{{Short description|Genus of lice}} {{automatic taxobox |image=Colpocephalum scopinum NHMUK010653999 (cropped).jpg |image_caption=''C. scopinum'' (2 ♂; 4 ♀) |image2=Colpocephalum fregili NHMUK010655422 (cropped rotated).jpg |image2_caption=''C. fregili'' (♀; ♂) |taxon=Colpocephalum |authority = Nitzsch, 1818<ref name="Nitzsch, 1818" /> |type_species=''Colpocephalum zebra''<ref name="Hemming, 1955" /> |type_species_authority=Burmeister, 1838<ref name="Burmeister, 1838"/> |synonyms= * ''Ferrisia'' {{small|Uchida, 1926<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Uchida |first1=Seinosuke |title=Studies on Amblycerous Mallophaga of Japan |journal=Journal of the College of Agriculture |date=1926 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=1–56 |location=Tokyo |url=https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0298.pdf}}</ref> (not Fullaway, 1923)}} * ''Neocolpocephalum'' {{small|Ewing, 1933<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ewing |first1=Henry E. |title=''Neocolpocephalum'', a new name for the Mallophagan genus ''Ferrisia'' Uchida |journal=Journal of Parasitology |date=1933 |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=65–66 |url=https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/39721.pdf |department=Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington |jstor=3272183}}</ref>}} * ''Corvocolpocephalum'' {{small|Conci, 1942<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Conci |first1=Cesare |title=Quattro nuovi generi ed una nuova sottofamiglia di Menoponidae dei Passeracei (Mallophaga) |journal=Bollettino della Societá Entomologica Italiana |date=1942 |volume=74 |issue=2–3 |pages=30–32 |url=https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/4356.pdf}}</ref>}} * ''Liothella'' {{small|Eichler, 1947}} * ''Pelecanigogus'' {{small|Eichler, 1949}} * ''Galliferrisia'' {{small|Ansari, 1951}}
{{collapsible list|bullets = true |title=<small>And 19 more:<ref name="phthiraptera.info" /> </small> |''Allocolpocephalum'' {{small|Qadri, 1939}} |''Aquiligogus'' {{small|Eichler & Zlotorzycka, 1971}} |''Blagoveshtshenskyella'' {{small|Eichler, 1982}} |''Cariamigogus'' {{small|Eichler, 1952}} |''Dimorphiventer'' {{small|Eichler, 1944}} |''Falcocephalum'' {{small|Tendeiro, 1989}} |''Galligogus'' {{small|Eichler, 1947}} |''Gypsigogus'' {{small|Eichler & Zlotorzycka, 1963}} |''Lanicephalum'' {{small|Zlotorzycka, 1964}} |''Megacolpocephalum'' {{small|Mey, 1999}} |''Picusphilus'' {{small|Ansari, 1951}} |''Pricebeeria'' {{small|Eichler & Zlotorzycka, 1971}} |''Pseudocolpocephalum'' {{small|Qadri, 1936}} |''Ratitiphagus'' {{small|Eichler, 1949}} |''Scalarisoma'' {{small|Kéler, 1939}} |''Scopigogus'' {{small|Eichler, 1952}} |''Talegalligogus'' {{small|Mey, 1982}} |''Tendeiroella'' {{small|Eichler, 1982}} |''Vulturigogus'' {{small|Eichler & Zlotorzycka, 1963}}}} |synonyms_ref=<ref name="Palma et al., 2013" />{{rp|16}} }}
'''''Colpocephalum''''' is a genus of chewing louse.<ref name="phthiraptera.info" /> Christian Ludwig Nitzsch named the genus in 1818. The Plenary Powers of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature selected ''Colpocephalum zebra'' {{small|Burmeister, 1838}} as its type species in the 1950s. There are approximately 135 species in this genus, and they are ectoparasites of birds in at least a dozen different orders.
