul Resnick {{!}} Kane Street Synagogue|url=https://kanestreet.org/staff/paul-f-resnick/|access-date=2021-12-20|website=kanestreet.org}}</ref> Rabbi Michelle Dardashti<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-15 |title=Synagogue in a changing Brooklyn taps a 'radical pluralist' as its new rabbi |url=https://www.jta.org/2022/06/15/ny/synagogue-in-a-changing-brooklyn-taps-a-radical-pluralist-as-its-new-rabbi |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> was elected as head rabbi by the congregation in March 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kane Street Synagogue Appoints Accomplished Spiritual Leader Rabbi Michelle Dardashti as its New Rabbi {{!}} Kane Street Synagogue |url=https://kanestreet.org/about/staff/press-release-rabbi-michelle-dardashti/ |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=kanestreet.org}}</ref> and officially assumed her role on August 1 of that year.

Congregation Baith Israel Anshei Emes continues to be the oldest continuously operating synagogue in Brooklyn.<ref name="JTSrecords">[[#refJTSrecords|Kane Street Synagogue Records, Historical Note, Jewish Theological Seminary]].</ref><ref name="Shelby" />

==Notes== {{reflist|colwidth=25em|refs= <ref name=AaronWiseTerm> According to [[#refAbelow1937|Abelow (1937)]], p. 69, and [[#refNYT18921218|''The New York Times'', December 18, 1892]]. [[#refDickter2004|Dickter (2004)]], however, says 1876. </ref> <ref name=BavarianJews> According to [[#refGreenwald2001|Greenwald (2001)]], p. 33 and [[#refGross1999|Gross (1999)]]. [[#refWaxman1998|Waxman (1998)]], p. 294 describes them as "Bavarian and Portuguese Jews", [[#refMorrone2001|Morrone & Iska (2001)]], p. 323 describe them as "Dutch and Bavarian Jews", and the synagogue website ([[#refOurHistory|Our History]]) describes them as "Jewish settlers from the Netherlands". </ref> <ref name=CantorBroughtIn> According to [[#refAbelow1937|Abelow (1937)]], p. 40. [[#refGreenwald2001|Greenwald (2001)]], p. 33 says "a chazan [cantor] was hired to lead the services only on [[Passover]] and the [[High Holidays]]". </ref> <ref name=ConfirmationYear> According to [[#refOlitzky1996|Olitzky & Raphael (1996)]], p. 227, [[#refGreenwald2001|Greenwald (2001)]], p. 33 and the synagogue website ([[#refOurHistory|Our History]]). However, [[#refWaxman1998|Waxman (1998)]], p. 294 says 1893. </ref> <ref name=CoplandPresident> According to [[#refLevisohn2004|Levisohn (2004)]], [[#refRabbisCantors|"Rabbis, Cantors and Presidents 1856–2006", ''The Synagogue Journal'', Issue 23]] and [[#refNewMusicBox|"Copland's Sanctuary", ''NewMusicBox'']]. [[#refPollack2000|Pollack (2000)]], p. 26 writes that Harris Copland served as president from 1907 to 1909, and [[#refDickter2004|Dickter (2004)]] writes that he was president of Baith Israel in 1902. </ref> <ref name=Founded> According to the [[#refBE18860613|''Brooklyn Eagle'', June 13, 1886]] and [[#refGreenwald2001|Greenwald (2001)]], p. 32. [[#refAbelow1937|Abelow (1937)]], p. 6 and [[#refWolfe1994|Wolfe (1994)]], p. 452 say the congregation was "organized" in 1856. [[#refOlitzky1996|Olitzky & Raphael (1996)]], p. 226 state that the group was formed in 1854 and the congregation "formally organized" in 1856. [[#refWaxman1998|Waxman (1998)]], p. 294 writes that the congregation was founded in 1854, and in footnote 102, p. 315 he adds that "the name was formally adopted in 1856". [[#refNYT19670214|''The New York Times'', February 14, 1967]] says the congregation was founded in 1855. The synagogue website ([[#refOurHistory|Our History]]) states the group first organized in 1855 as the United Brethren Society, a [[benefit society]] that provided members with medical and burial assistance, and "[w]ithin a year Brethren leaders and others incorporated Congregation Baith Israel". </ref> <ref name=GoldfarbRetirement> Sources differ on Goldfarb's exact term:

* [[#refGreenwald2001|Greenwald (2001)]], p. 35 and the synagogue website ([[#refOurHistory|Our History]]) state that Goldfarb served as rabbi for 60 years. * [[#refOlitzky1996|Olitzky and Raphael (1996)]], p. 227 and [[#refWaxman1998|Waxman (1998)]], p. 294 write that Goldfarb retired in 1960. * Goldfarb's obituary in [[#refNYT19670214|''The New York Times'', February 14, 1967]] states that he was named "rabbi emeritus" in 1959. * [[#refJournal49|''The Synagogue Journal'', Issue 49]] states that Goldfarb had "fifty-four-years with the Congregation". * [[#ref1853-2006|"Congregation Baith Israel Anshei Emes – 1853-2006", ''The Synagogue Journal'', Issue 23]] states that Goldfarb served "for one year as Cantor and [was] then retained as Rabbi for the next fifty-three years until 1959. Thereafter he continue[d] as Rabbi emeritus until his death in 1965." * [[#refMichelman2006|Michelman (2006)]] writes that Goldfarb became "rabbi emeritus" in 1956.

