{{short description|Avenue in Brooklyn and Queens, New York}} {{about|the section of NY 27 in Queens|the entire route|New York State Route 27}} {{good article}} {{Use American English|date=May 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2017}} {{Infobox street | name = | marker_image = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | alternate_name = Conduit Boulevard<br />North / South Conduit Avenue | image = Conduit Blvd median Sutter jeh.JPG | image_size = | image_alt = Wide median strip at the Brooklyn-Queens border | caption = Wide median strip at the [[Brooklyn]]-[[Queens]] border | image_map = | map_type = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | other_name = | former_names = | part_of = | namesake = Ridgewood Aqueduct | type = | owner = [[Government of New York City|City of New York]] | maint = [[NYSDOT]] and [[NYCDOT]] | length_mi = 8.0 | length_ref = <ref name=google>{{google maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/40.6801732,-73.8757382/40.6653312,-73.7298714/@40.6726312,-73.8377501,13z/am=t/data=!3m1!4b1!4m11!4m10!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-73.8175299!2d40.6648609!3s0x89c26713280cdd6d:0x25d2c9db25250a59!1m0!2m1!1b1!3e0 |access-date=January 9, 2017}}</ref> | length_notes = | width = | area = | addresses = | location = [[Brooklyn]] and [[Queens]], [[New York City]] | arrondissement = | quarter = | postal_code = | metro = | coordinates = | direction_a = West | terminus_a = [[Atlantic Avenue (New York City)|Atlantic Avenue]] in [[Cypress Hills, Brooklyn|Cypress Hills]] | direction_b = East | terminus_b = {{jct|state=NY|NY|27|road|Hook Creek Boulevard}} in [[Rosedale, Queens|Rosedale]] | junction = {{jct|state=NY|NY|27|name1=[[Linden Boulevard]]}} in [[Lindenwood, Queens|Lindenwood]]<br />{{jct|state=NY|NY|878|Parkway|Belt}} in [[South Ozone Park, Queens|South Ozone Park]]<br />{{jct|state=NY|I|678}} in South Ozone Park<br />[[JFK Expressway]] in South Ozone Park<br />{{jct|state=NY|Parkway|Belt}} in [[Laurelton, Queens|Laurelton]] | east = | west = | main_contractor = | cost = | references = | commissioning_date = | construction_start_date = | completion_date = | inauguration_date = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | demolition_date = | designer = | known_for = | status = }} {{attached KML|display=title}} <!--| allocation = {{jct|state=NY|NY|27}} from [[Lindenwood, Queens|Lindenwood]] to [[Rosedale, Queens|Rosedale]]--> '''Conduit Avenue''' ('''Conduit Boulevard''' in [[Brooklyn]]) is an [[arterial road]] in [[New York City]], the vast majority of which is in [[Queens]]. The divided highway runs from [[Atlantic Avenue (New York City)|Atlantic Avenue]] in [[Cypress Hills, Brooklyn]] to Hook Creek Boulevard in [[Rosedale, Queens]] at the [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]] border. The thoroughfare is named after an [[aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] in its [[Right-of-way (transportation)|right-of-way]].
Conduit Avenue and Conduit Boulevard were conceived in 1921 as part of the Conduit Highway, later the [[Sunrise Highway]], with the original highway opening in 1929. The highway was expanded in 1940 as part of the construction of the [[Belt Parkway]]. The Brooklyn section was originally supposed to host [[Interstate 78 in New York|Interstate 78]] within its median, but this section was ultimately not built.
==Etymology== Conduit Avenue and Conduit Boulevard are named for the conduit of the [[Brooklyn Waterworks]], which fed [[Ridgewood Reservoir]]. The roads were constructed on the former [[Right-of-way (transportation)|right-of-way]] of the aqueduct.<ref name="NYTimes-SunriseHwy-1928"/><ref name="NYTimes-ConduitHwy-1921"/> The conduit was known as the Ridgewood Aqueduct.<ref name="NassauExyEIS"/>
==Route== West of [[Cross Bay Boulevard]], Conduit Boulevard has a wide, grassy [[median strip]] and runs adjacent to a number of parks with playgrounds. Conduit Boulevard serves as the boundary between the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Cypress Hills and [[City Line, Brooklyn|City Line]], and the Queens neighborhoods of [[Ozone Park, Queens|Ozone Park]] and [[Lindenwood, Queens|Lindenwood]].<ref name=google/> Between the [[Shore Parkway]] and the [[Laurelton Parkway]], Conduit Avenue serves as the [[service road]] for [[Southern Parkway (Queens)|Southern Parkway]]. East of Brookville Boulevard, South Conduit Avenue parallels the [[Montauk Branch]] of the [[Long Island Rail Road]] (LIRR) and continues as [[Sunrise Highway]] in [[Valley Stream, New York|Valley Stream]]. At 225th Street, North Conduit Avenue diverges to the north to Hook Creek Boulevard, while the Sunrise Highway merges into the avenue to the south.<ref name=google/>
Conduit Avenue is designated as [[New York State Route 27]] between [[Linden Boulevard]] and the Nassau County border and accommodates car, bus and truck traffic. Westbound vehicles use the roadway named North Conduit Avenue; eastbound vehicles use South Conduit Avenue.<ref name=google/> At various times the road has been used as a drag strip, particularly in Rosedale.<ref>{{cite news|title=Officers Arrest 18 and Seize Cars in Drag Racing Sting Operation in Queens|first=David M.|last=Herszenhorn|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/28/nyregion/officers-arrest-18-and-seize-cars-in-drag-racing-sting-operation-in-queens.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 28, 1995|access-date=October 11, 2009|url-access=limited|archive-date=May 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526150753/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/28/nyregion/officers-arrest-18-and-seize-cars-in-drag-racing-sting-operation-in-queens.