==Taxonomic history and the type species== thumb|upright=.67|Redi's 1671 plate. Nitzsch gave the name ''L.'' (''C.'') ''ochraceum'' to the species illustrated on the top. ''Colpocephalum'' was circumscribed by Christian Ludwig Nitzsch in 1818. Nitzsch classified this taxon as a subgenus of the genus ''Liotheum''. He included four species, which in his taxonomy were called ''L.'' (''C.'') ''zebra'', ''L.'' (''C.'') ''flavescens'', ''L.'' (''C.'') ''subaequale'', and ''L.'' (''C.'') ''ochraceum''.<ref name="Nitzsch, 1818" /> The first three species were ''nomina nuda''; only the last was accompanied with an indication to a previously published illustration, namely a 17th-century illustration by Francesco Redi.<ref name="Redi, 1668"/><ref name="Redi, 1671"/> He wrote the indication as "Pulex avis pluvialis Redi exp. fig. sup."<ref name="Nitzsch, 1818" /> In order to keep this name valid, Theresa Clay and George Henry Evans Hopkins restricted Carl Linnaeus's 1758 name ''Pediculus charadrii'' to only the bottom figure of Redi's plate.<ref name="Clay et al., 1950" /><ref name="Clay et al., 1960" /> Strictly applying the ICZN Code, the type species should have been ''Liotheum'' (''Colpocephalum'') ''ochraceum'', as it was the only available name included in the original circumscription.<ref name="Hemming, 1955"/>{{rp|278}}
However, in 1906, Louis Georges Neumann designated "''Liotheum'' (''Colpocephalum'') ''zebra'' {{small|Nitzsch}}" as the type species for this taxon instead.<ref name="Neumann, 1906" /> Other phthirapterists followed Neumann's designation. In 1948, Hopkins petitioned the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) to officially allow this species to remain the genus's type species instead of "''Liotheum'' (''Colpocephalum'') ''ochraceum''; this was published in 1951.<ref name="Hopkins, 1951" /><ref name="Hemming, 1955"/>{{rp|275, 279}} Hopkins also notes that ''L.'' (''C.'') ''ochraceum'' is congeneric with ''Colpocephalum uniseriatum'' {{small|Piaget, 1880}}, the type species of ''Actornithophilus'', which would further complicate the situation.<ref name="Hemming, 1955"/>{{rp|278–279}} As the species ''C. zebra'' only became valid with Hermann Burmeister's species description of ''Colpocephalum zebra'' in 1838,<ref name="Burmeister, 1838"/><ref name="Hemming, 1955"/>{{rp|276}} he requested that the Plenary Powers of the ICZN designate ''Colpocephalum zebra'' {{small|Burmeister, 1838}} as the type species of ''Colpocephalum'' in order to "avoid disastrous confusion."<ref name="Hemming, 1955"/>{{rp|279}}
Prior to petitioning the ICZN, Hopkins asked other experts in Mallophaga for their opinion on this matter. He received support from W. Büttiker, T. Clay, W. Eichler, {{ill|Kary Cadmus Emerson|qid=Q22107525|lt=K. C. Emerson}}, {{ill|Lindolpho R. Guimarães|qid=Q21387532|lt=L. R. Guimarães}}, W. J. Jellison, S. v. Kéler, R. Meinertzhagen, E. O'Mahony, G. B. Thompson and F. L. Werneck; he received opposition from J. Bequaert and J. E. Webb, who both opposed the use of Plenary Powers in general.<ref name="Hopkins, 1951" />{{rp|59}} Later support came from Ernst Mayr.<ref name="Mayr, 1951" /><ref name="Hemming, 1955"/>{{rp|285}} In 1952, the ICZN voted 17 to 0 in favor of Hopkins's proposal. The members of the commission who voted affirmatively were, in the order their ballots were received, N. D. Riley, E. M. Hering, W. T. Calman, J. R. Dymond, {{ill|Hankó Béla|hu|lt=B. Hankó}}, P. B. Bonnet, H. E. Vokes, A. do Amaral, J. Pearson, J. C. Bradley, F. Hemming, T. Esaki, H. Lemche, R. Mertens, Á. Cabrera, N. R. Stoll, and H. Boschma. A ballot was not received from T. Jaczewski, the remaining member of the commission.<ref name="Hemming, 1955"/>{{rp|286}} The decision was published as part of Opinion 342 in 1955.<ref name="Hemming, 1955"/>
