{{Short description|Species of amphibian}} {{more footnotes needed|date=August 2011}} {{Clear}} {{Speciesbox | name = Columbia spotted frog<br />''Rana luteiventris'' | image = Rana Luteiventris.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. |year=2022 |title=''Rana luteiventris'' |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T58649A196336248 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T58649A196336248.en |language=en |access-date=4 April 2026}}</ref> | taxon = Rana luteiventris | authority = Thompson, 1913 | synonyms = ''Rana pretiosa luteiventris'' <small>Thompson, 1913</small> }}
The '''Columbia spotted frog''' ('''''Rana luteiventris''''') is a North American species of frog.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Ranidae/Rana/Rana-luteiventris |title=''Rana luteiventris'' Thompson, 1913 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2014 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference|version= 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=31 January 2015}}</ref> It is green to brown in color with spots on the dorsal surface. The belly and upper lip are white in color. Individuals can be distinguished from other ''Rana'' species by their shorter back legs, narrow snout, and upturned eyes. Since they spend most of their time in the water, they also have more webbing in their hind feet than similar species. Although not threatened, this animal has been studied as a model species for the effects of habitat fragmentation.
==Description== The Columbia spotted frog is a medium-sized frog reaching lengths of up to {{cvt|3.5|in|mm|0}}. Its color ranges from a dark, olive green to light brown with irregularly shaped black spots on its back and legs (rendering its name). Its skin texture, like the rest of the genus, varies from a rough to a smooth texture, with small folds of skin along the back. This frog exhibits a unique feature regarding its color. A light-colored strip runs along the upper lip, and the ventral sides of the frog are usually colored either pink or yellow, but only in the adult form.
thumb|left|Columbia spotted frog
This frog is well known by a few of its physical characteristics, as well. It has a long, narrow out and upturned eyes. The spotted frog is known as a very aquatic amphibian; the webbing on its feet extends all the way to the end of its longest toe. When comparing this frog to others of the same size, such as the northern leopard frog, it tends to have shorter hind legs.
The tadpoles are brownish-green in color, which runs dorsally along the tadpole. Gold spots are also intermittent throughout this coloring. The tadpoles have upturned, inset eyes. They usually reach around {{convert|3.1|in|mm|0}} in length before maturing to adults.
==Habitat== thumb|Example of marsh-like habitat
===Geographical location=== The Columbia spotted frog is widespread throughout western North America, from Alaska and parts of British Columbia to Washington, Idaho, and parts of Wyoming, Nevada, and Utah.
===Habitat=== The Columbia spotted frog, like most other frogs, is fairly aquatic. Their habitats are found generally near permanent bodies of water, which can include lakes, ponds, slow-moving streams, and marshes. These frogs were found to need specific habitat characteristics within these broader habitat characteristics. Adult spotted frogs inhabit mostly seasonally flooded sites, where the water source is constant, but at certain times of the year, increases exponentially in both the amount and level of water available.
===Vegetation needs=== These frogs are a constant victim to predation, so they require an abundant source of low-growing or emergent vegetation as shelter.
