{{Short description|National ornament}} [[File:Italy cockade.svg|thumb|Cockade of Italy]]
The '''cockade of Italy''' ({{langx|it|Coccarda italiana tricolore}}) is the national [[Cockade|ornament]] of [[Italy]], obtained by folding a green, white and red ribbon into a {{lang|fr|plissé}} using the technique called {{lang|fr|plissage}} (pleating). It is one of the [[national symbols of Italy]] and is composed of the [[National colours of Italy|three colours]] of the [[Italian flag]] with the green in the centre, the white immediately outside and the red on the edge.<ref name="castellalfero"/> The cockade, a revolutionary symbol, was the protagonist of the uprisings that characterized the [[Italian unification]], being pinned on the jacket or on the hats in its tricolour form by many of the patriots of this period of [[history of Italy|Italian history]]. During which, the [[Italian Peninsula]] achieved its own national unity, culminating on 17 March 1861 with the [[proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy]].{{sfn|Barbero|2015|loc=chapt. XVIII}} On 14 June 1848, it replaced the azure cockade on the uniforms of some departments of the [[Royal Sardinian Army]] (becoming the [[Royal Italian Army]] in 1861), while on 1 January 1948, with the [[birth of the Italian Republic]], it took its place as a national ornament.<ref name="coccarda azzurra">{{cite web|url=http://www.siciliapiemonte.com/index.php?id=838|title= Le origini della bandiera italiana|language=it|access-date=14 August 2018}}</ref>
The Italian tricolour cockade appeared for the first time in [[Genoa]] on 21 August 1789,<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 662">{{cite journal |last1=Ferorelli |first1=Nicola |date=1925 |title=La vera origine del tricolore italiano |url=http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |journal=Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento |volume=XII |issue=fasc. III |language=it |pages=662 |access-date=2019-09-25 |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |url-status=dead }}</ref> and with it the colours of the three Italian national colours.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 662"/> Seven years later, the first tricolour military banner was adopted by the [[Lombard Legion]] in [[Milan]] on 11 October 1796,<ref name="difesa">{{cite web|url=http://www.difesa.it/InformazioniDellaDifesa/periodico/IlPeriodico_AnniPrecedenti/Documents/LEsercito_del_primo_Tricolore.pdf|title=L'Esercito del primo Tricolore|access-date=8 March 2017|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309071221/http://www.difesa.it/InformazioniDellaDifesa/periodico/IlPeriodico_AnniPrecedenti/Documents/LEsercito_del_primo_Tricolore.pdf|archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref> and eight years later, the birth of the [[flag of Italy]] had its origins on 7 January 1797, when it became for the first time a national flag of an Italian sovereign State, the [[Cispadane Republic]].<ref name="quirinale-pdf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/simboli/tricolore/tricolore.pdf|title=I simboli della Repubblica|language=it|access-date=7 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006182656/http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/simboli/tricolore/tricolore.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2015}}</ref>
The Italian tricolour cockade is one of the symbols of the [[Italian Air Force]], and is widely used on all Italian state [[aircraft]], not only military.<ref name="vigili-fuoco">{{cite web|url=https://www.latinacorriere.it/2017/04/17/san-felice-escursionista-gaeta-ferito-scende-dal-picco-circe/|title=San Felice, escursionista di Gaeta ferito mentre scende dal Picco di Circe|date=17 April 2017 |access-date=21 August 2018|language=it}}</ref> The cockade is the basis of the parade [[frieze]] of the [[Bersaglieri]], cavalry regiments, [[Carabinieri]] and [[Guardia di Finanza]],<ref name="gdf">{{cite web|url=http://museostorico.gdf.it/i-simboli/storia-del-fregio-della-guardia-di-finanza/i-cento-anni-del-nostro-fregio.pdf|title=I cento anni del nostro fregio|access-date=20 August 2018|language=it|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820141103/http://museostorico.gdf.it/i-simboli/storia-del-fregio-della-guardia-di-finanza/i-cento-anni-del-nostro-fregio.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="fregio">{{cite web|url=https://66radunobersaglieripiave2018.it/il-cappello-piumato/|title=Il cappello piumato|access-date=13 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313235231/http://66radunobersaglieripiave2018.it/il-cappello-piumato/|archive-date=13 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> and a reproduction of it in fabric is sewn on the shirts of the sports teams holding the [[Coppa Italia]] ({{langx|en|Italy Cup}}) that are organized in various [[Sport in Italy|national team sports]].<ref name="sport">{{cite web|url=http://www.passionemaglie.it/2011/01/quando-scudetto-e-coccarda-sono-sulla-stessa-maglia/|title=Quando scudetto e coccarda sono sulla stessa maglia...|date=4 January 2011 |access-date=1 May 2012|language=it}}</ref> It is tradition, for the [[Italian order of precedence|most important offices of the State]], excluding the [[President of Italy|President of the Italian Republic]], to have a tricolour cockade pinned to their jacket during the [[military parade]] of the ''[[Festa della Repubblica]]'', which is celebrated every 2 June.<ref name="festa-repubblica">{{cite web|url=https://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/18_giugno_02/2-giugno-applausi-mattarella-all-altare-patria-32c0175c-6635-11e8-a1d6-396872be4e4c.shtml|title=2 giugno, gli applausi per Mattarella e Conte all'Altare della Patria|date=6 February 2018 |access-date=2 June 2018|language=it}}</ref>
==Colour position== {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Iran cockade.svg | width1 = 170 | alt1 = | caption1 = | image2 = Bulgaria cockade2.svg | width2 = 170 | alt2 = | caption2 = | image3 = Messico cockade.svg | width3 = 170 | alt3 = | caption3 = | footer = From left to right, the national cockades of Iran, Bulgaria and Mexico, all green, white and red tricolours }} The Italian tricolour cockade, by convention, has the green in the centre, the white in an intermediate position and red in the periphery. This custom derives from one of the conceptual characteristics of the cockades, which can be imagined as flags rolled around the flagpole seen from above.{{sfn|Rivista aeronautica|1990|p=115}}
In the case of the Italian tricolour cockade, the green is located in the centre because in the [[flag of Italy]] this colour is the one closest to the flagpole.{{sfn|Rivista aeronautica|1990|p=115}} The tricolour cockades with red and green in the opposite position are those of [[Iran]]<ref name="iran">{{cite web|url=https://www.nuovaresistenza.org/2011/03/renata-polverini-coccarde-tricolori-alla-sua-giunta-ma-i-colori-sono-invertiti%C2%A0-%C2%A0il-messaggero/|title=Renata Polverini: coccarde tricolori alla sua giunta ma i colori sono invertiti – Il Messaggero|date=18 March 2011 |access-date=6 May 2017|language=it}}</ref> and [[Suriname]].<ref name="roundel">{{cite web|url=http://cocardes.monde.online.fr/v2html/en/alphabet.html|title=Roundels of the World|access-date=24 August 2018|language=it}}</ref> Conversely, the national ornament of [[Bulgaria]] and [[Maldives]], starting from the centre, are arranged white, green and red, while that of [[Madagascar]], starting from the centre, is arranged white, red and green.<ref name="roundel"/>