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The western segment of the highway, between Atlantic Avenue and Cross Bay Boulevard, was originally slated to be the eastern part of a planned, but never built, [[Bushwick Expressway]]. That highway was proposed to run from the [[Williamsburg Bridge]] through Williamsburg, Bushwick and East New York before feeding into the [[Belt Parkway]].<ref name="QChron1">{{cite news|last1=Marzlock|first1=Ron|title=Where the narrow old Conduit met Cross Bay Blvd.|url=http://www.qchron.com/qboro/i_have_often_walked/where-the-narrow-old-conduit-met-cross-bay-blvd/article_1825e92f-bb4b-56d9-9ba8-3ec2c560ba2e.html|access-date=February 27, 2017|work=Queens Chronicle|date=September 17, 2015|archive-date=February 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223215327/http://www.qchron.com/qboro/i_have_often_walked/where-the-narrow-old-conduit-met-cross-bay-blvd/article_1825e92f-bb4b-56d9-9ba8-3ec2c560ba2e.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=QChron-Greenway-2017/>
==Transportation== Conduit Avenue and Conduit Boulevard are served by the following bus routes:<ref name=qnsbus/> * The {{NYC bus link|Q85|Q89|prose=y}} buses run on the corridor east of Springfield Boulevard. The Q85 diverts either to 243rd Street (Rosedale), or from Francis Lewis Boulevard (Jamaica). The Q89 continues until Conduit's eastern end towards Green Acres Mall, and is joined with the {{NYC bus link|Q87}} and weekend {{NYC bus link|Q5}} buses east of Hook Creek Boulevard. ** Overnight weekend Q5 service to Rosedale goes in the opposite direction to Francis Lewis Boulevard, using the parallel Sunrise Highway. * East of Linden Boulevard, the [[BM5 (New York City bus)|BM5]] express runs in both directions to Cross Bay Boulevard, then north on its journey to Manhattan. JFK-bound {{NYC bus link|B15}} service goes to 90th Street and continues via Nassau Expressway, while Brooklyn-bound service originates at Lefferts Boulevard. * {{NYC bus link|Q10}} buses to JFK Airport run from 130th Street to 134th Street.
In addition, the [[Aqueduct–North Conduit Avenue station]] of the [[New York City Subway]], served by the {{NYCS trains|Rockaway}}, is near Cohancy Street.<ref name=qnsbus>{{Cite NYC bus map|Q}}</ref>
==History== [[File:Sutter Conduit jims shadow jeh.JPG|thumb|left|The intersection of Conduit Boulevard and Sutter Avenue, on the Brooklyn side of the Brooklyn-Queens border.]] The original [[Brooklyn Waterworks]] brick conduit stretched from Long Island to the Ridgewood Pumping Station, now the site of City Line Park, in East New York.<ref name="MotorTravel"/><ref name="BurrowsWallace1998"/><ref name="NYCPk-CityLinePk">{{cite web|title=City Line Park: History|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/city-line-park/history|publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]|access-date=February 27, 2017|archive-date=February 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228081737/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/city-line-park/history|url-status=live}}</ref> There, the water was pushed via a steam-powered pump north through a "force tube" into the [[Ridgewood Reservoir]];<ref name="NassauExyEIS">{{cite book|title=Nassau Expressway Construction, New York City: Environmental Impact Statement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bag1AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA59|access-date=February 28, 2017|year=1981|publisher=[[United States Department of Transportation]], [[Federal Transit Administration]], [[New York State Department of Transportation]]}}</ref><ref name="BurrowsWallace1998">{{cite book|author1=Edwin G. Burrows|author2=Mike Wallace|title=Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mObQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA837|access-date=February 27, 2017|date=November 19, 1998|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-972910-4|page=837}}</ref><ref name="Kadinsky2016">{{cite Hidden Waters NYC|pages=201}}</ref> the route of this tube is now Force Tube Avenue.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Boland|first1=Ed Jr.|title=F.Y.I.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/21/nyregion/fyi-080055.html|access-date=February 27, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 21, 2002|url-access=limited}}</ref> The reservoir was opened in 1858, and the pumping station in 1886.<ref name="NassauExyEIS"/><ref name="NYCPk-CityLinePk"/> The aqueduct was located on the north side of what is now Conduit Avenue, and was built on a right-of-way that had not been developed at the time.<ref name="NassauExyEIS"/> When the [[Brooklyn|City of Brooklyn]] was consolidated as a borough of [[New York City]] in 1898, New York City gained possession of the Brooklyn Waterworks' assets, including the reservoir and its {{convert|25|mi|km|adj=on}} long aqueduct stretching to [[Massapequa, New York|Massapequa]] in [[Nassau County, New York|Nassau County]]. At this time, the right-of-way was still largely undeveloped, with the conduits located underground.<ref name="MotorTravel"/><ref name="NYTimes-ConduitHwy-1921">{{cite news|title=New Long Island Highway|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/07/17/109813794.pdf|access-date=October 11, 2009|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 17, 1921|url-access=limited|archive-date=June 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619133433/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/07/17/109813794.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Both Force Tube Avenue and Conduit Avenue were laid out and paved by the 1910s.<ref name="Apportionment1913">{{cite journal|title=Changing the Map or Plan of the City of New York by Laying Out Force Tube Avenue, From Jamaica Avenue to Dinsmore Place, Borough of Brooklyn|journal=Minutes of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of the City of New York|date=November 9, 1911|page=2957|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vT1FAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA2957|access-date=February 27, 2017|publisher=[[New York City Board of Estimate]], M.B. Brown Printing & Binding Company}}</ref><ref name="Apportionment1916">{{cite journal|title=Local Improvements|journal=Proceedings of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of the City of New York|date=June 9, 1916|volume=4|pages=3359–3360|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IoY_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA3359|access-date=February 27, 2017|publisher=[[New York City Board of Estimate]]}}</ref>