==Biology== Species in this genus parasitize birds of at least 13 orders, including: {{div col|colwidth=15em}} * Accipitriformes<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Girisgin|first1=Ahmet Onur|last2=Dik|first2=Bilal|last3=Girisgin|first3=Oya|title=Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) species of wild birds in northwestern Turkey with a new host record|journal=International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife|date=2013|volume=2|pages=217–221|doi=10.1016/j.ijppaw.2013.07.001|pmid=24533339|pmc=3862523|bibcode=2013IJPPW...2..217G }}</ref> * Ciconiiformes (storks)<ref name="Price et al., 1965" /> * Columbiformes (pigeons)<ref name="Naz et al., 2012" /> * Cuculiformes (cuckoos)<ref name="Price, 1968b" /> * Falconiformes (falcons)<ref name="Price et al., 1963b"/> * Galliformes (gamefowl)<ref name="Price et al., 1964" /> * Gruiformes<ref name="Price, 1968" /> * Passeriformes (passerines)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Halajian|first1=A.|last2=Sychra|first2=O.|last3=Luus-Powell|first3=W.|last4=Engelbrecht|first4=D.|last5=Papousek|first5=I.|title=An Annotated Checklist of Amblyceran Chewing Lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera) from Wild Passerine Birds (Passeriformes) in South Africa|journal=African Entomology|date=2014|volume=22|issue=4|pages=762–778|doi=10.4001/003.022.0414|s2cid=76649556 |url=https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/68852.pdf}}</ref> * Pelecaniformes (pelicans)<ref name="Price, 1967" /> * Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos)<ref name="Price et al., 1974" /> * Piciformes (woodpeckers)<ref name="Price, 1964"/> * Psittaciformes (parrots)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Price|first1=Roger D.|title=A New Species of Colpocephalum (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) from the Kea|journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society|date=1967|volume=40|issue=1|pages=9–12|jstor=25083591|url=https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/1001.pdf}}</ref> * Strigiformes (owls)<ref name="Price et al., 1963a" /> {{div col end}}
{{external media|float=left |video1=[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1111%2Fj.1365-294X.2007.03512.x&file=MEC_3512_sm_mat+video+clip.mov Video] {{small|(.mov; 9.5 MB; 31 sec)}} of "highly mobile" ''C. turbinatum'' on a Galápagos hawk wing<ref name="Whiteman et al., 2007" />}}
''Colpocephalum'' species are examples of "rapid running l[ice]".<ref name="Peters, 1928"/> ''C. turbinatum'', an ectoparasite of various birds including the Galápagos hawk,<ref name="Palma et al., 2013" /><ref name="Price et al., 1963b"/>{{rp|754–757}} has been described as "highly mobile".<ref name="Whiteman et al., 2007" /> Due to their speed, they can easily escape a bird trying to remove them through preening; this allows them to inhabit birds' breast, anal, and back regions, where slower lice would be readily removed.<ref name="Peters, 1928"/>
''Colpocephalum'' species eat feathers; pigeons with large infestations of ''C. turbinatum'' can have almost all of their vent region feathers' fluff eaten.<ref name="Nelson et al., 1971" /> High numbers of ''Colpocephalum'' can also damage a pigeon's flight feathers and decrease their flying power.<ref name="Naz et al., 2010" /> ''Colpocephalum'' lice can live within flight feathers' quills.<ref name="Durden et al., 2009" /><ref name="Naz et al., 2010" /> In addition to eating feathers, ''C. turbinatum'' consume their hosts' skin.<ref name="Parker et al., 2006"/> Adults of this species have also been reported to engage in cannibalism in laboratory colonies, eating their own eggs and up to 80% of their nymphs.<ref name="Nelson, 1971" />
==Species== The genus has approximately 135 species, including:<ref name="phthiraptera.info" /> {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''Colpocephalum cooki'' {{small|Price & Beer, 1965}} * ''Colpocephalum falconii'' {{small|Carriker, 1963}} * ''Colpocephalum fregili'' {{small|Denny, 1842}} * ''Colpocephalum pectinatum'' {{small|Osborn, 1902}} * ''Colpocephalum scopinum'' {{small|Mjöberg, 1910}} * ''Colpocephalum subzerafae'' {{small|Tendeiro, 1988}} * ''Colpocephalum turbinatum'' {{small|Denny, 1842}} * ''Colpocephalum zebra'' {{small|Burmeister, 1838}} * ''Colpocephalum zerafae'' {{small|Ansari, 1955}} *†''Colpocephalum californici'' {{small|Price & Beer, 1963}} - extinct {{div col end}}