The Hungarian cockade has the same arrangement of colours as the Italian tricolour cockade, having the colour position reversed like the Iranian cockade and the Surinamese one is an [[urban legend]].<ref name="scopribudapest">{{cite web|url=http://scopribudapest.com/festa-nazionale-con-diverse-coccarde/|title=Festa nazionale con diverse coccarde|access-date=7 May 2017|language=it}}</ref> Other cockades identical to the Italian one, even in the arrangement of the colours, are the national ornaments of [[Burundi]], [[Mexico]], [[Lebanon]], [[Seychelles]], [[Algeria]] and [[Turkmenistan]].<ref name="roundel"/>
==History==
===The premises=== {{further|Cockade of France}} [[File:Coccarda FRANCIA.svg|thumb|left|The [[cockade of France]], which originated and spread among the revolts of the [[French Revolution]]]]
The first cockades were introduced in Europe in the 15th century.{{sfn|Adye|1802|p=271}}{{sfn|Troiani|1998|p=99}} The armies of the European states used them to signal the nationality of their soldiers to discern allies from enemies.{{sfn|Adye|1802|p=271}}{{sfn|Troiani|1998|p=99}} These first cockades were inspired by the distinctive coloured bands and ribbons that were used in the [[Late Middle Ages]] by [[Chivalry|knights]], both in war and in [[Tournament (medieval)|tournaments]], which had the same purpose, namely to distinguish the opponent from the fellow soldier.{{sfn|Lucchetti|2014|loc=Chapt. 22}}
The Italian tricolour cockade, which later became a [[revolution]]ary symbol par excellence during the insurrectional uprisings of the 18th and 19th centuries, was often worn by the patriots who participated in the uprisings that marked the [[Italian unification]] that was characterized by those social ferments that led to the [[Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy|political and administrative unity of the Italian Peninsula]] in the 19th century;{{sfn|Barbero|2015|loc=chapt. XVIII}} for this reason it is considered one of the [[national symbols of Italy]].<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 668"/>
The Italian tricolour cockade, as well as all similar ornaments made in the same period in other countries, main characteristic was that of being able to be clearly visible, thus giving way to unequivocally identify the political ideas of the person who wore it, as well as that of being, in case of need, better hideable than, for example, a flag.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/magazine/lingua_italiana/speciali/colori/Ridolfi.html|title=La politica dei colori nell'Italia contemporanea|access-date=5 August 2018|language=it}}</ref> [[File:Rouillard - Camille Desmoulins.jpg|thumb|[[Camille Desmoulins]], who invented the cockade of France, which in turn inspired the birth of the Italian one]]
The Italian tricolour cockade was inspired by the [[Cockade of France|French tricolour cockade]],<ref name="valori">{{cite web|url=http://www.150anni.it/webi/index.php?s=25&wid=988|title=I valori – Il Tricolore |language=it|access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> as well as the [[flag of Italy]] is inspired by the [[Flag of France|French one]], introduced by the [[French Revolution]] in the autumn of 1790 on [[French Navy]] warships.<ref name="quirinale-pdf"/><ref name=elysee>{{cite web|language=fr|url=http://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-drapeau-francais/|title=Le drapeau français – Présidence de la République|access-date=13 February 2013}}</ref><ref name=Cherasco>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/carducci/tricolore_nacque.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115171245/http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/carducci/tricolore_nacque.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=November 15, 2011|title=Otto mesi prima di Reggio il tricolore era già una realtà|access-date=14 January 2016|language=it}}</ref>{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=156}} Other national tricolour European flags were also inspired by the French flag because they were also linked to the ideals of the revolution.<ref name=valori/>
The French tricolour cockade originated during the Revolution and over time became one of the symbols of change.{{sfn|Barbero|2015|loc=chapt. XVIII}} Later, the meaning of change assigned to the French tricolour cockade crossed the [[Alps]] and arrived in Italy together with the use of the cockade and all the values of the French Revolution, which were perpetrated by the [[Jacobin (politics)|Jacobinism]] of the origins, including the ideals of social renewal the basis of the advocacy of the [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] of 1789. Subsequently also political, with the first patriotic ferments directed at national [[self-determination]] which subsequently led, on the [[Italian peninsula]], to the [[Italian unification]].{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=156}}{{sfn|Fiorini|1897|pp=239-267 and 676-710}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferorelli |first1=Nicola |date=1925 |title=La vera origine del tricolore italiano |url=http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |journal=Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento |volume=XII |issue=fasc. III |language=it |pages=654–680 |access-date=2019-09-25 |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The French tricolour cockade was born on 12 July 1789, two days before the [[storming of the Bastille]], when the revolutionary journalist [[Camille Desmoulins]], while hailing the Parisian crowd to revolt, asked the protesters what colour to adopt as a symbol of the French Revolution, proposing the green [[hope]] or the [[blue]] of the [[American Revolutionary War|American Revolution]], symbol of [[freedom]] and [[democracy]]. The protesters replied "The green! The green! We want green cockades!"<ref name=Bolzano>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ynpQ5lnU2EC&q=Camille+Desmoulins+coccarda+francese+verde+foglie&pg=PA174|title=Giovani del terzo millennio, di Giacomo Bolzano|isbn=9788883587504|language=it|access-date=9 March 2017|last1=Bolzano|first1=Giacomo|year=2005|publisher=Armando Editore }}</ref> Desmoulins then seized a green leaf from the ground and pointed it to the hat as a distinctive sign of the revolutionaries.<ref name=Bolzano />
The green, in the primitive [[Cockade of France|French cockade]], was immediately abandoned in favor of blue and red, or the [[Coat of arms of Paris|ancient colours of Paris]], because it was also the colour of the king's brother, [[Count of Artois]], who became monarch after the [[First Restoration]] with the name of [[Charles X of France]].<ref name=italia-oggi>{{cite web|url=http://www.italiaoggi.it/giornali/dettaglio_giornali.asp?preview=false&accessMode=FA&id=2139232&codiciTestate=1|title=Il verde no, perché è il colore del re. Così la Francia ha scelto la bandiera blu, bianca e rossa ispirandosi all'America|language=it|access-date=9 March 2017}}</ref> The French tricolour cockade was then completed on 17 July 1789 with the addition of white, the colour of the [[House of Bourbon]], in deference to King [[Louis XVI]], who was still ruling despite the violent revolts that raged in the country: the French monarchy was in fact [[Abolition of monarchy|abolished later]], on 10 August 1792.
===The birth of the Italian national colours=== {{further|National colours of Italy}}
====The leaves used as the first cockades==== [[File:AlloroFogliePart010010001.png|thumb|left|A few [[Laurus nobilis|laurel]] leaves. Many of them were used as a cockade during the Rome uprisings of 1789.]]