Plans to construct a highway along the conduit path emerged around 1913.<ref name="LIDaily-SunriseHwy-July1934"/><ref>{{cite news|title=New Map Adopted: Marks Important Step in Queens Borough Development|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1913/06/01/archives/new-map-adopted-marks-important-step-in-queens-borough-development.html|access-date=March 10, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 1, 1913|url-access=limited|archive-date=July 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725215201/https://www.nytimes.com/1913/06/01/archives/new-map-adopted-marks-important-step-in-queens-borough-development.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1921, the [[New York State Legislature]] signed a bill to construct a highway along the right-of-way known as ''Conduit Highway'', ending in [[Amityville, New York|Amityville]]. The route included both Conduit Avenue and the [[Sunrise Highway]].<ref name="MotorTravel"/><ref name="NYTimes-ConduitHwy-1921"/> The original plans called for a grade-separated parkway,<ref name="LIDaily-SunriseHwy-July1934">{{cite news|title=Plans Ready for Extension of Highway: Sunrise Development Will Be Considered on July 30|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201934%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201934%2520-%25204042.pdf%23xml%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffc62b12ea%26DocId%3D4814178%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520U%252dF%252dP%26HitCount%3D23%26hits%3D2d%2B2e%2B62%2B63%2B69%2Bfe%2Bff%2B182%2B183%2B1b4%2B1b5%2B1c6%2B1c7%2B39b%2B3ac%2B3ad%2B3ae%2B3c4%2B4ea%2B5e7%2B627%2Bdcc%2Bfeb%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&uri=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201934%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201934%2520-%25204042.pdf&xml=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffc62b12ea%26DocId%3D4814178%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520U%252dF%252dP%26HitCount%3D23%26hits%3D2d%2B2e%2B62%2B63%2B69%2Bfe%2Bff%2B182%2B183%2B1b4%2B1b5%2B1c6%2B1c7%2B39b%2B3ac%2B3ad%2B3ae%2B3c4%2B4ea%2B5e7%2B627%2Bdcc%2Bfeb%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&openFirstHlPage=false|access-date=March 3, 2017|work=Long Island Daily Press|via=[[Fultonhistory.com]]|date=July 21, 1934|page=7}}</ref> but the route was later designed to be {{convert|30|to|40|ft|m}} wide.<ref name="QChron1"/><ref name="MotorTravel">{{cite journal|title=Bringing the Center of Long Island an Hour Closer to New York: New Proposed Conduit Highway on City-Owned Property Would Relieve Congestion on South Shore Roads|journal=Motor Travel|date=April 1921|volume=13|issue=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b-lLAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA11|access-date=February 27, 2017|publisher=Automobile Club of America}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-ConduitHwy-1921"/> The highway was planned to relieve congestion on [[Merrick Road|Merrick Road/Merrick Boulevard]].<ref name="NYTimes-SunriseHwy-1928"/> Construction began on the highway in 1924<ref name="NYTimes-SunriseHwy-1928">{{cite news|title=Sunrise Highway Long Island Boon; Provides Traffic and Realty Benefits for Queens and Nassau Counties|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/04/29/archives/sunrise-highway-long-island-boon-provides-traffic-and-realty.html|access-date=February 27, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 29, 1928|url-access=subscription|archive-date=July 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726172034/https://www.nytimes.com/1928/04/29/archives/sunrise-highway-long-island-boon-provides-traffic-and-realty.html|url-status=live}}</ref> or 1925.<ref name="LIDaily-Sunrise-Belt-May1932" /> In conjunction with the project, what was then Linden Avenue was extended east from [[Kings Highway (Brooklyn)|Kings Highway]] to Conduit Boulevard, becoming [[Linden Boulevard]].<ref name="BklynEagle-Conduit-Linden-1924">{{cite news|last1=Wilhem|first1=Carl|title=City Can Start on Conduit Boulevard in a Week, Says Riegelmann; $2,000,000 Linden Boulevard Link Awaits Shovels; Nassau Cash Ready, but City Holds Back|url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/57547530/?terms=%22conduit%2Bboulevard%22|access-date=February 27, 2017|work=[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=November 2, 1924|page=C1}}</ref> The highway was referred to by various names including ''Conduit Boulevard'' and ''Pipe Line Boulevard''.<ref name="NYTimes-SunriseHwy-1928"/> By 1928, the entire stretch from Brooklyn to Amityville was officially named the Sunrise Highway, following efforts by the Long Island Chamber of Commerce.<ref name="NYTimes-SunriseHwy-1928"/> The label ''Conduit'' was deemed "an unattractive one and quite meaningless." The ''Sunrise Highway'' name, meanwhile, was reference to the nickname for Long Island, "Land of the Sunrise Trails".