Concerning the Jews

{{short description|1899 book by Mark Twain}} {{infobox book  | name = Concerning the Jews | title_orig = | translator = | image = 1934titletwain.jpg | caption = First page of 1934 reprint | author = [[Mark Twain]] | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = United States | language = English | series = | genre = [[Non-fiction]] | publisher = ''[[Harper's Monthly]]'' | release_date = 1899 | media_type = Print | pages = 9 | italic title = no }} "'''Concerning the Jews'''" is an 1899 short [[essay]] by [[Mark Twain]]. Twain had lived in Austria during 1896, and opined that the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg empire]] used Jews as [[Scapegoating|scapegoats]] to maintain unity in their immensely diverse empire.

==Background== In 1898 he published the article "Stirring Times in Austria". Twain's account generated several letters, and one poignant response in particular from an [[American Jews|American Jewish]] lawyer who asked Twain: "Tell me, therefore, from your vantage-point of cold view, what in your mind is the cause. Can American Jews do anything to correct it either in America or abroad? Will it ever come to an end? Will a Jew be permitted to live honestly, decently, and peaceably like the rest of mankind? What has become of the [[Golden Rule|golden rule]]?"<ref>[http://www.s4ulanguages.com/mark-twain.html page 2 of the facsimile of the 1934 reprint]</ref> In response, Twain penned "Concerning the Jews," which ''[[Harper's Monthly|Harper's]]'' also published in 1899.

==Contents== The essay included the statement that Jews did not do their part in terms of fighting in America's armed forces: "He is a frequent and faithful and capable officer in the [[civil service]], but he is charged with an unpatriotic disinclination to stand by the flag as a soldier – like the [[Quakers|Christian Quaker]]." However, when [[United States Department of War|War Department]] figures revealed that Jewish Americans were actually represented in the nation's military in a larger percentage than their share of the population, Twain issued a retraction and an apology,<ref name="JTA">Tom Tugend, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170548/http://www.nmajmh.org/docs/Little_known_museum_tells_story_of_Jews_in_the_American_military.pdf "Little known museum tells story of Jews in the American military," Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), March 17, 2008.], from [[Internet Archive]]</ref> entitled ''Postscript – The Jew as Soldier''.<ref name="PS">{{cite book |last1=Twain |first1=Mark |title=The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg |date=2004 |publisher=1st World Publishing |isbn=9781595403254 |page=262 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8J-qLyqQMfwC&q=%22the+jew+as+soldier%22+mark+twain&pg=PA262 |language=en}}</ref>

The essay also included a positive account of the Jewish people, with regard to their survival:

{{blockquote|He has made a marvellous fight in this world, in all the ages; and has done it with his hands tied behind him. He could be vain of himself, and be excused for it. The [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]], the [[Babylonia]]n, and the [[Persian Empire|Persian]] rose, filled the planet with sound and splendor, then faded to dream-stuff and passed away; the [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] followed, and made a vast noise, and they are gone; other peoples have sprung up and held their torch high for a time, but it burned out, and they sit in twilight now, or have vanished. The Jew saw them all, beat them all, and is now what he always was, exhibiting no decadence, no infirmities of age, no weakening of his parts, no slowing of his energies, no dulling of his alert and aggressive mind. All things are mortal but the Jew; all other forces pass, but he remains. What is the secret of his immortality?<ref>[https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1898twain-jews.asp Modern History Sourcebook: Mark Twain: "Concerning The Jews"], ''Harper's Magazine'', September 1899.</ref>|author=|title=|source=}}

==Reception== Israeli scholar [[Bennet Kravitz]] states that one could just as easily hate Jews for the reasons Twain gives for admiring them. In fact, Twain's essay was cited by Nazi sympathizers in the 1930s. Kravitz concludes, "The flawed logic of 'Concerning the Jews' and all [[philo-Semitism]] leads to the anti-Semitic beliefs that the latter seeks to deflate".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kravitz |first1=Bennett |title=Philo-Semitism as Anti-Semitism in Mark Twain's "Concerning the Jews" |journal=Studies in Popular Culture |date=2002 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=1–12 |jstor=41970387 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41970387 |issn=0888-5753}}</ref>

==See also== * [[Tolkien and race#Opposition to peacetime Nazi racial theory|Tolkien and race]] * ''[[The Scattered Nation]]'' (c. 1870), a speech by [[Zebulon Vance]]

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== {{wikisource|Concerning the Jews}} * [https://archive.org/details/harpersmagazine99junalde/page/526/mode/2up "Concerning the Jews"], ''[[Harper's Magazine|Harper's New Monthly Magazine]]'', September 1899, pp. 527–535. At [[Internet Archive]]. * [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015056082632;view=1up;seq=551 "Concerning the Jews"], ''[[Harper's Magazine|Harper's New Monthly Magazine]]'', September 1899, pp. 527–535. At [[HathiTrust]]. * [https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1898twain-jews.asp "Concerning the Jews"] at [[Internet History Sourcebooks Project]]

{{Twain}}

[[Category:Essays by Mark Twain]] [[Category:1899 essays]] [[Category:Philosemitism]] [[Category:Works originally published in Harper's Magazine]] [[Category:Works about Jews and Judaism]] [[Category:Essays about religion]]