The first sporadic demonstrations in favor of the ideals of the French Revolution by the Italian population took place in August 1789 with the organization of protests in various places on the Italian peninsula, especially in the [[Papal States]].<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 668">{{cite journal |last1=Ferorelli |first1=Nicola |date=1925 |title=La vera origine del tricolore italiano |url=http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |journal=Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento |volume=XII |issue=fasc. III |language=it |pages=668 |access-date=2019-09-25 |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |url-status=dead }}</ref> The rioters, in these early uprisings, had makeshift cockades made of green leaves pinned on their clothes in imitation of the similar protests that took place in [[France]] at the dawn of the revolution.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 668"/>
The use of cockades during the protests that took place in Italy was not an isolated case.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 660">{{cite journal |last1=Ferorelli |first1=Nicola |date=1925 |title=La vera origine del tricolore italiano |url=http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |journal=Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento |volume=XII |issue=fasc. III |language=it |pages=660 |access-date=2019-09-25 |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is documented that on 12 November 1789 the [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian government]] forbade the [[Westphalia]]n population to use cockades because they were viewed with suspicion given their meaning closely linked to the protest movements that were flaring up in France, and their use therefore went beyond the French borders and spread gradually across Europe.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 660"/> This also happened due to gazettes, printed in various European countries, that gave ample prominence to the fact that the cockade had become, in France, one of the most important symbols of the insurrectional uprisings and of the people's struggle against the [[Absolute monarchy|absolutist regime]] that ruled at the time.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 660-661">{{cite journal |last1=Ferorelli |first1=Nicola |date=1925 |title=La vera origine del tricolore italiano |url=http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |journal=Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento |volume=XII |issue=fasc. III |language=it |pages=660–661 |access-date=2019-09-25 |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |url-status=dead }}</ref>
As for the Italian uprisings, noteworthy were the revolts that took place in [[Fano]] and [[Velletri]] just before 16 August, in [[Rome]] between 16 and 28 August, and in [[Frascati]] just before 30 August, all of which took place in the Papal States.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 661">{{cite journal |last1=Ferorelli |first1=Nicola |date=1925 |title=La vera origine del tricolore italiano |url=http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |journal=Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento |volume=XII |issue=fasc. III |language=it |pages=661 |access-date=2019-09-25 |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Rome, in particular, cockades, which were formed from [[Laurus nobilis|laurel]] leaves, were pinned on the hats.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 661"/> The rioters demanded the lowering of the price of basic necessities with the threat of unleashing riots comparable to the violent Parisian protests in case of refusal of the authorities to satisfy these requests.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 661"/> [[File:Anonymous - Prise de la Bastille.jpg|thumb|The people of [[Paris]] attack the fortress of the [[Bastille]] on 14 July 1789, decreeing the beginning of the [[French Revolution]]. Initially the Italian rioters mistakenly believed that the flag waved between the Parisian barricades was green, white and red.]]
The [[Milan]]ese [[gazette]] ''Staffetta di Sciaffusa'' defined the protests in the Papal States as "[a] dance of green cockades" in an article published on 16 August 1789.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 661"/> From September 1789 there was no more news, in the Italian riots, of the cockade formed with the leaves which was replaced by cockades of green fabric.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 667">{{cite journal |last1=Ferorelli |first1=Nicola |date=1925 |title=La vera origine del tricolore italiano |url=http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |journal=Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento |volume=XII |issue=fasc. III |language=it |pages=667 |access-date=2019-09-25 |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |url-status=dead }}</ref>
====The first Italian tricolour cockade==== During the first weeks of the revolutionary season, it remained a common belief in Italy that the green, white and red flag was the flag waved by the French rioters. The Italian insurgents therefore used these colours as a simple imitation of the protests that were taking place in France and that were aimed at – in both nations – to the same objectives, namely to achieve better [[Quality of life|living conditions]] and to obtain [[civil and political rights]], which have always been denied by absolutist regimes.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 668"/> The Italian gazettes of the time had in fact created confusion on the events of the French riots, in particular by omitting the replacement of green with blue and red and thus reporting the erroneous news that the French tricolour was green, white and red.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 666">{{cite journal |last1=Ferorelli |first1=Nicola |date=1925 |title=La vera origine del tricolore italiano |url=http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |journal=Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento |volume=XII |issue=fasc. III |language=it |pages=666 |access-date=2019-09-25 |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The error about the colours of the French cockade took root among the demonstrators because the newspapers did not correct the error immediately although at the time, in Italy, about 80 newspapers were printed, five of which in Milan alone.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 666"/><ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 665">{{cite journal |last1=Ferorelli |first1=Nicola |date=1925 |title=La vera origine del tricolore italiano |url=http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |journal=Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento |volume=XII |issue=fasc. III |language=it |pages=665 |access-date=2019-09-25 |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |url-status=dead }}</ref> The news published were, at the beginning, also contradictory.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 665"/> For example, the [[Milan]]ese [[gazette]] ''La Staffetta di Sciaffusa'' reported the news that the green French cockade made up of leaves had been replaced, the next day, by a red and white cockade (instead of blue and red).<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 665"/> [[File:Ripa Maris di Genova tra il 1828 e il 1848.jpg|thumb|left|Panorama of [[Genoa]] in the early 19th century. Here, the Italian tricolour cockade appeared for the first time, and with it the [[Italian national colours]].]]
Even on the subsequent and definitive French blue, white and red cockade, which was made on July 17, the newspapers made confusion reporting, as in the case of ''Il Corriere di Gabinetto'', that it was only red and blue or, according to other newspapers, such as ''La Gazzetta Enciclopedica di Milano'', which was white and pink.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 666"/> More precise information, subsequently reported by all the Italian newspapers, correctly informed that there are three colours of the French cockade, however their shades erroneously cited as green, white and red cockades.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 667"/>
The first documented trace of the use of the green, white and red cockade, which however does not specify the arrangement of the colours on the ornament, is dated 21 August 1789.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 662"/> In the historical archives of the [[Republic of Genoa]] it is reported that eyewitnesses had seen some demonstrators wandering around the city with "the new French white, red and green cockade introduced recently in Paris".<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 662"/> The use of the term "new cockade" is indicative of the French makeshift cockades made of leaves to those in two and subsequently three colours, despite ignoring the real chromatic composition.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 664">{{cite journal |last1=Ferorelli |first1=Nicola |date=1925 |title=La vera origine del tricolore italiano |url=http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |journal=Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento |volume=XII |issue=fasc. III |language=it |pages=664 |access-date=2019-09-25 |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Roundel of the Italian Air Force color.svg|thumb|The Italian tricolour cockade represented as a roundel]]
