Colonization is the process of establishing a colony.
Colonization or colonisation may also refer to:
- In the United States, before the Civil War, the philosophy or policy of sending African Americans to Africa, supported by the American Colonization Society and origin of Liberia
- Colonisation (biology), the process in biology by which a species spreads to new areas
- Space colonization, the human migration to other bodies in the Solar System
- Colonization (series), a trilogy of books by Harry Turtledove
- Sid Meier's Colonization, a computer game released by Microprose in 1994
- Civilization IV: Colonization, a 2008 remake of the 1994 game