==References== {{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Parker et al., 2006">{{cite journal|last1=Parker|first1=Patricia G.|last2=Whiteman|first2=Noah Kerness|last3=Miller|first3=R. Eric|title=Conservation Medicine on the Galápagos Islands: Partnerships among Behavioral, Population, and Veterinary Scientists|journal=The Auk|date=2006|volume=123|issue=3|pages=625–638|doi=10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[625:CMOTGI]2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free|jstor=4090543 |pmid=32287336 |pmc=7109894}}</ref>
<ref name="Naz et al., 2010">{{cite journal|last1=Naz|first1=S.|last2=Rizvi|first2=S. A.|last3=Sychra|first3=O.|title=The high rate of infestation of chewing lice (Phthiraptera) in Rock Pigeons (''Columba livia'' Gmelin 1789) in Pakistan|journal=Tropical Zoology|date=2010|volume=23|issue=1|pages=21–28|url=http://www.fupress.net/index.php/tropicalzoology/article/view/8658|language=en|issn=1970-9528}}</ref>
<ref name="Nelson, 1971">{{cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=Bernard C.|title=Successful Rearing of Colpocephalum turbinatum (Phthiraptera)|journal=Nature New Biology|date=1971|volume=232|issue=34|page=255|doi=10.1038/newbio232255a0|pmid=5286198|department=Letters to Editor|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Nelson et al., 1971">{{cite journal|last1=Nelson|first1=B.C.|last2=Murray|first2=M.D.|title=The distribution of mallophaga on the domestic pigeon (''Columba livia'')|journal=International Journal for Parasitology|date=1971|volume=1|issue=1|pages=27|doi=10.1016/0020-7519(71)90042-7|pmid=5161201 }}</ref>
<ref name="Peters, 1928">{{cite journal|last1=Peters|first1=Harold S.|title=Mallophaga from Ohio Birds|journal=Ohio Journal of Science|date=1928|volume=28|issue=4|page=218|url=https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/43488_0.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Palma et al., 2013">{{Cite book|last1=Palma|first1=Ricardo L.|last2=Peck|first2=Stewart B.|title=An annotated checklist of parasitic lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) from the Galápagos Islands|journal=Zootaxa|date=2013|volume=3627|issue=1|pages=18–19|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3627.1.1|pmid=25325090|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267045993|isbn=978-1-77557-126-1}}</ref>
<ref name="Whiteman et al., 2007">{{cite journal|last1=Whiteman|first1=Noah K.|last2=Kimball|first2=Rebecca T.|last3=Parker|first3=Patricia G.|title=Co-phylogeography and comparative population genetics of the threatened Galápagos hawk and three ectoparasite species: ecology shapes population histories within parasite communities|journal=Molecular Ecology|date=2007|volume=16|issue=22|pages=4773, S1|doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03512.x|pmid=18028178|bibcode=2007MolEc..16.4759W |s2cid=26303088 |url=http://www.noahwhiteman.org/uploads/7/1/3/1/7131048/14_whitemanmolecol2007.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Price, 1968b">{{cite journal|last1=Price|first1=Roger D.|title=The ''Colpocephalum'' of the Cuculiformes|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|date=1968|volume=61|issue=4|pages=816–819|doi=10.1093/aesa/61.4.816}}</ref>
<ref name="Redi, 1668">{{cite book|last1=Redi|first1=Francesco|title=Esperienze intorno alla generaziones degl'insetti |date=1668|publisher=Stella|location=Firenze|at=Tav. 11, left figure.|url=https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_C_VbAAAAcAAJ#page/n257/mode/1up}}</ref>
<ref name="Redi, 1671">{{cite book|last1=Redi|first1=Francisci|title=Experimenta circa generationem insectorvm|date=1671|publisher=Andreae Frisii|location=Amstelodamum|at=Tab. XI, left figure|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36855383}}</ref>
<ref name="Mayr, 1951">{{cite journal|last1=Mayr|first1=Ernst|title=Support for the proposal relating to the generic names ''Lipeurus'', ''Colpocephalum'', ''Gyropus'' and ''Eureum'', all of Nitsch, 1818 (class Insecta, order Mallophaga)|journal=The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature|date=1951|volume=6|issue=7|page=210|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12165264}}</ref>