==Conservation== In areas such as the Silver Valley in Northern Idaho, some spotted frog habitats have been destroyed by toxicants such as smelter byproducts. When ecosystems are contaminated with mixtures of heavy metals such as lead, zinc, cadmium, mercury, silver, and copper, this can disrupt the ability of Columbia spotted frogs to reproduce.<ref name="lefcort">{{cite journal |last1=Lefcort |first1=H. |last2=Meguire |first2=R. A. |last3=Wilson |first3=L. H. |last4=Ettinger |first4=W. F. |title=Heavy Metals Alter the Survival, Growth, Metamorphosis, and Antipredatory Behavior of Columbia Spotted Frog (''Rana luteiventris'') Tadpoles |journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |date=October 1998 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=447–456 |doi=10.1007/s002449900401 |pmid=9732476 |bibcode=1998ArECT..35..447L |s2cid=23620695 }}</ref> Frogs raised in outdoor mini-ecosystems with Silver Valley soil (which contains mixtures of different metals) also showed altered predator-avoidance behaviors, decreased learning and adaptation abilities, and slower fright responses towards predator cues compared to frogs raised in mini-ecosystems with single metals.<ref name="lefcort" /> An additional effect of these metal mixtures was delayed metamorphosis.<ref name="lefcort" /> Another substance that can negatively affect Columbia spotted frogs is the piscicide rotenone, which is used to remove non-native fish species.<ref name="xue">{{cite book |doi=10.1016/bs.mie.2014.11.015 |pmid=25725522 |chapter=Neuroprotective Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide in Parkinson's Disease Animal Models |title=Hydrogen Sulfide in Redox Biology, Part A |series=Methods in Enzymology |date=2015 |last1=Xue |first1=Xue |last2=Bian |first2=Jin-Song |volume=554 |pages=169–186 |isbn=978-0-12-801512-4 }}</ref> A recent study revealed that rotenone had deadly effects on Columbia spotted frog tadpoles that had not developed into lung-breathing stages.<ref name="billman">{{cite journal |last1=Billman |first1=Hilary G. |last2=Kruse |first2=Carter G. |last3=St-Hilaire |first3=Sophie |last4=Koel |first4=Todd M. |last5=Arnold |first5=Jeffrey L. |last6=Peterson |first6=Charles R. |title=Effects of Rotenone on Columbia Spotted Frogs ''Rana luteiventris'' during Field Applications in Lentic Habitats of Southwestern Montana |journal=North American Journal of Fisheries Management |date=August 2012 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=781–789 |doi=10.1080/02755947.2012.692349 |bibcode=2012NAJFM..32..781B }}</ref> There was a 100% mortality rate in tadpoles exposed to rotenone compared to almost no effects of the chemical on adult frogs. The lungs of adult frogs and juveniles allow them to survive rotenone in their environment.
==Reproduction==
The Columbia spotted frog reproduces similarly to other amphibians, but with a few unique details added. Reproduction takes place in areas where emergent vegetation is present. Two of the preferred types of vegetation for reproduction are reed canary grasses and cattails. The spotted frog reproduces in the same body of water in which it lives.
Males present a chorus to the females to try to attract a mate. This song ranges from a series of clicks to long, glottal sounds. This frog has an unusual characteristic of its reproduction. The male frog arrives at the breeding grounds before the female becomes reproductively active and establishes an oviposition site.
thumb|left|Columbia spotted frog egg mass (free-floating in a pond)
===Female=== Once the oviposition site is created, the female then begins to lay her eggs in shallow water, and the male fertilizes the eggs. The egg masses, fairly large in size, range up to 1300 eggs. The egg masses, once laid, absorb water and become the size of a softball. These eggs are not attached to any type of vegetation, but are left free-floating in a permanent water source. Soon after, the eggs hatch into tadpoles.
===Breeding times=== The Columbia spotted frog's breeding schedule depends heavily on geographical location and elevation. In British Columbia, the frog will breed during February at sea level. In areas around Utah, the frog will breed around mid-March at an elevation of about {{cvt|1395|m|-1}}. At areas of Wyoming, the frog will reproduce from May through June at elevations around {{cvt|2377|m|-1}}. The female will breed yearly at lower elevations and about every two to three years at higher elevations.
==Diet== This frog is opportunistic at best. It will eat a variety of insects, including grasshoppers, ants, wasps, beetles, and moths. These insects comprise more than 50% of the frog's diet. This frog will also eat seemingly unusual animals, such as crustaceans, mollusks, arthropods, and arachnids.
In addition to being an insectivore, the Columbia spotted frog will eat algae, organic debris, a variety of plants, and other smaller, water-dwelling organisms.