</ref> <ref name=LayLedServices> [[#refGreenwald2001|Greenwald (2001)]], p. 33 gives, as the reason for lay-led services, that "Like many congregations of its time, Baith Israel lacked the means to retain a rabbi." </ref> <ref name=MergeYear> According to the synagogue website ([[#refOurHistory|Our History]]), [[#refGreenwald2001|Greenwald (2001)]], p. 35, [[#refOlitzky1996|Olitzky & Raphael (1996)]], p. 227, and [[#refWaxman1998|Waxman (1998)]], p. 294. [[#refDickter2004|Dickter (2004)]], however, states that the congregations merged in 1906, and moved to the current building in 1908. </ref> <ref name=OrganAndChoir> According to [[#refGreenwald2001|Greenwald (2001)]], p. 33 "they quickly were abolished", and [[#refPollack2000|Pollack (2000)]], p. 26 says they were "short-lived". [[#refWaxman1998|Waxman (1998)]], p. 294 states they were "eliminated within a few years". In footnote 105, p. 316 he writes that while not specifically stating when it was removed, an October 14, 1910 article by Samuel Abelow in ''The American Hebrew'' 87 #4, p. 617, titled "Something of the Institutional Development of Brooklyn" suggests that the organ was still in place in 1910. [[#ref1853-2006|"Congregation Baith Israel Anshei Emes – 1853-2006", ''The Synagogue Journal'', Issue 23]] states that the organ was dismantled in 1932 to make room in the organ loft for the choir. The choir had allowed women to join it that year, and was moved out of sight to avoid offending traditionalists who objected to the presence of women in the choir. </ref> <ref name=SchoolOrganized> According to [[#refGreenwald2001|Greenwald (2001)]], p. 33 and [[#refJTSrecords|Kane Street Synagogue Records, Historical Note, Jewish Theological Seminary]] the school was created in 1862. The [[#refBE18900314|''Brooklyn Eagle'', March 14, 1890]] and the synagogue website ([[#refOurHistory|Our History]]) state the school was organized in 1864. [[#refAJYearBookV2|''American Jewish Year Book'', Vol. 2]], p. 329 states the school was founded in 1865. </ref> }}