<ref name="Price et al., 1963a">{{cite journal|last1=Price|first1=Roger D.|last2=Beer|first2=James R.|title=The Species of ''Colpocephalum'' (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) Known to Occur on the Strigiformes|journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society|date=1963|volume=36|issue=1|pages=58–64|jstor=25083305}}</ref>
<ref name="Price et al., 1963b">{{cite journal|last1=Price|first1=Roger D.|last2=Beer|first2=James R.|title=Species of ''Colpocephalum'' (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) Parasitic upon the Falconiformes|journal=The Canadian Entomologist|date=1963|volume=95|issue=7|pages=731–763|doi=10.4039/Ent95731-7|s2cid=85218872 |url=https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0991.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Price et al., 1964">{{cite journal|last1=Price|first1=Roger D.|last2=Beer|first2=James R.|title=Species of ''Colpocephalum'' (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) Parasitic upon the Galliformes|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|date=1964|volume=57|issue=4|pages=391–402|doi=10.1093/aesa/57.4.391|url=https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0785.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Price, 1964">{{cite journal|last1=Price|first1=Roger D.|title=''Colpocephalum'' (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) from the Piciformes|journal=Journal of the New York Entomological Society|date=1964|volume=72|issue=3|pages=162–167|jstor=25005912}}</ref>
<ref name="Price et al., 1965">{{cite journal|last1=Price|first1=Roger D.|last2=Beer|first2=James R.|title=The ''Colpocephalum'' (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) of the Ciconiiformes|journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America|date=1965|volume=58|issue=1|pages=111–131|doi=10.1093/aesa/58.1.111|url=https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0786.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Price, 1967">{{cite journal|last1=Price|first1=Roger D.|title=The ''Colpocephalum'' (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) of the Pelecaniformes|journal=The Canadian Entomologist|date=1967|volume=99|issue=3|pages=273–280|doi=10.4039/Ent99273-3|s2cid=84781020 }}</ref>
<ref name="Price, 1968">{{cite journal|last1=Price|first1=Roger D.|title=Two New Species of ''Colpocephalum'' (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) from the Gruiformes|journal=The Journal of Parasitology|date=1968|volume=54|issue=4|pages=686–689|jstor=3277020|doi=10.2307/3277020}}</ref>
<ref name="Price et al., 1974">{{cite journal|last1=Price|first1=Roger D.|last2=Emerson|first2=K. C.|title=A New Species of ''Colpocephalum'' (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) from an Indian Flamingo|journal=Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society|date=1974|volume=47|issue=1|pages=63–66|jstor=25082622}}</ref>
<ref name="phthiraptera.info">{{cite web|last1=Smith |first1=V.S |last2=Broom |first2=Y. |last3=Dalgleish |first3=R. |title=''Colpocephalum'' {{small|Nitzsch, C.L.}}|url=https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/category/chewing-lice/menoponidae/colpocephalum |website=Phthiraptera.info |accessdate=5 February 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="Hemming, 1955">{{cite journal|editor1-last=Hemming|editor1-first=Francis|title=Opinion 342. Designation, under the Plenary Powers, of type species for the nominal genera ''Lipeurus'' Nitzsch, 1818, ''Colpocephalum'' Nitzsch, 1818, and ''Gyropus'' Nitzsch, 1818 (Class Insecta, Order Mallophaga) in harmony with current nomenclatorial practice|journal=Opinions and Declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature|date=1955|volume=10|issue=9|pages=271–298|doi=10.5962/p.149662 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34609716}}</ref>