<ref>{{cite news|title=Dobson Asks Civics Aid on Proposal|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201928%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201928%2520-%25201245.pdf%23xml%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffc852173c%26DocId%3D4789402%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520U%252dF%252dP%26HitCount%3D22%26hits%3D8ad%2B8ae%2B8b1%2B8b2%2B8f9%2B8fa%2B903%2B904%2B935%2B936%2B93e%2B960%2B961%2B975%2B9e8%2B9e9%2B9ee%2B9ef%2Ba4c%2Ba4d%2Be80%2Bf42%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&uri=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201928%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201928%2520-%25201245.pdf&xml=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffc852173c%26DocId%3D4789402%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520U%252dF%252dP%26HitCount%3D22%26hits%3D8ad%2B8ae%2B8b1%2B8b2%2B8f9%2B8fa%2B903%2B904%2B935%2B936%2B93e%2B960%2B961%2B975%2B9e8%2B9e9%2B9ee%2B9ef%2Ba4c%2Ba4d%2Be80%2Bf42%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&openFirstHlPage=false|access-date=March 3, 2017|work=Long Island Daily Press|via=[[Fultonhistory.com]]|date=March 10, 1928}}</ref> The entire highway was opened on June 9, 1929. An inauguration ceremony was held at [[Liberty Avenue (New York City)|Liberty Avenue]] in Brooklyn.<ref>{{cite news|title=LONG ISLAND OPENS SUNRISE HIGHWAY; 300 Motors Parade 26 Miles From Brooklyn to Amityville in Celebration.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/06/09/archives/long-island-opens-sunrise-highway-300-motors-parade-26-miles-from.html|access-date=February 27, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 9, 1929|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 1931, the city planned to extend Conduit Boulevard north to [[Jamaica Avenue]] along Force Tube Avenue, which would require condemning property along the avenue in order to widen it, but this never took place.<ref>{{cite news|title=Protests Local Levy Plan for Sunrise Link: Taxpayers Object to Full Condemnation Cost on Force Tube Avenue|url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/57384143/?terms=%22force%2Btube%2Bavenue%22|access-date=February 28, 2017|work=[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|date=March 3, 1931|page=19|archive-date=June 28, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250628005039/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/57384143/?terms=%22force%2Btube%2Bavenue%22|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Queens spfld belt.png|thumb|right|The [[Belt Parkway|Southern Parkway]] in [[Springfield Gardens, Queens|Springfield Gardens]], built along the Conduit corridor.]] In the early 1930s, it was proposed to convert the Conduit Boulevard route between Linden Boulevard and Laurelton Boulevard/Brookville Boulevard into a state parkway, with North and South Conduit Avenues created as service roads for the parkway. The purpose of the project was to create express highway links between Brooklyn and Nassau County, via Linden Boulevard, Sunrise Highway, and the [[Southern State Parkway]].<ref name="LIDaily-Sunrise-Belt-May1932">{{cite news|title=5 New Factors Seen Boosting Sunrise Hwy: Increased Utility for Artery Predicted After Improvements|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201932%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201932%2520-%25203078.pdf%23xml%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffa90daabb%26DocId%3D4796886%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520U%252dF%252dP%26HitCount%3D16%26hits%3D665%2B666%2B69f%2B6a0%2B6c9%2B6ca%2B714%2B715%2B763%2B764%2B768%2B769%2B7af%2B7b0%2B7e6%2B7e7%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&uri=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201932%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201932%2520-%25203078.pdf&xml=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffa90daabb%26DocId%3D4796886%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520U%252dF%252dP%26HitCount%3D16%26hits%3D665%2B666%2B69f%2B6a0%2B6c9%2B6ca%2B714%2B715%2B763%2B764%2B768%2B769%2B7af%2B7b0%2B7e6%2B7e7%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&openFirstHlPage=false|access-date=March 3, 2017|work=Long Island Daily Press|via=[[Fultonhistory.com]]|date=May 22, 1932|page=24}}</ref><ref name="LIDaily-SunriseHwy-July1934"/><ref name="LIDaily-Sunrise-Belt-Jan1937"/> The original 1931 plans, known as the Southern State Parkway extension, called for an [[arterial road]] adjacent to the existing narrow Sunrise Highway.<ref>{{cite news|title=Two Road Plans Are Approved: State and City Would Join in Long Island Scheme|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201931%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201931%2520-%25208961.pdf%23xml%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffaeacd32b%26DocId%3D2713439%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520I%252dE%252dV%26HitCount%3D12%26hits%3Dfd%2Bfe%2B12a%2B12b%2B135%2B136%2B145%2B146%2B181%2B182%2B1a0%2B1a1%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&uri=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201931%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201931%2520-%25208961.pdf&xml=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffaeacd32b%26DocId%3D2713439%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520I%252dE%252dV%26HitCount%3D12%26hits%3Dfd%2Bfe%2B12a%2B12b%2B135%2B136%2B145%2B146%2B181%2B182%2B1a0%2B1a1%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&openFirstHlPage=false|access-date=March 3, 2017|work=[[The Sun (New York)]]|via=[[Fultonhistory.com]]|date=September 17, 1931|page=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=URGES EXTENSION OF 2 QUEENS DRIVES|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1931/09/16/archives/urges-extension-of-2-queens-drives-moses-proposes-to-continue-grand.html|access-date=March 3, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 16, 1931|url-access=subscription|archive-date=July 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726171807/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/09/16/archives/urges-extension-of-2-queens-drives-moses-proposes-to-continue-grand.