==Predation== Adults and tadpoles are commonly eaten by garter snakes. Tadpoles and metamorphosing young may be preyed on by common carp, cutthroat trout, rainbow trout, brook trout, diving beetles, water bugs, and tiger salamanders. Adults may be prey for herons, coyotes, common ravens, Brewer’s blackbirds, American kestrels, sandhill cranes, North American river otters, belted kingfishers, weasels, Clark’s nutcrackers, American badgers, and robins.<ref>{{cite web|title=''Rana luteiventris'' (Columbia Spotted Frog)|website= Animal Diversity Web|url= https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rana_luteiventris/}}</ref>
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite web|author=Cossel Jr., John |year=1997 |url=http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/bio/amph/anurans/ralu/ralufra.htm |title=''Rana luteiventris''|publisher= Idaho Museum of Natural History|access-date= March 10, 2006}} * {{cite journal |last1=Hillis |first1=David M. |last2=Wilcox |first2=Thomas P. |title=Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (Rana) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=February 2005 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=299–314 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.007 |pmid=15619443 |bibcode=2005MolPE..34..299H }} * {{cite journal |last1=Hillis |first1=David M. |title=Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=February 2007 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=331–338 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.001 |pmid=16997582 |bibcode=2007MolPE..42..331H }} * {{cite journal |last1=Munger |first1=James C. |last2=Gerber |first2=Mark |last3=Madrid |first3=Katy |last4=Carroll |first4=Martha-Ann |last5=Petersen |first5=Wade |last6=Heberger |first6=Lisa |title=U.S. National Wetland Inventory Classif ications as Predictors of the Occurrence of Columbia Spotted Frogs (''Rana luteiventris'') and Pacific Treefrogs (''Hyla regilla'') |journal=Conservation Biology |date=26 April 1998 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=320–330 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.97012.x |jstor=2387502 |bibcode=1998ConBi..12..320M }} * {{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Abbey B |last2=Verrell |first2=Paul A |title=Demography and reproductive ecology of the Columbia spotted frog (''Rana luteiventris'') across the Palouse |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |date=May 2005 |volume=83 |issue=5 |pages=702–711 |doi=10.1139/z05-061 |bibcode=2005CaJZ...83..702D }} * {{cite journal |last1=Reaser |first1=Jamie K |title=Demographic analysis of the Columbia spotted frog (''Rana luteiventris''): case study in spatiotemporal variation |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |date=July 2000 |volume=78 |issue=7 |pages=1158–1167 |doi=10.1139/z00-043 |bibcode=2000CaJZ...78.1158R }} * {{cite web|author= Cossel, John|author2= Groves, Charles Peterson|author3= Ean Harker|author4= Stephen Burton|author5= Mike Legler|url=http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/bio/amph/anurans/ralu/ralufra.htm |title=''Rana luteiventris''|year= 2000|access-date= 21 Apr 2009}} {{Refend}}
==External links== {{Commons category|Rana luteiventris}} {{Wikispecies|Rana luteiventris}} * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?stat=BROWSE&query_src=photos_fauna_sci-Amphibian&where-lifeform=Amphibian&where-taxon=Rana+luteiventris&title_tag=Rana+luteiventris ''Rana luteiventris''] at CalPhotos * [http://www.dfw.state.or.us/ Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife] Information and Conservation * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070302121023/http://gf.state.wy.us/ Wyoming Game and Fish] Information and Conservation * [http://wildlife.utah.gov/index.php Utah Division of Wildlife Resources] Information and Conservation * [http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/fw/ Fish and Wildlife Branch- British Columbia] Information and Conservation * [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo36874 Population Estimates for the Toiyabe Population of the Columbia Spotted Frog (Rana luteiventris), 2004-10] United States Geological Survey * [https://collections.lib.utah.edu/search?q=Rana+luteiventris Columbia Spotted Frog recordings]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3007588}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Rana (genus) Category:Amphibians of Canada Category:Amphibians of the United States Category:Fauna of the Great Basin Category:Amphibians described in 1913