<ref name="Hopkins, 1951">{{cite journal|last1=Hopkins|first1=G. H. E.|title=Proposed use of the plenary powers to designate type species for the genera ''Lipeuris'' Nitzsch, 1818, ''Colpocephalium'' Nitzsch, 1818, and ''Gyropus'' Nitzsch, 1818 (class Insecta, order Mallophaga) in harmony with the generally accepted use of those names|journal=The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature|date=1951|volume=6|issue=2|pages=54–60|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12165084|doi=10.5962/bhl.part.15984|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Burmeister, 1838">{{citation |mode=cs1|last1=Burmeister|first1=Hermann|series=Handbuch der Entomologie|date=1838|publisher=Theod. Chr. Friedr. Enslin|location=Berlin|page=438|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25467086|volume=2|issue=2|title=Kaukerfe. Gymnognatha. (Erste Hälfte; vulgo Orthoptera.)}}</ref>
<ref name="Naz et al., 2012">{{cite journal|last1=Naz|first1=Saima|last2=Sychra|first2=Oldrich|last3=Rizvi|first3=Syed Anser|title=New records and a new species of chewing lice (Phthiraptera, Amblycera, Ischnocera) found on Columbidae (Columbiformes) in Pakistan|journal=ZooKeys|date=2012|issue=174|pages=79–93|doi=10.3897/zookeys.174.2717|pmid=22451786|pmc=3307356|bibcode=2012ZooK..174...79N |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Nitzsch, 1818">{{cite journal|last1=Nitzsch|first1=Chr. L.|title=Die Familien und Gattungen der Thierinsekten (insecta epizoica); als Prodromus einer Naturgeschichte derselben|journal=Magazin der Entomologie|date=1818|volume=3|pages=298–299|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25414398}}</ref>
<ref name="Neumann, 1906">{{cite journal|last1=Neumann|first1=G.|title=Notes sur les Mallophages|journal=Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France|date=1906|volume=31|page=58|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3047112}}</ref>
<ref name="Clay et al., 1950">{{cite journal|last1=Clay|first1=Theresa|last2=Hopkins|first2=G. H. E.|title=The Early Literature on Mallophaga (Part I, 1758–1762)|journal=Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)|date=1950|volume=1|issue=3|pages=253–255|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2258227|doi=10.5962/bhl.part.27230|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Clay et al., 1960">{{cite journal|last1=Clay|first1=Theresa|last2=Hopkins|first2=G. H. E.|title=The Early Literature on Mallophaga (Part IV, 1789–1818)|journal=Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)|date=1960|volume=9|issue=1|page=45|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2295118|series=Entomology}}</ref>
<ref name="Durden et al., 2009">{{cite book|last1=Durden|first1=Lance A.|last2=Lloyd|first2=John E.|editor1-last=Mullen|editor1-first=Gary R.|editor2-first=Lance A.|editor2-last=Durden|title=Medical and Veterinary Entomology|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-12-372500-4|page=61|edition=2nd|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T8CWvVGwKhoC&pg=PA61|chapter=Lice (Phthiraptera)}}</ref> }}
==Further reading== {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal|last1=Clay|first1=Theresa|title=The Names of Some Mallophagan Genera|journal=The Entomologist|date=1938|volume=71|pages=206–207|url=https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0676.pdf |ref=none}} * {{cite journal|last1=Clay|first1=Theresa|title=A Preliminary Key to the Genera of the Menoponidae (Mallophaga)|journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London|date=1947|volume=117|issue=2–3|pages=457–477|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1947.tb00532.x |ref=none}} * {{cite journal|last1=Hopkins|first1=G. H. E.|title=Notes on Mallophagan Nomenclature. I|journal=The Entomologist|date=1947|volume=80|pages=14–19|url=https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0701.pdf |ref=none}} * {{cite journal|last1=Kéler|first1=S.|title=Zur Nomenklatur einiger Mallophagengenera|journal=Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne|date=1937|volume=14–15|pages=313–323|url=https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/44501.pdf |ref=none}} {{refend}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q13654668}}
Category:Lice Category:Ectoparasites Category:Parasites of birds Category:Taxa named by Christian Ludwig Nitzsch