The use of the cockade was viewed with suspicion and aversion by the Genoese state authorities, since it recalled those social impulses that were beginning to spread in Europe; the popular ferments had in fact frequently rebellious and destabilizing connotations.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 662"/> The Italian flag was therefore born as a form of popular protest against the absolutist regimes that ruled the peninsula at the time and not as a patriotic manifestation of Italianness, given that it was still far from the birth of that national awareness that then led to the unification of Italy.<ref>The French tricolour cockade was called by the Italian press "people's cockade", "citizens cockade", "liberty cockade", "patriotic cockade", "national cockade", "freedom signal" and "Assembly cockade" National "as a testimony of its universal value, linked to the ideals of the revolution, which transcended the nation in which it was born. See books by Ferorelli on p. 665.</ref><ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 668"/>
It is also not excluded that the green, white and red cockade, with the erroneous belief in the use of green instead of blue, an inaccuracy perhaps caused by the previous use of green leaves, was born before 21 August, and in a different city than Genoa.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 663">{{cite journal |last1=Ferorelli |first1=Nicola |date=1925 |title=La vera origine del tricolore italiano |url=http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |journal=Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento |volume=XII |issue=fasc. III |language=it |pages=663 |access-date=2019-09-25 |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |url-status=dead }}</ref> The revolutionary ferments of the French events probably arrived in Italy before that date, it being understood that we do not yet have documented traces of this possible first realization of the tricolour cockade.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 662"/> It is proven by written evidence that the first revolutionary uprisings, in Italy, took place in August in the Papal State, but the sources relating to these events do not mention tricolour cockades, but only ornaments composed with leaves.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 662"/>
Finally, when the correct information on the chromatic composition of the French cockade arrived in Italy, the Italian Jacobins decided to keep green instead of blue, because it represented nature, and therefore metaphorically also [[Natural law|natural rights]], that is [[Social equality|equality]] and freedom, both principles dear to them.<ref name="valori"/> Although the green, white and red tricolour, when introduced, simply had an imitative value, it was taken as a symbol of the Italian homeland during the popular uprisings of the early 19th century.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 668"/>
===The tricolour cockade becomes one of the national symbols of Italy=== {{Main|National symbols of Italy}} [[File:Palazzo delle poste (Firenze), loggiato esterno, pavimento, bandiera italiana.JPG|thumb|The three [[Italian national colours]] carved into the floor of the Post Office Building in [[Florence]]. After their appearance in Genoa on 21 August 1789, red, white and green gradually became part of the Italian [[Imaginary (sociology)|collective imaginary]] until they were represented in the most varied areas.]] The adoption in Italy of the green, white and red cockade was not immediate and univocal by the Italian patriots. Other appearances, still sporadic, of alternative cockades to the Genoese one after that of 1789 took place the following year, when they appeared in the red and white [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]], and in 1792 in [[Porto Maurizio]], in the Republic of Genoa, red and white again.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 669">{{cite journal |last1=Ferorelli |first1=Nicola |date=1925 |title=La vera origine del tricolore italiano |url=http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |journal=Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento |volume=XII |issue=fasc. III |language=it |pages=669 |access-date=2019-09-25 |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first appearance of the Italian tricolour cockade abroad took place in 1791 in [[Toulon]], France, brought by some Genoese sailors.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 669"/>
Later the green, white and red cockade always spread to a greater extent, gradually becoming the only ornament used in Italy by the rioters.<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 668"/> The patriots began to call it "Italian cockade" making it become one of the [[National symbols of Italy|symbols of the country]].<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 668"/> In fact, the error of gazette headlines on the colours of the French tricolour cockade was clarified, and consequently the connotations of uniqueness were assumed, green, white and red adopted by the Italian patriots as one of the most important symbols of the insurrectional and political struggle, aimed at completing the national unit taking the name of "Italian tricolour".<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 668"/> The green, white and red tricolour thus acquired a strong patriotic value, becoming one of the symbols of national awareness, a change that gradually led it to enter the [[Imaginary (sociology)|collective imaginary]] of the [[Italians]].<ref name="Cita|Ferorelli|p. 668"/>
The use of the Italian tricolour was not limited to the presence of green, white and red in a cockade, the latter, having been born on 21 August 1789, heralded by seven years the first tricolour [[war flag]], which was chosen by the [[Lombard Legion]] on 11 October 1796,<ref name="difesa"/> which is associated with the first official approval of the Italian national colours by the authorities. In this case Napoleon, and eight years later with the adoption of the flag of Italy, which was born on 7 January 1797, when it first assumed the role of the national flag of a sovereign Italian state, the [[Cispadane Republic]].<ref name="quirinale-pdf"/>
The subsequent adoption by the Italian [[Patriotism|patriot]]s of the green, white and red tricolour was immediate, unambiguous and devoid of political contrasts. In France the opposite happened since the French tricolour was taken as a symbol first by the [[Republicanism|Republicans]], then by the [[Bonapartism|Bonapartists]] that were in antagonism with the [[Monarchism|Monarchists]] and the [[Catholic Church|Catholics]], who had the royal white flag with the ''[[fleur-de-lis]]'' of France as their reference flag.<ref name="valori"/>
===The cockade of the Bologna revolt=== [[File:Bologna-SanPetronioPiazzaMaggiore1.jpg|thumb|left|View of [[Bologna]]]]
From a historical perspective, given the judicial process and the clamor that followed, were the tricolour cockades made in 1794 by two students of the [[University of Bologna]], Luigi Zamboni from Bologna and Giovanni Battista De Rolandis from [[Asti]], who placed themselves at the head of an insurrectional attempt to free Bologna from papal rule. In addition to the two students, there were also two medical doctors, Antonio Succi and Angelo Sassoli, who then betrayed the patriots by referring everything to the papal police, and four other people (Giuseppe Rizzoli, known as Dozza, Camillo Tomesani, Antonio Forni Mago Sabino and Camillo Galli).{{sfn|Fiorini|1897|p=249}} Luigi Zamboni had previously expressed the desire to create a tricolour flag that would become the flag of a united Italy.{{sfn|Colangeli|1965|p=11}}
During this revolt attempt, which took place between 13 and 14 November 1794 (or, according to other sources, 13 December 1794),{{sfn|Colangeli|1965|p=11}} the demonstrators led by De Rolandis and Zamboni flaunted a red and white cockade (which are also the colours of the municipal [[coat of arms of Bologna]]) having a green [[Lining (sewing)|lining]].{{sfn|Colangeli|1965|p=11}} These cockades were made by Zamboni's parents.{{sfn|Colangeli|1965|p=11}} These cockades had green in the centre, white immediately outside and red on the edge.<ref name="castellalfero"/>
During the recruitment work, De Rolandis and Zamboni managed to convince 30 people to participate in their attempt at insurrection. The two, to carry out the attempted revolt, purchased some firearms which later proved to be of poor quality.{{sfn|Colangeli|1965|p=11}} The goal was to spread a leaflet intended to give rise to Bologna and [[Castel Bolognese]], proclaiming that there was no effect whatsoever.{{sfn|Colangeli|1965|p=11}} [[File:Alberelli.JPG|thumb|View of the Giardino della Montagnola in Bologna, where Zamboni and De Rolandis were buried. Their bodies were later dispersed.]]
