{{Short description|Mountain pass in Corsica, France}} {{Infobox mountain pass | name = Col de Santo Stefano | other_name = {{native name|co|Bocca di San Stefanu}} | photo = File:Olmeta-di-Tuda mémorial 1er RTM.jpg | photo_size = | photo_alt = | photo_caption = 1st RTM Memorial at Santo Stefano Pass | map = Corsica#France | map_alt = | map_caption = | map_relief = y | map_size = | label = | label_position = | elevation_m = 368 | elevation_ref = {{sfn|Col de Santo Stefano, geoportail}} | traversed = | length = | length_km = 12 | length_mi = | length_ref = | grade_avg = | grade_max = | ascent = [[Saint-Florent, Haute-Corse|Saint-Florent]] (northwest) | traversed2 = | length2 = | length_km2 = 8 | length_mi2 = | length_ref2 = | grade_avg2 = | grade_max2 = | ascent2 = [[Biguglia]], [[Bevinco]] valley (east) | traversed3 = | length3 = | length_km3 = | length_mi3 = | length_ref3 = | grade_avg3 = | grade_max3 = | ascent3 = | location = | range = [[Monte Stello Massif]] / [[Monte Astu Massif]] | coordinates = {{coord|42|36|01|N|9|21|34|E|display=it}} | coordinates_ref = {{sfn|Col de Santo Stefano, geoportail}} | topo = | embedded = | child = }} The '''Col de Santo Stefano'''{{efn|The name is also written as ''Santo Stephano'' or ''San Stafano''}} {{langx|co|'''Bocca di San Stefanu'''}}) is a mountain pass in the [[Haute-Corse]] department of Corsica, France. It is one of the main passes in Corsica, running between the massifs of [[Monte Stello Massif|Monte Stello]] to the north and [[Monte Astu Massif|Monte Astu]] to the south. It provides a route from the [[Saint-Florent, Haute-Corse|Saint-Florent]] region to the northwest and [[Biguglia]] in the eastern coastal plain.
==Location==
The Santo Stefano pass is to the south of the Serra, the medium-sized mountain range of Cap Corse constituting the Monte Stello Massif, which is the watershed line of the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and the [[Tyrrhenian Sea]]. It is in the south of the municipality of [[Olmeta-di-Tuda]], about {{convert|320|m}} (orthodromic distance) from [[Murato, Haute-Corse|Murato]]. Due to its geographical position – it separates the Nebbio from the Marana plain – it is an important military strategic point. As such, it has been the scene of battles at several times.
==Geology and relief== [[File:Olmeta-di-Tuda défilé de Lancone.jpg|thumb|left|D62 road in the defile of Lancone]] The Santo Stefano pass is located in "Schist Corsica" in the northeast of the island, south of the Serra where, as [[Agostino Giustiniani]] writes, "this mountain chain which runs along the length of Cap Corse enters the Nebbio and extends to a rural church called S. Stefano, in the ''pieve'' of Rosolo, one of the three ''pieves'' of the Nebbio".{{sfn|Giustiniani|p=10}}
It separates the Monte Stello Massif from the Monte Astu Massif, and separates the Conca d'Oro or plain of Oletta microregion in the Nebbio from the Lancone microregion through which the Bevinco flows before entering the [[Étang de Biguglia]]. On its western slope, on the Nebbio side, is the stream of Lugo (it takes the name of stream of Campodata downstream).{{sfn|Ruisseau de Campodata, Sandre}} On the eastern side of the pass, is the defile of Lancone in the gorges of which the [[Bevinco]] river flows, skirted on its left bank by the road D62.
==Climate and vegetation== [[File:Olmeta-di-Tuda-Lancone-1.jpg|thumb|left|Bevinco gorges]] Located {{convert|368|m}} above sea level, to the east of the Nebbio basin, it is little affected by the strong westerly winds that sweep the [[Agriates Desert|Agriates]] and the Gulf of Saint-Florent. Unlike the [[Col de Teghime]] further north, it is rarely snowy in winter.
Its plant environment is almost desert. Its rocky slopes are covered with rare vegetation, a low and sparse [[maquis shrubland]]. The thickest groves (chestnut trees and holm oaks) are found when approaching the village of Olmeta-du-Tuda or heading towards Murato.