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later plans called for a parkway.<ref name="LIDaily-SunriseHwy-July1934"/><ref name="LIDaily-Sunrise-Belt-Jan1937"/> As early as July 1934, land was acquired via [[eminent domain]] to widen Conduit Boulevard and build the new parkway.<ref name="QChron1"/><ref name="LIDaily-SunriseHwy-July1934"/><ref name="LIDaily-Sunrise-Belt-Jan1937"/> The project would become the Southern Parkway section of the [[Belt Parkway]], which would connect to the Belt system's Laurelton Parkway at Brookville Boulevard and feed into the Southern State Parkway.<ref name="Kadinsky2016" /><ref name="LIDaily-Sunrise-Belt-Jan1937">{{cite news|title=Final Plans Drafted for New Parkway: Sunrise Highway Improvement to Take Several Years|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201937%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201937%2520-%25200534.pdf%23xml%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3D69c2281e%26DocId%3D4834307%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520U%252dF%252dP%26HitCount%3D32%26hits%3D185%2B186%2B268%2B269%2B278%2B279%2B28b%2B28c%2B297%2B298%2B5fd%2B5fe%2B652%2B653%2B661%2B662%2B66e%2B66f%2B67e%2B67f%2B6a1%2B6a2%2B6a4%2B6a5%2B6eb%2B6ec%2B707%2B708%2B71a%2B71b%2B7a5%2B7a6%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&uri=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252014%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201937%2FJamaica%2520NY%2520Long%2520Island%2520Daily%2520Press%25201937%2520-%25200534.pdf&xml=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3D69c2281e%26DocId%3D4834307%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520U%252dF%252dP%26HitCount%3D32%26hits%3D185%2B186%2B268%2B269%2B278%2B279%2B28b%2B28c%2B297%2B298%2B5fd%2B5fe%2B652%2B653%2B661%2B662%2B66e%2B66f%2B67e%2B67f%2B6a1%2B6a2%2B6a4%2B6a5%2B6eb%2B6ec%2B707%2B708%2B71a%2B71b%2B7a5%2B7a6%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&openFirstHlPage=false|access-date=March 3, 2017|work=Long Island Daily Press|via=[[Fultonhistory.com]]|date=January 25, 1937|page=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Work is Started on Parkway Span|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252023%2FFreeport%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Review%2FFreeport%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Review%25201935%2520Apr-May%25201935%2FFreeport%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Review%25201935%2520Apr-May%25201935%2520-%25200757.pdf%23xml%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3D76c22e%26DocId%3D3010674%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cDISK%2520S%26HitCount%3D14%26hits%3D9d%2B9e%2Bba%2Bbb%2B12e%2B12f%2B144%2B145%2B15d%2B15e%2B172%2B173%2B1b21%2B1b22%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&uri=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252023%2FFreeport%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Review%2FFreeport%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Review%25201935%2520Apr-May%25201935%2FFreeport%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Review%25201935%2520Apr-May%25201935%2520-%25200757.pdf&xml=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3D76c22e%26DocId%3D3010674%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cDISK%2520S%26HitCount%3D14%26hits%3D9d%2B9e%2Bba%2Bbb%2B12e%2B12f%2B144%2B145%2B15d%2B15e%2B172%2B173%2B1b21%2B1b22%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&openFirstHlPage=false|access-date=March 3, 2017|work=The Nassau Daily Review|via=[[Fultonhistory.com]]|date=April 29, 1935}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ritchie|first1=George|title=Moses Plans Parkways Into Heart of City; Proposal Would Link Up Huge Westchester and Long Island Systems|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201937%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201937%2520-%25205990.pdf%23xml%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3D28051fba%26DocId%3D2748202%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520I%252dE%252dV%26HitCount%3D6%26hits%3D41%2B42%2B43%2B44%2B1350%2B1355%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&uri=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201937%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201937%2520-%25205990.pdf&xml=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3D28051fba%26DocId%3D2748202%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520I%252dE%252dV%26HitCount%3D6%26hits%3D41%2B42%2B43%2B44%2B1350%2B1355%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&openFirstHlPage=false|access-date=March 3, 2017|work=[[The Sun (New York)]]|via=[[Fultonhistory.com]]|date=December 7, 1937|pages=1, 17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ritchie|first1=George|title=Moses Plans Parkways Into Heart of City; Proposal Would Link Up Huge Westchester and Long Island Systems|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201937%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201937%2520-%25206006.pdf%23xml%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffd6095ad4%26DocId%3D2748218%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520I%252dE%252dV%26HitCount%3D13%26hits%3Db%2B20f%2B210%2B21d%2B21f%2B222%2B241%2B242%2B246%2B26c%2B600%2B80d%2B812%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&uri=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252018%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201937%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Sun%25201937%2520-%25206006.pdf&xml=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3Dffffffffd6095ad4%26DocId%3D2748218%26Index%3DZ%253a%255cIndex%2520I%252dE%252dV%26HitCount%3D13%26hits%3Db%2B20f%2B210%2B21d%2B21f%2B222%2B241%2B242%2B246%2B26c%2B600%2B80d%2B812%2B%26SearchForm%3D%252fFulton%255fNew%255fform%252ehtml%26.pdf&openFirstHlPage=false|access-date=March 3, 2017|work=[[The Sun (New York)]]|via=[[Fultonhistory.com]]|date=December 7, 1937|pages=1, 17}}</ref> In justifying the conversion of the Conduit route into part of the Belt system, [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation|New York City Parks]] commissioner [[Robert Moses]] cited the "approximately 10,000,000 cars" traveling the route on an annual basis, and the need for a highway link between Brooklyn and Long Island to create "the ultimate circumferential boulevard."