Commune of Bugabira

{{Infobox settlement  |name =Commune of Bugabira |settlement_type =Commune |official_name = |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = 300px |map_caption =Commune of Bugabira in Burundi |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = 150px |map_caption1 = |pushpin_map = Burundi |pushpin_relief = yes |pushpin_label_position = |coordinates = {{coord|-2.436|30.0351|display=it}} |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{flag|Burundi}} |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = Kirundo Province |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |seat_type = |seat = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 =  |leader_name1 = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 235.3 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2008 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 89259 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_mi2 = | timezone =Central Africa Time | utc_offset = +2 |latd=|latm=|lats=|latNS= |longd=|longm=|longs= |longEW= |elevation_footnotes =  |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type =  |postal_code = |area_code = |website = |footnotes = }} The '''commune of Bugabira''' is a commune of Kirundo Province in northern Burundi.{{sfn|Sub-Saharan Africa report FBIS}} The capital is Bugabira.{{fact|date=June 2024}} There are health centers at Muyange and Ruhehe.{{sfn|EDF—electrification}}

==Location== The Commune of Bugabira is bordered by Rwanda to the northwest and northeast, by the Commune of Ntega to the southeast and by the Commune of Kirundo to the southwest.{{sfn|Ndayizamba|2021|p=2}} It has an area of {{convert|235|km2}}.{{sfn|Landry Rukundo|2020}} It had a population of 628,256 as of the 2008 census.{{sfn|BURUNDI: Administrative Division}}

==Environment== Elevations in the commune range are from {{convert|1000|to|1500|m}} above sea level. Ferralitic lithosols in the area are acidic, partly weathered and general low in fertility. The lower valleys have organosols with higher fertility.{{sfn|Risper Nyairo|Takashi Machimura|Takanori Matsui|2020|p=3}} The Köppen climate classification is Aw: Tropical savanna, wet.{{sfn|Bugabira... Mindat}} Mean annual temperature is {{convert|20.5|C}}. There is sparse forest cover.{{sfn|Risper Nyairo|Takashi Machimura|Takanori Matsui|2020|p=3}} Between 2001 and 2023 Bugabira commune lost {{convert|29|ha}} of tree cover, 1.7% of the tree cover that was present in 2000.<ref name=BugabiraGlobalForest/>

Rainfall of {{convert|800|to|1200|mm}} per year is irregular and has been diminishing, causing shallow water sources to dry up and agricultural production output to fall.{{sfn|Risper Nyairo|Takashi Machimura|Takanori Matsui|2020|p=3}} Bugabira is surrounded by Lake Gacamirinda, Kanyaru River and Lake Cohoha. However, there is poor access to drinking water.{{sfn|Landry Rukundo|2020}} Other lakes include Lake Narungazi and Lake Gitamo.

Lake Gacamirindi covers an area of {{convert|250|ha}}, and is set between hills with fairly steep slopes.{{sfn|Décret n°100-114}} It is surrounded by the densely populated ''collines'' of Kiri and Nyakarama.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=40}} In the past the lake merged into a marshy area beside the Akanyaru River.{{sfn|Décret n°100-114}} Now banana and sorghum are cultivated both upstream and downstream of the lake.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=43}} Lake Gacamirindi would normally be fed by the waters of the Akanyaru river, but as of 2011 was separated from this river by farmland and had become a small pond of a few hectares.{{sfn|Décret n°100-114}} ''Typha domingensis'' forms a very narrow belt around this pond, separating the crops and the water.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=13}}

Lake Gitamo empties into a marshy corridor that leads from Lake Rwihinda and Lake Narungazi to the Akanyaru River. It is south of Lake Gacamirindi, which also drains to the Akanyaru River. Ruhehe is to the north-northwest.{{sfn|Way: Lac Gitamo}} Lake Gitamo covers {{convert|21|ha}}.{{sfn|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar|p=4}}