After failing to raise the city, the revolutionaries tried to take refuge in the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]], but the local police first captured them in [[Covigliaio]] and then handed them over to the papal authorities. After the capture of the fugitives, the latter launched an action "{{lang|la|Super complocta et seditiosa compositione destributa per civitatem in conventicula armata}}" (a prosecution for fomenting armed treasonous conspiracy throughout the state) at the {{Lang|it|Tribunale del Torrone}} (the [[Inquisition]] of Bologna). The trial involved all the participants in the insurrectional attempt, the family of Zamboni and the Succi brothers.{{sfn|Fiorini|1897|p=253}}
Zamboni was found dead in a cell nicknamed "Inferno" ("Hell"), which he shared with two common criminals, probably killed by them on the orders of the police or perhaps suicide after an unsuccessful escape attempt{{sfn|Colangeli|1965|p=12}} on 18 August 1795.{{sfn|Poli|2000|p=423}}
De Rolandis was publicly executed, after being subjected to interrogation preceded and followed by ferocious torture,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/carducci/sommossa_di_bologna.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310185652/http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/carducci/sommossa_di_bologna.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=March 10, 2009|title=La sommossa di Bologna|access-date=3 March 2017|language=it}}</ref> on 26 April 1796.{{sfn|Colangeli|1965|p=12}} Zamboni's father died almost 80 years after suffering terrible torture, while his mother was first whipped through the streets of Bologna and then sentenced to life imprisonment.{{sfn|Colangeli|1965|p=12}} The other defendants, where they had minor penalties,{{sfn|Fiorini|1897|p=253}} were freed shortly thereafter by the French, who in the meantime had invaded [[Emilia (region)|Emilia]] driving out the pontiffs.{{sfn|Colangeli|1965|p=12}} The bodies of De Rolandis and Zamboni were then solemnly buried in Bologna in the ''Giardino della Montagnola'' on the direct order of [[Napoleon]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/carducci/cronologia_del_tricolore.html|title=Cronologia della nascita della Bandiera Nazionale Italiana sulla base dei fatti accaduti in seguito alla sommossa bolognese del 1794|access-date=12 May 2017|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302112259/http://www.radiomarconi.com/Marconi/carducci/cronologia_del_tricolore.html|archive-date=2 March 2016|url-status=usurped}}</ref> before being dispersed in 1799 with the arrival of the Austrians.{{sfn|Colangeli|1965|p=12}}
The historic cockade, which is owned by the De Rolandis family, has been exhibited for some time in the [[Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)|National Museum of the Italian Risorgimento]] in [[Turin]].<ref name="castellalfero">{{Cite web|url=http://www.castellalfero.net/public/x/modules/news/print.php?storyid=2255|title=La Coccarda alla Biblioteca Museo Risorgimento|access-date=7 May 2017|language=it}}</ref> In 2006, during some renovations, it was transferred to the European Student Museum of the University of Bologna, where it is still preserved.<ref name="castellalfero"/>
===Free use during the Napoleonic era=== {{further|Flags of Napoleonic Italy|Flag of Italy}} [[File:Giuseppe Compagnoni.jpg|thumb|left|[[Giuseppe Compagnoni]], known as the "father of the Italian flag". Compagnoni was the first to propose the adoption of a tricolour flag for a sovereign Italian state, the Cispadane Republic.]]
The tricolour cockade appeared, after the events of Bologna, during [[Napoleon]]'s entry into [[Milan]] on 15 May 1796.{{sfn|Villa|2010|p=10}} These cockades, having the typical circular shape, possessed red on the outside, green on an intermediate position and white in the centre.{{sfn|Colangeli|1965|p=13}} These ornaments were worn by the rioters even during the religious ceremonies officiated inside the [[Milan Cathedral]] as thanks for the arrival of Napoleon, who was seen, at least initially, as a liberator.{{sfn|Villa|2010|p=10}} The tricolour cockades then became one of the official symbols of the Milanese National Guard, which was founded on 20 November 1796, and then spread elsewhere along the [[Italian Peninsula]].<ref name="valori"/> The tricolour cockade was particularly linked to the Jacobin movement, which made it one of its most important symbols.<ref name="valori"/>
Precisely on the occasion of the first adoption of the [[Flag of Italy|green, white and red flag]] by a sovereign Italian state, the [[Cispadane Republic]], which is dated 7 January 1797 and which was decreed by an assembly held in a [[Sala del Tricolore|hall of the town hall of Reggio Emilia]], it was decided that the tricolour cockade, also considered one of the official symbols of the newborn Napoleonic state,{{sfn|Fiorini|1897|p=706}}{{sfn|Villa|2010|p=46}} should have been worn by all citizens.{{sfn|Villa|2010|p=1}} On that occasion, Giuseppe Compagnoni, who is celebrated as the "father of the Italian flag",{{sfn|Vecchio|2003|p=42}}{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=157}}{{sfn|Tarozzi|1999|p=9}} proposed the adoption of the Italian flag and cockade.
{{quote|text=[...] From the minutes of the XIV Session of the Cispadan Congress: Reggio Emilia, 7 January 1797, 11 am. [[Sala del Tricolore (Reggio Emilia)|Patriotic Hall]]. The participants are 100, deputies of the populations of Bologna, Ferrara, Modena and Reggio Emilia. Giuseppe Compagnoni also motioned that the standard or Cispadan Flag of three colours, Green, White and Red, should be rendered Universal and that these three colours should also be used in the Cispadan Cockade, which should be worn by everyone. It is decreed. [...]<ref>[...] Dal verbale della Sessione XIV del Congresso Cispadano: Reggio Emilia, 7 gennaio 1797, ore 11. Sala Patriottica. Gli intervenuti sono 100, deputati delle popolazioni di Bologna, Ferrara, Modena e Reggio Emilia. Giuseppe Compagnoni fa pure mozione che si renda Universale lo Stendardo o Bandiera Cispadana di tre colori, Verde, Bianco e Rosso e che questi tre colori si usino anche nella Coccarda Cispadana, la quale debba portarsi da tutti. Viene decretato. [...]</ref>|author=|source=Decree of adoption of the tricolour flag by the Cispadane Republic}} [[File:Sala tricolore reggio.jpg|thumb|The 18th century ''[[Sala del Tricolore]]'', which later became the council chamber of the town hall of Reggio Emilia, where the tricolour flag was officially adopted by the Cispadane Republic]]
In [[Bergamo]], civilians were obliged to wear a tricolour cockade pinned to their clothes, a coercion that was sanctioned, on 13 May 1797, also in Modena and Reggio Emilia.{{sfn|Villa|2010|pp=11-12}}{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|pp=159-160}} Even without the need for obligations on the part of the authorities, the cockade spread more and more among the population, who wore it with pride, laying the foundations, together with other factors, for the [[Italian unification]].{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=160}} By decree of 18 May 1797, the [[Provisional Municipality of Venice]] noted that "the nation had adopted...the tricolour cockade green, white, and red" and adopted it for its own use as well.<ref>{{cite book | title = Raccolta di Carte pubbliche, istruzioni, legislazioni ec. ec. ec. del nuovo Veneto Governo Democratico | volume = I | pages = xxvii–xxviii | publisher = Silvestro Gatti | location = Venice | year = 1797 | url = {{Google Books|MI_Q3kIMcIoC|plainurl=yes}} }}</ref>
On 29 June 1797, with the merger of the Cispadane Republic and the [[Transpadane Republic]], the [[Cisalpine Republic]] was born, a pro-French state body that extended over [[Lombardy]], on part of [[Emilia (region)|Emilia]] and [[Romagna]] and which had Milan as its capital.{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=162}}{{sfn|Villa|2010|pp=13-14}} The event, which took place at the [[lazaretto]] of [[Milan]], was characterized by a riot of flags and tricolour cockades.{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=163}}
===Its use during the Italian unification===
====The first riots==== [[File:Mansi - ritratto di Carlo Alberto di Savoia - litografia - ca. 1860.jpg|thumb|left|[[Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia]]]]