<ref name="NYTimes-Belt-Moses-Feb1938">{{cite news|title=Traffic Arteries to Cost $7,880,000|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/02/19/archives/traffic-arteries-to-cost-7880000-program-for-the-metropolitan-area.html|access-date=March 3, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 19, 1938|url-access=subscription|archive-date=July 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726170437/https://www.nytimes.com/1938/02/19/archives/traffic-arteries-to-cost-7880000-program-for-the-metropolitan-area.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
North and South Conduit Avenue were constructed as service roads along with the Southern Parkway.<ref name="LIDaily-Sunrise-Belt-Jan1937"/> Shortly after the opening of the Belt Parkway system in 1940,<ref name="opened">{{cite news|title=Belt Road To Open to Traffic Today|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 29, 1940|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1940/06/29/archives/belt-road-to-open-to-traffic-today-in-the-30000000-belt-parkway.html|page=12|url-access=subscription|archive-date=December 22, 2022|access-date=July 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222205746/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/06/29/archives/belt-road-to-open-to-traffic-today-in-the-30000000-belt-parkway.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Conduit Boulevard west of the parkway was expanded into a six-lane highway, with the right-of-way widened to create the grassy median. The project was undertaken in conjunction with the widening of [[Atlantic Avenue (New York City)|Atlantic Avenue]] and grade separation of the [[Long Island Rail Road|Long Island Rail Road's]] [[Atlantic Branch]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Moses Asks Funds For Belt Road Link; Will Submit to Mayor Today Plan for Widening Conduit Blvd. at $2,200,000|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1941/06/16/archives/moses-asks-funds-for-belt-road-link-will-submit-to-mayor-today-plan.html|access-date=February 27, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 16, 1941|url-access=subscription|archive-date=April 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422133032/https://www.nytimes.com/1941/06/16/archives/moses-asks-funds-for-belt-road-link-will-submit-to-mayor-today-plan.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2 Million Sought By Moses For Highway Link: Would Widen Conduit Blvd.-Atlantic Ave. Project Ready in 1942|url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%205/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Eagle/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Eagle%201941%20Grayscale/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Eagle%201941%20Grayscale%20-%204714.pdf#xml=http://fultonhistory.com/dtSearch/dtisapi6.dll?cmd=getpdfhits&u=ffffffffb0113dbc&DocId=6833539&Index=Z%3a%5cindex%20O%2dG%2dT&HitCount=19&hits=11+33+34+dd+f1+101+102+138+13f+140+156+198+1aa+1ab+1d2+1df+1e0+21d+395+&SearchForm=%2fFulton%5fNew%5fform%2ehtml&.pdf|access-date=February 27, 2017|work=[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]]|via=[[Fultonhistory.com]]|date=June 16, 1941|page=20|archive-date=June 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619133452/https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%205/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Eagle/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Eagle%201941%20Grayscale/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Eagle%201941%20Grayscale%20-%204714.pdf#xml=http://fultonhistory.com/dtSearch/dtisapi6.dll?cmd=getpdfhits&u=ffffffffb0113dbc&DocId=6833539&Index=Z%3a%5cindex%20O%2dG%2dT&HitCount=19&hits=11+33+34+dd+f1+101+102+138+13f+140+156+198+1aa+1ab+1d2+1df+1e0+21d+395+&SearchForm=%2fFulton%5fNew%5fform%2ehtml&.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Arion Rd–88th St Conduit Bridge 13.jpg|thumb|left|The median of Conduit Avenue (pictured, at 88th Street) would have been used for the [[Bushwick Expressway]].]] Around 1954, officials proposed constructing the [[Bushwick Expressway]] as part of [[Interstate 78 in New York|Interstate 78]], between the [[Williamsburg Bridge]] and the [[New York State Route 878|Nassau Expressway (NY 878)]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Grutzner|first1=Charles|title=Super Unit Urged For City Services|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/10/07/archives/super-unit-urged-for-city-services-gulick-bids-3-states-act-on.html|access-date=February 27, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=October 7, 1954|url-access=subscription|archive-date=February 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227150650/http://www.nytimes.com/1954/10/07/archives/super-unit-urged-for-city-services-gulick-bids-3-states-act-on.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The expressway would have followed [[Broadway (Brooklyn)|Broadway]], [[Bushwick Avenue]], and the Conduit Boulevard/Avenue corridor within Brooklyn.