==Population==

Bugabira commune is divided into the ''collines'' of Kiri, Kiyonza, Gaturanda, Rubuga, Kigina, Nyakarama, Nyamabuye, Nyabikenke, Rugasa, Gitwe and Kigoma.{{sfn|Burundi/ Kirundo/Bugabira GADM}} The 2008 census reported a population of 89,259, mostly employed in agriculture.{{sfn|Landry Rukundo|2020}} Cash crops are over 70% wheat and about 20% teff, with crops such as finger millet, peanut and sweet potato making up the rest. Farm livestock include about 60% goats, 25% cattle, under 10% hens and small percentages of horses, pigs and donkeys.{{sfn|Risper Nyairo|Takashi Machimura|Takanori Matsui|2020|p=10}}

In 2019 a study of 1286 children in Kabore, Bugabira and Gisuna with average age of 4.8 years measured International Development and Early Learning Assessment (IDELA) scores. Total scores were 30%, with motor scores highest and emergent literacy scores lowest.<ref name=KaboreIdela/> In 2012 the Global Water Partnership Eastern Africa gathered data related to drought in Rubuga, Kigina, and Gaturanda in Bugabira commune.<ref name=GlobalWater2012/> In 2021 and again in 2022 dozens of collines in the Bugabira, Busoni, Kirundo and Ntega communes of Kirundo experienced a shortage of rain during the period when the bean, corn and sorghum crops were flowering and ripening, affecting over 200,000 people. Many men left the affected areas in search of work, leaving the elderly, disabled, women and children behind.{{sfn|UN Humanitarian|2022}}

A March 2021 report on the environmental and social impact of a project to develop schools in Ruhehe and other locations noted that a rainwater collection system would be needed at Ruhehe because it is unusual to have a public drinking water supply in the region, and even if available the network would not supply water.{{sfn|Ndayizamba|2021|p=xvi}} The site of the school is {{convert|2|km}} from the capital of Bugabira commune, and is owned by the commune. It would include six classrooms, an administrative block, two blocks of drainable latrines and rainwater sanitation works.{{sfn|Ndayizamba|2021|p=2}} In 2023 Bugabira municipality issued a call for tenders for extension of the Gaturanda health center.[https://www.esoko.bi/akazi/job/travaux-d-extension-du-centre-de-sante-gaturanda-bloc-maternite-hebergement-et-decheterie/].

In August 2014 six houses were burned in Bugabira commune, including five in Gaturanda and one in Kigoma.{{sfn|Bigirimana|Bukeyeneza|2014}} In April 2016 Gaston Sindimwo, Vice-President of Burundi, visited Gaturanda, which lies on the border with Rwanda, to ask the people not to stir up problems over refugees.[https://www.radiyoyacuvoa.com/a/burundi-rwanda-gaston-bujumbura-kigali-/3299815.html]

==References== {{Reflist |refs= <ref name=BugabiraGlobalForest>{{citation |url=https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/BDI/10/1/ |accessdate=2024-06-08 |title=Bugabira, Kirundo, Burundi |publisher=Global Forest Watch}}</ref> <ref name=GlobalWater2012>{{citation |url=https://www.gwp.org/en/GWP-Eastern-Africa/ABOUT-GWPEA/press-room/News/WACDEP-Rwanda-Burundi-Team-of-Experts-Team-Discuss-Water-issues/ |publisher=Global Water Partnership Eastern Africa |date=20 December 2012 |title=WACDEP: Rwanda-Burundi Team of Experts Team Discuss Water issues}}</ref> <ref name=KaboreIdela>{{citation |url=https://idela-network.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Kabore-Bugabira-and-Gisuru-Burundi.-Food-for-the-Hungry-2018.pdf |accessdate=2024-06-08 |title=Kabore, Bugabira and Gisuru, Burundi. Food for the Hungry (2018) |publisher=IDELA Network}}</ref> }}