With the fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the [[Absolute monarchy|absolutist monarchical regimes]], the [[national colours of Italy]], and with it the tricolour cockade, went underground, becoming the symbol of the patriotic ferments that began to spread in Italy{{sfn|Villa|2010|p=10}}{{sfn|Maiorino|2002|p=169}} and the symbol which united all the efforts of the Italian people towards freedom and independence.<ref>Ghisi, Enrico ''Il tricolore italiano (1796–1870)'' Milano: Anonima per l'Arte della Stampa, 1931; see Gay, H. Nelson in ''The American Historical Review'' Vol. 37 No. 4 (pp. 750–751), July 1932 {{JSTOR|1843352}}</ref> The social ferments that led to the birth of Italian patriotism originated in the Napoleonic era, during which the ideals of the [[French Revolution]] spread, including the concept of [[self-determination]] of the people.{{sfn|Bronzini|Dal Mestre|1986|p=129}}
Although the pre-Napoleonic regimes had been restored, liberal ideas often resulted in the will of the people to free themselves from foreign domination by constituting a unitary and independent state body. As in the Italian case, while the demand for greater [[civil and political rights]] on the part of the population did not stop with the reconstitution of the absolutist states, the uprisings that would have characterized the 19th century resurfaced.{{sfn|Villa|2010|p=18}}
The use of the tricolour cockade was forbidden by the Austrians in the [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]] together with the use of the green, white and red flag under [[death penalty]].{{sfn|Bronzini|Dal Mestre|1986|p=119}} The purpose of this provision, quoting the textual words of Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]], was to "make people forget that they are Italian".{{sfn|Bronzini|Dal Mestre|1986|p=137}} The tricolour cockade appeared, for the first time after the Napoleonic era, during the [[Revolutions during the 1820s|uprisings of 1820–21]] in the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]] pinned on the hats or clothes of Italian patriots; its reappearance was therefore still sporadic and limited to a specific territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bronteinsieme.it/2st/mo_bro.html|title=Cenni storici sulla città di Bronte|access-date=5 August 2018|language=it}}</ref> The tricolour cockade appeared again during the [[Revolutions of 1830|revolts of 1830–31]], pinned on the clothing of Italian patriots, which took place mainly in the [[Papal States]], in the [[Duchy of Modena and Reggio]] and in the [[Duchy of Parma|Duchy of Parma and Piacenza]], in which there was a profusion of handkerchiefs and of tricolour cockades. Also in this case, its appearance was limited to some states of the Italian peninsula.{{sfn|Gavelli|Sangiorgi|Tarozzi|1996|p=43}} [[File:Torino-PalazzoCarignanoFronte.jpg|thumb|Facade of the [[Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)|National Museum of the Italian Risorgimento in Turin]] which is the oldest and most important museum dedicated to the Italian unification due to the richness and representativeness of its collections<ref name="visitatorino">{{cite web|url=http://www.visitatorino.com/museo_risorgimento.htm|title=Museo nazionale del Risorgimento italiano|access-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412003832/http://www.visitatorino.com/museo_risorgimento.htm|archive-date=12 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the only one that officially has the title of "national"{{sfn|Busico|2005|p=215}}]]
In this context, in 1820, on the occasion of the solemn celebrations linked to the granting of the constitution by [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]], the members of the royal family wore tricolour cockades.{{sfn|Coppi|1843|p=29}} The uprisings of 1820–21 had in fact the greatest consequences in the [[Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia]], where the uprisings were led for a short period by [[Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia]],{{sfn|Bertoldi|2000|pp=63-65 and p. 76.}} who had not yet become king, and in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The latter, in particular, the [[Sicilian Parliament]], was also reopened and the [[Neapolitan Parliament]] was convened for the first time.{{sfn|Ricceri|2004|p=114}}
If the riots of the 14th and 15th centuries were driven by [[Renaissance humanism|humanism]], with all the effects of chance, including the link with [[classicism]], the patriotic revolts of the 19th century, with their ideas of independence and freedom, and iconic symbols, among which there were the cockades, were instead inspired by [[Romanticism]].{{sfn|Bronzini|Dal Mestre|1986|p=131}}
====The revolutions of 1848==== Tricolour cockades continued to be the protagonists, pinned on the chest or on the hats of patriots, in the popular uprisings that followed such as the case of the [[Five Days of Milan]] (18–22 March 1848), during which they had a wide diffusion among the insurgents, many of whom were religious.{{sfn|Cattaneo|2011|loc=Chapt. XI}}{{sfn|Villa|2010|p=20}} The Milanese clergy actively supported the patriotic demands of their faithful.{{sfn|Villa|2010|p=21}} [[File:Fre ftr ber sto.jpg|thumb|left|The parade [[frieze]] of the [[Bersaglieri]], which is based on a tricolour cockade]]
In this context, on 23 March 1848, the [[List of monarchs of Sardinia|king of Piedmont-Sardinia]] Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia issued a proclamation with decisive political connotations with which the Sardinian sovereign assured the provisional government of Milan formed following the five days that his troops, ready to come to his aid, would have used the Italian tricolour as a [[war flag]]:{{sfn|Viola|1905|p=II}}
{{quote|text="In order to show more clearly with exterior signs the commitment to Italian unification, We want that Our troops ... have the Savoy shield placed on the Italian tricolour flag.<ref>Per viemmeglio dimostrare con segni esteriori il sentimento dell'unione italiana, vogliamo che le nostre truppe, entrando nel territorio della Lombardia e della Venezia, portino lo Scudo di Savoia sovrapposto alla bandiera tricolore italiana</ref>|author=|source=Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia}} [[File:2june2006 363.jpg|thumb|[[Regiment "Lancieri di Montebello" (8th)|Cavalry regiment "Lancieri di Montebello"]] at the [[military parade]] of the ''[[Festa della Repubblica]]'' on 2 June 2006. On their hat, under the coat of arms, is the Italian tricolour cockade.]]
The Milanese then welcomed Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia and his troops with a profusion of flags and tricolour cockades.{{sfn|Villa|2010|p=22}} On 14 June 1848, a [[circulaire]] from the Ministry of War of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, decreed the replacement of the Savoy blue cockade, in [[Royal Sardinian Army|all military areas in which it was used]], with the tricolour cockade:<ref name="eleri">{{Cite web|url=http://eleri.interfree.it/itn2008/uniformi/Italia/uniform_es_sardo.html|title=Regolamenti su uniformi, equipaggiamento e armi|access-date=18 August 2018|language=it}}</ref>
{{quote|text=[...] With the ministerial circulaire of 14 June 1848 it was made known to the Governors and the Viceroy of Piedmont-Sardinia to have S.M. ordered that the Italian National Tricolour Flag with the Savoy Cross on it be replaced with the one existing in the Forts and other places where it is usually raised; that this Flag was also distributed to all Corps of the Royal Army, and limited in the future to only one for each Regiment; and that both the officers, and all the troops, had likewise to replace the blue with the cockade for the three Italian national colours; the use of which, according to the declarations of the ministerial dispatch of 13 July following, should undoubtedly be extended to all the R. Employees who wore a uniform. [...].<ref>[…] Con Circolare ministeriale del 14 giugno 1848 si faceva noto ai Governatori ed al Viceré di Sardegna avere S.M. ordinato, che la Bandiera Tricolore Nazionale Italiana con sopra la Croce di Savoia fosse sostituita a quella esistente nei Forti ed altri luoghi ove si suole inalberare; che tale Bandiera fosse distribuita pure a tutti i Corpi del R. Esercito, e limitata in avvenire ad una sola per ogni Reggimento; e che tanto gli Uffiziali, come le truppe tutte, avessero parimenti a sostituire all'azzurra la Coccarda ai tre colori nazionali italiani; l'uso della quale, secondo le dichiarazioni del Dispaccio ministeriale 13 luglio successivo, dovesse senza dubbio estendersi a tutti i R. Impiegati che vestissero una divisa. […]</ref>|author=|source=Ministerial Circular of June 14, 1848 of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia}} [[File:2june2006 274.jpg|thumb|left|[[Carabinieri]] in full uniform at the [[military parade]] of the ''[[Festa della Repubblica]]'' of 2 June 2006. On their hat, under the coat of arms, is the Italian tricolour cockade.]]