<ref name="1960map">{{cite map|url=http://www.nycroads.com/history/1960_metro-1/|publisher=[[Rand McNally and Company]]|title=New York City|year=1960|access-date=April 15, 2010|archive-date=May 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514000745/http://www.nycroads.com/history/1960_metro-1/|url-status=live}} Note that I-95 is shown on the [[Hutchinson River Parkway]] north of the [[Bruckner Interchange]], but the [[:Image:New York, New York 1955 Yellow Book.jpg|1955 "Yellow Book" map]] shows the route on the [[Bruckner Expressway]].</ref><ref name="RPA-ExpresswayPlans-1964">{{cite journal|title=Expressway Plans|journal=[[Regional Plan Association|Regional Plan News]]|date=May 1964|issue=73–74|pages=1–18|url=https://archive.org/details/regionalplannews7374regi|access-date=February 27, 2017|publisher=[[Regional Plan Association]]}}</ref> The widened median of Conduit Boulevard would have facilitated the expressway.<ref name=QChron-Greenway-2017/> An alternate routing proposed in the 1960s by the [[MTA Bridges and Tunnels|Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority]] (TBTA) would have traveled slightly farther north, connecting to the [[Interstate 495 (New York)|Long Island Expressway (I-495)]] in western Queens.<ref name="NYTimes-Moses-Tunnel-1963">{{cite news|title=Moses Urges 3d Queens Tunnel, With Condition: Asserts It Would Be Useless Without City Approval of 2 Expressway Links|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/06/10/archives/moses-urges-3d-queens-tunnel-with-condition-asserts-it-would-be.html|access-date=February 27, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=June 10, 1963|url-access=subscription|archive-date=April 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422140132/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/06/10/archives/moses-urges-3d-queens-tunnel-with-condition-asserts-it-would-be.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BklynWorld-Bushwick-1963">{{cite news|last1=Kessler|first1=Felix|title=Dream Road Links Nothing|url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2024/New%20York%20NY%20The%20World%20Telegram%20and%20Sun/New%20York%20NY%20The%20World%20Telegram%20and%20Sun%201963/New%20York%20NY%20The%20World%20Telegram%20and%20Sun%201963%20-%200899.pdf#xml=http://fultonhistory.com/dtSearch/dtisapi6.dll?cmd=getpdfhits&u=7e6d12af&DocId=124426&Index=Z%3a%5cDISK%20X&HitCount=6&hits=ad5+ad6+bea+beb+cda+cdb+&SearchForm=%2fFulton%5fNew%5fform%2ehtml&.pdf|access-date=February 27, 2017|work=Brooklyn World-Telegram|via=[[Fultonhistory.com]]|date=June 18, 1963|page=B1|archive-date=November 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103132917/https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2024/New%20York%20NY%20The%20World%20Telegram%20and%20Sun/New%20York%20NY%20The%20World%20Telegram%20and%20Sun%201963/New%20York%20NY%20The%20World%20Telegram%20and%20Sun%201963%20-%200899.pdf#xml=http://fultonhistory.com/dtSearch/dtisapi6.dll?cmd=getpdfhits&u=7e6d12af&DocId=124426&Index=Z%3a%5cDISK%20X&HitCount=6&hits=ad5+ad6+bea+beb+cda+cdb+&SearchForm=%2fFulton%5fNew%5fform%2ehtml&.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYCDCP-BwayJctStudy-2008">{{cite web|title=Broadway Junction Transportation Study: NYC Department of City Planning Final Report-November 2008|url=http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/plans/transportation/broadway_junction_complete.pdf|website=[[Government of New York City|nyc.gov]]|publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]]|access-date=October 27, 2015|date=November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606140932/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/transportation/broadway_junction_complete.pdf|archive-date=June 6, 2010}}</ref> The Bushwick Expressway was opposed due to the destruction of residences and businesses in Brooklyn and Queens that would be required;<ref name="NYRec-Bushwick-1966">{{cite news|title=Some Good News...|url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2023/Brooklyn%20NY%20Recorder/Brooklyn%20NY%20Recorder%201966/Brooklyn%20NY%20Recorder%201966%20-%200517.pdf#xml=http://fultonhistory.com/dtSearch/dtisapi6.dll?cmd=getpdfhits&u=ffffffff96504958&DocId=3678893&Index=Z%3a%5cDISK%20S&HitCount=10&hits=d3+d4+ec+ed+f1+f2+18c+18d+1bf+1c0+&SearchForm=%2fFulton%5fNew%5fform%2ehtml&.pdf|access-date=February 27, 2017|work=New York Recorder|agency=[[Fultonhistory.com]]|date=July 9, 1966|page=5|archive-date=November 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103181222/https://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2023/Brooklyn%20NY%20Recorder/Brooklyn%20NY%20Recorder%201966/Brooklyn%20NY%20Recorder%201966%20-%200517.pdf#xml=http://fultonhistory.com/dtSearch/dtisapi6.dll?cmd=getpdfhits&u=ffffffff96504958&DocId=3678893&Index=Z%3a%5cDISK%20S&HitCount=10&hits=d3+d4+ec+ed+f1+f2+18c+18d+1bf+1c0+&SearchForm=%2fFulton%5fNew%5fform%2ehtml&.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> the TBTA estimated that nearly 4,000 families would be displaced by the expressway.<ref name="BklynWorld-Bushwick-1963"/> The Bushwick Expressway plan was later truncated<ref name=NYCDCP-BwayJctStudy-2008/><ref>{{cite news|title=Less Driving Into Manhattan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/09/15/archives/less-driving-into-manhattan.html|newspaper=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|date=September 15, 1966|page=42|access-date=April 14, 2010|archive-date=July 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722185138/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/09/15/archives/less-driving-into-manhattan.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Aid Is Quietly Pledged For Cross Brooklyn Expressway|first=James F.