==Sources== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/kirundo-incendies-criminels-a-bugabira/ |accessdate=2024-06-08 |work=IWACU |title=Kirundo : incendies criminels à Bugabira |date= 25 August 2014 |last1=Bigirimana |first1=Christian |first2=Armel-Gilbert |last2=Bukeyeneza}} *{{citation |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-432389.html |accessdate=2024-06-08 |ref={{harvid|Bugabira... Mindat}} |title=Bugabira, Kirundo Province, Burundi |work=Mindat}} *{{citation |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/burundi/admin/ |accessdate=2024-06-10 |title=BURUNDI: Administrative Division |work=City Population |ref={{harvid|BURUNDI: Administrative Division}} }} *{{citation |url=https://gadm.org/maps/BDI/kirundo/bugabira_3.html |accessdate=2024-06-08 |work=GADM |ref={{harvid|Burundi/ Kirundo/Bugabira GADM}} |title=Burundi / Kirundo / Bugabira}} *{{citation |url=https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC143164/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |ref={{harvid|Décret n°100-114}} |title=Décret n°100-114 du 12 avril 2011 portant délimitation du paysage aquatique protégé du nord. |date=12 April 2011}} *{{citation |url=https://www.mercell.com/nb-no/anbud/34431201/edf--electrification-of-25-health-centres-in-the-provinces-of-kirundo-muyinga-cankuzo-ruyigi-and-rutana-in-burundi-anbud.aspx |accessdate=2024-06-08 |title=EDF—electrification of 25 health centres in the provinces of Kirundo, Muyinga, Cankuzo, Ruyigi and Rutana in Burundi 'publisher=Mercell Norge AS |ref={{harvid|EDF—electrification}} }} *{{citation |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BI2149RIS.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |ref={{harvid|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar}} |title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR) |language=fr |date=14 March 2013}} *{{citation |url=https://www.yaga-burundi.com/thepoliticianwewant-bugabira/ |accessdate=2024-06-08 |work=Yaga |title=ThePoliticianWeWant: Bugabira, between a rock and a hard place |author=Landry Rukundo |date=28 February 2020}} *{{citation |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099246402222227925/pdf/P1550600c1d0a40a10b4b607b8af4c9c3b1.pdf |accessdate=2024-06-08 |language=fr |last=Ndayizamba |first=Prudence |date=March 2021 |title=Etude D'impact Environnemental Et Social Pour Les Travaux De Construction Des Infrastructures Scolaires Du Lycee Communal Cankuzo (Commune Cankuzo), De L'ecole Primaire Masama (Commune Nyamurenza), Ecole Fondamentale Carubambo, Ecole Technique Nyamurenza (Commune Nyamurenza), Ecofo Ruhehe (Commune Bugabira). }} *{{citation |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2020-12/paysage-aquatique-nord-bi.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |language=fr |title=Paysage Aquatique Protege du Nord du Burundi – Etude D'identification |last1=Nzigidahera |first1=Benoît |last2=Fofo |first2=Alphonse |last3=Misigaro |first3=Apollinaire |date=August 2005}} *{{citation |journal=Sustainability |title=A Combined Analysis of Sociological and FarmbManagement Factors Affecting Household Livelihood Vulnerability to Climate Change in Rural Burundi |author1=Risper Nyairo |author2=Takashi Machimura |author3=Takanori Matsui |date=24 May 2020 |volume=12 |issue=10 |page=4296 |doi=10.3390/su12104296|doi-access=free }} *{{cite book|author=United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service |ref={{harvid|Sub-Saharan Africa report FBIS}} |title=Sub-Saharan Africa report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBZBAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=20 April 2012|year=1982|publisher=Foreign Broadcast Information Service}} *{{citation |url=https://unocha.exposure.co/burundi-200000-people-affected-by-lack-of-rain-need-assistance |accessdate=2024-06-08 |author=UN Humanitarian |publisher=OCHA |date=23 February 2022 |title=Burundi: 200,000 people affected by lack of rain need assistance }} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/125766573#map=15/-2.5044/30.0134 |accessdate=2024-06-11 |title=Way: Lac Gitamo (125766573) |ref={{harvid|Way: Lac Gitamo}} |work=OpenStreetMap}} {{refend}}

Bugabira