==References== {{refbegin|colwidth=45em}} ; Brooklyn Eagle, no byline. * {{wikicite |ref=refBE18790908 |reference= [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917092819/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4NzkvMDkvMDgjQXIwMDIwNA%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom "Beth Israel. Reconstruction of the Beorum Place Synagogue."], ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'', September 8, 1879, p. 2.}} * {{wikicite |ref=refBE18830407 |reference= [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917092824/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4ODMvMDQvMDcjQXIwMDExNg%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom "Hebrews Consolidating. A Movement to Unite Three Congregations—Important Action Taken on the Subject"], ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'', April 7, 1883, p. 1.}} * {{wikicite |ref=refBE18830426-1 |reference= [https://web.archive.org/web/20121015033933/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4ODMvMDQvMjYjQXIwMDIwNQ%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom "Consolidation of Local Hebrew Churches."] (part 1), ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'', April 26, 1883, p. 2.}} * {{wikicite |ref=refBE18830426-2 |reference= [https://web.archive.org/web/20110612162243/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Locale=english-skin-custom&Mode=GIF&Ref=QkVHLzE4ODMvMDQvMjYjQXIwMDI0Ng%3D%3D "Consolidation of Local Hebrew Churches."] (part 2), ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'', April 26, 1883, p. 2.}} * {{wikicite |ref=refBE18840707 |reference= [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917092843/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4ODQvMDcvMDcjQXIwMDQyNw%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom "A Hebrew Sunday School Union. The First Combined Picnic to be Held in Prospect Park."], ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'', July 7, 1884, p. 4.}} * {{wikicite |ref=refBE18841027 |reference= [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917092848/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4ODQvMTAvMjcjQXIwMDEwMg%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom "Montefiore — Brooklyn Honoring the Centenarian."], ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'', October 27, 1884, p. 1.}} * {{wikicite |ref=refBE18860613 |reference= [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917092853/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4ODYvMDYvMTMjQXIwMTAwMA%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom "Brooklyn Synagogues — And the People Who Worship Therein."], ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'', June 13, 1886, p. 10.}} * {{wikicite |ref=refBE18890221 |reference= [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917092858/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4ODkvMDIvMjEjQXIwMDEwMw%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom "Baith Israel — A Ball in Aid of the Building Fund."], ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'', February 21, 1889, p. 1.}} * {{wikicite |ref=refBE18890408 |reference= [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917092813/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Locale=english-skin-custom&Mode=Gif&Ref=QkVHLzE4ODkvMDQvMDgjQXIwMDEwMA%3D%3D "Put in the Ark: The Scrolls of the Law in Synagogue Baith Israel"], ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'', April 8, 1889, p. 1.}} * {{wikicite |ref=refBE18900314 |reference= [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917092903/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4OTAvMDMvMTQjQXIwMDQwOA%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom "For the Library Fund. An Entertainment Given by the Baith Israel Sunday School."], ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'', March 14, 1890, p. 4.}} * {{wikicite |ref=refBE18910927 |reference= [https://web.archive.org/web/20110612033032/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4OTEvMDkvMjcjQXIwMTkwOQ%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom "Judaism in Brooklyn. The Ancient Faith of Israel and Its Local Adherents."], ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'', September 27, 1891, p. 19.}} * {{wikicite |ref=refBE18921216 |reference= [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917092911/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4OTIvMTIvMTYjQXIwMDEwMg%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom "How They Regard Ham. Views of Local Rabbis on Mr. Rosenburg's Expulsion."], ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'', December 16, 1892, p. 1.}} * {{wikicite |ref=refBE18930501 |reference= [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917092922/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkVHLzE4OTMvMDUvMDEjQXIwMTAxNA%3D%3D&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom "A New Rabbi for Baith Israel: Rev. M. Friedlander succeeded by Rev Joseph Taubenhaus."], ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'', May 1, 1893, p. 10.}} ; New York Times, no byline. * {{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1862/09/01/355637662.pdf |title=Congregation Baith Israel. Dedication of a Synagogue. |ref=refNYT18621001 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 1, 1862 |p=3 }} * {{cite news |ref=refNYT18921218 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/12/18/106894469.pdf |title=Fifty Years Old.; Jubilee Celebration by the Congregation of Rodeph Sholom. |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 18, 1892 |p=10 }} * {{wikicite |ref=refNYT19670214 |reference= "Israel Goldfarb: Rabbi, Composer: 'Father of Congregational Singing' is Dead at 87", ''[[The New York Times]]'', February 14, 1967.}} ; Synagogue journal, no byline. * {{cite journal |ref=refRabbisCantors |url=http://kanestreet.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/binder23_anniversaries.pdf |title=Rabbis, Cantors and Presidents 1856 – 2006 |publisher=Kane Street Synagogue |journal=The Synagogue Journal |issue=23 |date=June 9, 2006 }} * {{wikicite |ref=ref1853-2006 |reference= "Congregation Baith Israel Anshei Emes – 1853-2006", Kane Street Synagogue, {{cite web |url= http://kanestreet.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/binder23_anniversaries.pdf |title= ''The Synagogue Journal'', Issue 23 }} {{small|(1.57 MB)}}, June 9, 2006.}} * {{wikicite |ref=refJournal49 |reference= Kane Street Synagogue, [https://web.archive.org/web/20061208165842/http://www.kanestreet.org/historical_journal.html ''The Synagogue Journal'', Issue 49], December 8, 2006.}} ; Congregation Baith Israel Anshei Emes website. * {{wikicite |ref=refOurHistory |reference=[http://kanestreet.org/about/history/ Our History], Synagogue website. Accessed October 2, 2009.}} * {{wikicite |ref=refLeadership |reference=[http://kanestreet.org/about/leadership/ Leadership], Synagogue website. Accessed October 2, 2009.}} ; Other * {{wikicite |ref=refAbelow1937 |reference= Abelow, Samuel Philip. 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== External links == {{commons category}} * {{official website|https://kanestreet.org/}} * Gelfand, Alexander. [http://www.forward.com/articles/1042/ "A Mosaic of Jewish Music in America"], ''[[The Forward]]'', May 26, 2006.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baith Israel Anshei Emes}} [[Category:1856 establishments in New York (state)]] [[Category:Cobble Hill, Brooklyn]] [[Category:Conservative synagogues in New York City]] [[Category:Jewish organizations established in 1856]] [[Category:Romanesque Revival architecture in New York City]] [[Category:Romanesque Revival synagogues]] [[Category:Synagogues completed in 1855]] [[Category:Synagogues in Brooklyn]] [[Category:19th-century synagogues in the United States]]