|last=Clarity|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/04/26/archives/us-aid-is-quietly-pledged-for-cross-brooklyn-expressway.html|newspaper=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|date=April 26, 1967|page=35|access-date=April 14, 2010|archive-date=July 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722190233/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/04/26/archives/us-aid-is-quietly-pledged-for-cross-brooklyn-expressway.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and later dropped entirely in 1969.<ref name=NYCDCP-BwayJctStudy-2008/><ref>{{cite news|title=Mayor Drops Plans For Express Roads Across 2 Boroughs|first=Maurice|last=Carroll|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0D15FA3858127B93C5A8178CD85F4D8685F9|newspaper=The New York Times|url-access=subscription|date=July 17, 1969|page=1|access-date=April 14, 2010|archive-date=June 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605194625/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0D15FA3858127B93C5A8178CD85F4D8685F9|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Legacy of Westway: Lessons from Its Demise|first=Sam|last=Roberts|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/07/nyregion/the-legacy-of-westway-lessons-from-its-demise.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 7, 1985|page=A1|access-date=April 14, 2010|url-access=limited|archive-date=June 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619012904/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/07/nyregion/the-legacy-of-westway-lessons-from-its-demise.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Governor [[Nelson Rockefeller]] eliminated the expressway from the state's construction plans in March 1971.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lower Manhattan Road Killed Under State Plan|first=Francis X.|last=Clines|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/03/25/archives/lower-manhattan-road-killed-under-state-plan.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 25, 1971|page=78|access-date=April 14, 2010|url-access=subscription|archive-date=June 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613001448/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/03/25/archives/lower-manhattan-road-killed-under-state-plan.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2000, [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation|NYC Parks]] published a report in which it proposed constructing a bikeway and horse trail within the large grassy median of Conduit Boulevard. The trails would be part of a greenway along the southern and eastern edges of Queens, running from [[East New York, Brooklyn]], along the [[Laurelton Parkway]] and [[Cross Island Parkway]] to [[Bayside, Queens]].<ref name="Greenway">{{cite web|title=Greenway Master Plan: Conduit-Southern Queens-Laurelton-Cross Island|url=http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/plans/transportation/td_fullconduit.pdf|publisher=[[New York City Department of City Planning]], [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]|access-date=February 27, 2017|date=July 2000|pages=2, 6|archive-date=February 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228000115/http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/plans/transportation/td_fullconduit.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The greenway itself had been proposed in the 1990s. However, {{as of|2017|lc=y}}, the full greenway had not been constructed due to disagreements within the [[Howard Beach, Queens|Howard Beach]] community.<ref name="QChron-Greenway-2017">{{cite news|last1=Rafter|first1=Domenick|title=Howard Beach unsure about greenway plan|url=http://www.qchron.com/editions/south/howard-beach-unsure-about-greenway-plan/article_818b331a-b5dd-11e3-8572-001a4bcf887a.html|access-date=February 27, 2017|work=Queens Chronicle|date=March 27, 2014|archive-date=February 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201124303/http://www.qchron.com/editions/south/howard-beach-unsure-about-greenway-plan/article_818b331a-b5dd-11e3-8572-001a4bcf887a.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2025, the [[New York City Department of Transportation]] began studying safety upgrades to the westernmost {{convert|3|mi}} of Conduit Avenue and Boulevard.<ref>{{cite web | last=Russo-Lennon | first=Barbara | title=DOT launches study aimed at making Conduit Avenue in Brooklyn and Queens safer | website=amNewYork | date=May 12, 2025 | url=https://www.amny.com/nyc-transit/dot-study-conduit-avenue-brooklyn-queens/ | access-date=May 13, 2025 | archive-date=May 12, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512194406/https://www.amny.com/nyc-transit/dot-study-conduit-avenue-brooklyn-queens/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=DOT launches safety study to reimagine Conduit Avenue, a crash-prone corridor linking Brooklyn and Queens | website=QNS | last=Russo-Lennon | first=Barbara | date=May 12, 2025 | url=https://qns.com/2025/05/dot-launches-safety-study-conduit-avenue/ | access-date=May 13, 2025 | archive-date=May 12, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512212216/https://qns.com/2025/05/dot-launches-safety-study-conduit-avenue/ | url-status=live }}</ref> {{Clear}}
==References== {{reflist}}
==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721060227/http://prtl-drprd-web.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/transportation/td_conduit.shtml Road's place in Greenway Master Plan, New York City Department of Transportation] * Kadinsky, Sergey [https://forgotten-ny.com/2025/03/parks-of-conduit/ Parks of Conduit] ''[[Forgotten NY]]'' March 22, 2025
{{Brooklyn Streets}} {{Queens Streets}} {{JFK Airport}}
[[Category:Streets in Brooklyn]] [[Category:Streets in Queens, New York]]