==Road junction== The Santo Stefano pass is an important crossroads for the micro-region. A roundabout has been created at the junction of the roads: *D62 which connects Casatorra (Biguglia) to the D81 at the entrance to the Agriates desert. It is an old road, solid and cut into the rock but extremely narrow. Sometimes two light vehicles cannot pass. It is advisable to honk at each blind corner. The projecting rocks are marked with white paint (for small trucks and large motor homes). *D82 which connects Saint-Florent to Numero Quattru (Ortale de Biguglia) on National Road 193; it is a recent road (late 1970s), wide enough for large semi-trailers but subject to landslides in periods of heavy storms and weather events in the Cevennes; *D5, which starts from this junction and leads to Ponte Novu (Castello-di-Rostino) on the RN 193, via Murato, Bigorno and Lento. The Col de Boigorno section was still gravel in the 1990s.
==History== [[File:Olmeta-di-Tuda-mémorial RTM.jpg|thumb|1st RTM Memorial at Santo Stefano Pass]] Santo Stefano has always been a strategic military pass, like the other passes in the Nebbio mountain belt. The troops who often landed in the Gulf of Saint-Florent had to take the passes to get to the interior of the island. Among these passes, besides the main Bocca di Tenda and [[Col de Bigorno]], there was Santo Stefano.
In 1735, the Genoese blocked the road to the Nationals who wanted to invest Capo Corso. They occupied Olmeta-di-Tuda, Barbaggio, Ortale and Lucciana, but suffer a heavy defeat at Furiani.
On 9 October 1768 all the available French troops left [[Bastia]] to go to the aid of the [[Borgu]] garrison, while Grandmaison attacked at [[Olmeta]] to create a diversion. The [[Battle of Borgo]] continued throughout the day. That night [[François Claude Chauvelin]] ordered a retreat and M. de Ludre had to capitulate. The French lost hundreds of dead, including two colonels and many officers, and a large number of wounded including [[Charles Louis de Marbeuf]].{{sfn|Monti|1979}}
The most recent battle fought there was that of the skirmishers of the 1st battalion of the 1er R.T.M. on 30 September 1943. The San Stefano pass was defended by about fifty Germans with two 75mm guns. After liberating [[Rutali]] on 29 September, the next day at dawn after a fierce fight the Moroccan skirmishers of Captain Morand reached the pass and captured the eleven surviving S.S. The counter-attack of an enemy battalion was thrown back in the defile of Lancone.{{sfn|Choury|pp=199–200}}
==Notes== {{notes}}
==Citations== {{reflist|25em}}
==Sources== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |chapter-url=http://www.resistance-corse.asso.fr/2019/11/29/le-col-des-goumiers/ |accessdate=2022-01-17 |language=fr |last=Choury |first=Maurice |title=Tous Bandit d'honneur |publisher=Ed. sociales |chapter=Le col des goumiers}} *{{citation |url=https://www.geoportail.gouv.fr/carte?c=9.359407,42.600404&z=5.0E-5&l0=GEOGRAPHICALGRIDSYSTEMS.MAPS::GEOPORTAIL:OGC:WMTS(1)&permalink=yes |title=Col de Santo Stefano |work=geoportail |ref={{harvid|Col de Santo Stefano, geoportail}} |language=fr |accessdate=2022-01-17}} *{{citation |author-link=Agostino Giustiniani |last=Giustiniani |first=Mgr Agostino |chapter=Dialogo nominato Corsica |translator=Lucien Auguste Letteron |title=Histoire de la Corse, Description de la Corse |volume=I}} *{{citation |last=Monti |first=Antoine-Dominique |title=La Grande révolte des Corses contre Gênes 1729 - 1769 |publisher=ADECEC Cervioni |year=1979}} *{{citation |url=http://id.eaufrance.fr/CoursEau_Carthage2017/Y7501340 |accessdate=2022-01-17 |language=fr |title=Ruisseau de Campodata |work=[[Sandre]] |ref={{harvid|Ruisseau de Campodata, Sandre}} }} {{refend}} {{Landforms of Haute-Corse}} {{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Santo Stefano, Col de}} [[Category:Mountain passes of Haute-Corse]]