The blue cockade was until then placed on the hat of the uniform of the [[Carabinieri]], on the [[frieze]] of the [[Bersaglieri]] caps and on the headgear of the cavalry regiments.<ref name="cerimoniale"/><ref name="bersaglieri">{{Cite web|url=https://66radunobersaglieripiave2018.it/il-cappello-piumato/|title=Il cappello piumato|access-date=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313235231/http://66radunobersaglieripiave2018.it/il-cappello-piumato/|archive-date=13 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assocavalleria.eu/unita-ditalia-e-cavalleria.html|title=Il contributo della Cavalleria all'Unità d'Italia|access-date=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818150703/http://www.assocavalleria.eu/unita-ditalia-e-cavalleria.html|archive-date=18 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the hat of the Carabinieri the blue cockade was present since the foundation of the [[military branch]], which is dated 1814,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://san.beniculturali.it/web/san/dettaglio-notizia-san?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_X7Qi&articleId=8207744&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&groupId=10704&viewMode=normal|title=13 luglio 1814: nasce il corpo dei Carabinieri|access-date=18 August 2018|language=it}}</ref> for the cavalry its introduction is ascribable to 1843<ref name="eleri"/> while for the Bersaglieri to 1836.<ref name="bersaglieri"/>
Specifically, the excerpt from the [[circulaire]] dated 14 June 1848 stated that the blue cockade would be replaced:<ref name="cerimoniale"/>
{{quote|text=[…] [With] the cockade with the three Italian national colours conforming to the established models. [...].<ref>[…] [con] la coccarda ai tre colori nazionali italiani conforme ai modelli stabiliti. […]</ref>|author=|source=Ministerial Circulaire of June 14, 1848 of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia}}
In the institutional context, the blue cockade had a different fate. The [[Statuto Albertino]] of the [[Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia]], which was promulgated on 4 March 1848 by Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia, hence the name, and which later became the fundamental law of the [[Kingdom of Italy]], provided in article 77 that the blue cockade was the national one alone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.siciliapiemonte.com/index.php?id=838|title= Le origini della bandiera italiana|access-date=18 August 2018|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.150anni.it/webi/index.php?s=25&wid=988|title=Il Tricolore|access-date=18 August 2018|language=it}}</ref> This article remained in force until 1 January 1948 when the Albertine Statute was replaced by the [[Constitution of Italy|Constitution of the Italian Republic]], which sanctioned the use of the tricolour cockade in all official seats of the Republic.<ref name="giappichelli">{{Cite web|url=https://old.giappichelli.it/stralci/3481811.pdf|title=I diritti fondamentali nell'esperienza costituzionale italiana: dallo Statuto Albertino alla Costituzione repubblicana|access-date=18 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820074547/https://old.giappichelli.it/stralci/3481811.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Laura Mantegazza.jpg|thumb|[[Laura Solera Mantegazza]]]]
During the [[revolutions of 1848]] of the tricolour cockades, it appeared in all [[List of historic states of Italy|Italian pre-unification states]], from the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia pinned on the hats or clothes of Italian patriots,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museotorino.it/view/s/ad2fcadf701148f89af04e9c28c27d29|title=I moti: la "rivoluzione dall'alto" del 1848|access-date=5 August 2018|language=it}}</ref> to the [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://messaggeroveneto.gelocal.it/tempo-libero/2016/07/05/news/friuli-italiano-1866-2016-1.13768364|title=Udine e i moti del 1848, quel sogno di libertà infranto dagli austriaci|date=5 July 2016 |access-date=5 August 2018|language=it}}</ref> from the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]],<ref name="palermotoday">{{cite web|url=http://www.palermotoday.it/cronaca/anniversario-rivoluzione-siciilana-12-gennaio-1848.html|title=12 gennaio 1848, in piazza contro il Re: quella volta che Palermo stupì l'Europa|access-date=5 August 2018|language=it}}</ref> to the [[Papal States]],{{sfn|Gangemi|2012|p=1857}} from the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=26247&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=|title=Rassegna storica del Risorgimento|access-date=2 September 2018|language=it|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726210043/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=26247&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=|url-status=dead}}</ref> to the [[Duchy of Parma and Piacenza]] and to [[Duchy of Modena and Reggio|that of Modena and Reggio]].{{sfn|Cattaneo|2011|loc=Chapt. XI}} The tricolour cockade was among the symbols most frowned upon by the authorities, for example, [[Charles II, Duke of Parma]], although he was not among the most [[reactionary]] sovereigns (so much so that he granted relative freedom of the press), he forbade its use in his duchy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.piacenzaprimogenita150.it/index.php?it/184/piacenza-nel-risorgimento&pag=3|title=Piacenza nel Risorgimento|date=19 June 2015 |access-date=3 September 2018|language=it}}</ref>
In the official context, the cockade became one of the official symbols of the [[Kingdom of Sicily]], a state which became independent from the Bourbon kingdom during the [[Sicilian revolution of 1848]].<ref name="palermotoday"/>
====The unification of Italian peninsula==== [[File:Rocca 150.jpg|thumb|left|Tricolour cockade projected on the [[Rocca Estense, San Felice sul Panaro]] on the occasion of the 150th [[anniversary of the unification of Italy]] (2011)]]
During the [[Second Italian War of Independence]] the territories that were gradually conquered by [[Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia]] and [[Napoleon III of France]] acclaimed the two sovereigns as liberators waving green, white and red flags and wearing tricolour cockades. The regions ready to ask for annexation to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia through the [[plebiscites]] of the unification of Italy also expressed their desire to be part of a united Italy with the waving of flags and the use of cockades on their clothes.{{sfn|Bellocchi|2008|pp=96-101}}
The tricolour cockades were also present during the [[Expedition of the Thousand]] (1860), starting to appear on the jackets of the Sicilians who gradually swelled the ranks of the Garibaldians.<ref name="Candido">{{cite web|url=http://www.trapaninostra.it/libri/Centro_Studi_Garibaldini/Quaderni_1_di_Salvatore_Candido/Studi_Garibaldini_Quaderno_1_di_Salvatore_Candido.pdf|title=Studi Garibaldini - I quaderni|access-date=5 August 2018|language=it|page=38}}</ref> In particular, they made their debut shortly before [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]'s conquest of Palermo, and then followed the hero of the two worlds in his victorious campaign in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.<ref name="Candido"/>
Tricolour cockades were given to the inhabitants of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, just before each movement of insurrection, so that they would have a distinctive sign with an unequivocal meaning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricd.it/produzioni%20editoriali/Garibaldi%20e%20i%20Mille.pdf|title=Garibaldi e i Mille Un'impresa da catalogare|access-date=7 August 2018|page=52|archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211095515/http://www.cricd.it/produzioni%20editoriali/Garibaldi%20e%20i%20Mille.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> They were also pinned on the cap of the official uniform of the body of public order established by Giuseppe Garibaldi in the lands that were progressively conquered.<ref name="societaitalianastoriamilitare">{{cite web|url=http://www.societaitalianastoriamilitare.org/quaderni/QUADERNO%20SISM%202010%20L%20ANNO%20DI%20TEANO.pdf|title=L'anno di Teano|access-date=7 August 2018|language=it}}</ref> [[File:Frecce Tricolori 2022.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Frecce Tricolori]]'', with the smoke trail representing the [[national colours of Italy]], above the [[Victor Emmanuel II Monument]] in Rome during the celebrations of the ''[[Festa della Repubblica]]''. They represent the best known scenographic use of the three Italian national colours.{{sfn|Caliaro|2005|p=25}}]]
