{{Short description|Zhou dynasty Chinese regency}} {{Infobox historical era |name = Gonghe Regency<br>共和行政 |start = 841 BC |end = 828 BC |image = 250px |caption = Ji Jing, the heir to the throne during the regency. |before = Reign of King Li |after = Reign of King Zuan |key_events = Compatriots Rebellion ({{lang|zh|国人暴动}})<!--- This really should be made into an article as it's one of the most important events in the history of Zhou... ---><br>Exile of King Li }}

The '''Gonghe Regency''' ({{zh|c=共和|p=Gònghé}}) was an interregnum period in Chinese history led by He, Earl of Gong, from 841 BC{{efn|''The Cambridge History of Ancient China'' gives the starting date as 842 BC.}} to 828 BC, after King Li of Zhou was exiled by his nobles during the Compatriots Rebellion {{small|{{bracket|zh}}}}, when the people rioted against their old corrupt king. It lasted until the ascension of King Li's son, King Xuan of Zhou.

==History== King Li of Zhou was a corrupt and decadent ruler. To pay for his pleasures and vices, King Li raised taxes and caused misery among his subjects. It is said that he barred the commoners from profiting from communal forests and lakes, and instated a new law which allowed him to punish anyone, by death, who dared to speak against him. King Li's tyrannical rule soon forced many peasants and soldiers all around Zhou China into revolt. Li was sent into exile at a place called Zhi near modern Linfen (842&nbsp;BC), his son was taken by one of his ministers and hidden.<ref>''Sources of Western Zhou History: Inscribed Bronze Vessels'' by Edward L. Shaughnessy</ref>

When King Li died in exile in 828 BC, power was passed to his son, the King Xuan of Zhou.<ref>{{cite book |author=Sima Qian |author-link=Sima Qian |title=Records of the Grand Historian|volume=4}}</ref>

===Interpretations=== According to the Han dynasty historian Sima Qian, who interpreted ''gonghe'' as 'joint harmony' in his ''Records of the Grand Historian'': during the Gonghe Regency the Zhou dynasty was ruled jointly by two dukes, the {{ill|Duke Ding of Zhou|zh|周定公}} and the Duke Mu of Shao, hence effectively transforming the state into a coregency.<ref>Sima Qian, ''Records of the Grand Historian'' '''4''':144</ref>

Later discoveries proved this incorrect. According to the ''Bamboo Annals'', an archaeologically unearthed text discovered in antiquity but postdating Sima Qian, the Gonghe Regency was a period in which the Zhou dynasty was ruled by a single person—He, Earl of Gong.<ref name="Chen and Pines 2018" /> This reading has been fully corroborated by an independent archaeologically-unearthed text, known as the ''Xinian'' ({{lang|zh|繫年}}).<ref name="Chen and Pines 2018"> {{cite journal |first2=Yuri |last2=Pines |author1=Chen Minzhen |pages=1–27 (at pp 16–17) |title=Where is King Ping? The History and Historiography of the Zhou Dynasty's Eastward Relocation |journal=Asia Major |year=2018 |volume='''31'''.1 |issue=1 |publisher=Academica Sinica |jstor=26571325 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26571325 |access-date=2022-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cheng 程 |first1=Pingshan 平山 |title=程平山：“共和行政”历史再解读 |journal=历史研究 |date=2022 |volume=4 |url=https://www.aisixiang.com/data/141042.html}}</ref>

===Historiographical significance=== {{main article|Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project}} The first year of the Gonghe Regency, 841 BC, is highly significant in ancient Chinese history, in that Sima Qian was able to construct a year-by-year chronology back to that point, but he and subsequent historians were unable to confidently date any earlier events in Chinese history. Sima himself found the information about earlier dates in his sources to be unreliable and contradictory and so chose not to adopt them in his work. The government of the People's Republic of China sponsored the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, a multidisciplinary project that sought to give better estimates for dates prior to 841 BC, but the project's draft report, published in 2000, has been criticized by various scholars.

When encountering the Western term "republic", the Japanese drew parallels with the Gonghe Regency of Chinese history, and began using the term {{lang|ja|共和国}} ({{translit|ja|kyouwakoku}}, literally "shared harmony country", analogous to "commonwealth") to describe such non-monarchical systems. This semantic shift would later be reborrowed into Chinese as 共和国 (''gònghéguó''), and then from Chinese to Vietnamese as ''cộng hòa'' ''quốc'', shortened to ''cộng hòa'' in modern usage.

It is worth noting however, that the term {{lang|zh-Hant|民國}} ("people's state", literally "people's country", read as {{translit|cmn|mínguó}}, {{translit|ja|minkoku}}, {{translit|ko|min'guk}} and ''dân quốc'' in Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese respectively) is used when referring to the formal names of the Republic of China and Korea; but not the People's Republic of China or the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, where the regular word for "republic" is used.

==Notes== {{Notelist}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

{{s-start}} {{S-hou|Zhou dynasty||||}} {{S-bef|before=King Li of Zhou}} {{S-ttl||title=Regent of China|years=841–828 BC}} {{S-aft|after=King Xuan of Zhou}} {{s-end}}

{{Kings of Zhou}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gonghe}} Category:Regents of China Category:9th century BC in China Category:9th-century BC Chinese monarchs Category:Regency (government) Category:Interregnums Category:Controversies in China