Tricolour cockades were made by some Milanese patriots, led by [[Laura Solera Mantegazza]], to finance the Expedition of the Thousand.<ref name="cartamonetaitaliana">{{cite web|url=http://www.cartamonetaitaliana.com/lista-articoli/61-coccarda-patriottica.html|title=Coccarda patriottica per il soccorso a Garibaldi|access-date=5 August 2018|language=it|archive-date=5 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805235131/http://www.cartamonetaitaliana.com/lista-articoli/61-coccarda-patriottica.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Each tricolour cockade, which was sold for one [[lira]], was associated with a numbered ticket bearing on the front the effigy of Giuseppe Garibaldi, the Italian tricolour and the words "Soccorso a Garibaldi", while on the back the words "Soccorso alla Sicilia".<ref name="cartamonetaitaliana"/> 24,442 cockades were sold, a result below expectations perhaps due to an unfounded rumor spread among the supporting population that part of the profit obtained from the sale of the cockades would go to [[Giuseppe Mazzini]], a patriot disliked by some of the Milanese.<ref name="cartamonetaitaliana"/>
The use of tricolour cockades continued even after the Italian unification conquests ended. In the territories then subject to plebiscites, even after the popular consultation, the use of green, white and red ornaments pinned on clothes and caps was very common.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/i-plebisciti-e-le-elezioni_%28L%27Unificazione%29|title=I plebisciti e le elezioni|access-date=26 July 2021|language=it}}</ref> On 17 March 1861, there was the [[proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy]], the formal act that sanctioned, with a normative act of the [[Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia]], the birth of the unified [[Kingdom of Italy]].<ref>[http://www.sunuraghe.it/2013/regno-di-sardegna-regno-ditalia-repubblica-italiana Regno di Sardegna, Regno d'Italia, Repubblica Italiana]</ref>
===Subsequent uses=== ====Aeronautical and military field==== After the Italian unification, the tricolour cockade continued to be used in the military field on the parade headdresses of the aforementioned departments of the Italian armed forces and was also introduced in the aeronautical field.<ref name="sport"/><ref name="prima guerra mondiale">{{cite web|url=http://www.portalestoria.net/w%20w%20i%20italia.htm|title=Prima Guerra Mondiale - Italia|access-date=7 August 2018|language=it|archive-date=8 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008092352/http://www.portalestoria.net/w%20w%20i%20italia.htm|url-status=usurped}}</ref> [[File:Eurofighter.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|left|Cockades applied to the fuselage of a [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] on display at the air show in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]], in a photo from 1998. The cockades represent, from the left, the ''[[Ejército del Aire]]'' ([[Spain]]), the [[Italian Air Force]] ([[Italy]]), the [[Royal Air Force]] ([[United Kingdom]]) and the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' ([[Germany]]).]]
After the entry of the Kingdom of Italy in the [[First World War]], the Italian Supreme Military Command realized the inadequacy of the markings previously used on Italian aircraft, therefore it ordered to paint the vertical [[empennage]] with the tricolour and the [[intrados]] of the wings with green, white and red sections for the recognition of nationality.<ref>Ministerial Circulaire of June 28, 1915.</ref>{{sfn|Alegi|2001|p=2}} Much more often, however, the central section was not painted white, remaining the colour of the canvas.{{sfn|Alegi|2001|p=2}} As a further mark, the tricolour cockade, in the roundel version with the external red, the central white and the internal green, was established on 21 December 1917, being placed on the sides of the fuselage and above the upper wing.<ref>Circulaire 37568 of the Aeronautical Services Office (U.S.A.) of the Supreme Command.</ref>{{sfn|Alegi|2001|p=4}}
The following period, tricolour cockades appeared that had a green perimeter and a red central disc with a position of the colours that was inverted compared to that conventionally used. Following complaints from the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]],{{sfn|Alegi|2001|p=3}} aimed at avoiding confusion between cockades used on the planes of the British [[Royal Flying Corps]] and with the aircraft of the French ''[[French Air and Space Force|Aéronautique Militaire]]'', which operated in the [[Italian front (World War I)|same theater of war]].<ref>Compared to the Italian one, the French cockade simply has blue instead of green, while the British cockade is practically identical to the French one, but with the red and blue inverted position.</ref><ref name="prima guerra mondiale"/>
Often the aircraft purchased from [[France]] kept however, for practicality, some rosettes with the red on the outside, simply superimposing the green on the central blue, therefore the reverse of the nationally produced airplanes.{{sfn|Alegi|2001|p=13}} The Italian tricolour cockade was used discontinuously until 1927, when it was replaced by a cockade depicting the [[fasces]], one of the most identifying symbols of [[fascism]].<ref name="seconda guerra mondiale">{{cite web|url=http://www.portalestoria.net/w%20w%20i%20i%20italia%20aeronautica%20militare.html|title=Seconda Guerra Mondiale - Italia|access-date=13 August 2018|language=it|archive-date=27 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727184953/http://www.portalestoria.net/w%20w%20i%20i%20italia%20aeronautica%20militare.html|url-status=usurped}}</ref> [[File:Gianluigi Buffon (31784615942) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Gianluigi Buffon]] in 2016, wearing the tricolour cockade (top left badge) representing the victory of [[Juventus FC]] in the [[Coppa Italia]] in the previous season. Also present in the image is the ''[[Scudetto]]'', worn by the current holders of the [[Serie A]] title.]]
In the aeronautical field, the tricolour cockade with red outwards and green in the centre returned to use, without being changed, in 1943, during the [[Second World War]],<ref name="prima guerra mondiale"/> on the occasion of the establishment of the [[Italian Co-belligerent Air Force]]. After the [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy|fall of fascism]], there was the immediate disappearance of all the symbols linked to it, including the fasces.<ref name="seconda guerra mondiale"/>
The tricolour cockade, which was then widely used on all Italian state [[aircraft]], not only military,<ref name="vigili-fuoco"/> is still today one of the symbols of the [[Italian Air Force]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.difesa.it/Primo_Piano/Documents/Documenti_aprile/Scheda%2025%20aprile_contributo%20AM.pdf|title=Il contributo dell'Aeronautica Militare|access-date=7 August 2018|language=it}}</ref> In 1991, the low visibility tricolour cockade was introduced, which is characterized by a narrower white band than the other two.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icsm.it/articoli/ri/specialcolor.html|title=AMI Special Colors|access-date=13 August 2018|language=it}}</ref>
Also in the military field, the tricolour cockade has been the basis of the parade frieze of the Bersaglieri, cavalry regiments, Carabinieri (when it replaced the Italian blue cockade in this role), and of the [[Guardia di Finanza]] since 14 June 1848.<ref name="gdf"/><ref name="fregio"/> The latter was founded in 1862, therefore after the change of the cockade in 1848, the Guardia di Finanza has always had, as the basis of its frieze, the tricolour cockade.<ref name="gdf"/>
====Institutional context==== [[File:Alte cariche dello Stato Italiano alla parata del 2 giugno 2023.jpeg|thumb|The [[Italian order of precedence|most important offices of the Italian State]] have pinned on the jacket, during the [[military parade]] of the ''[[Festa della Repubblica]]'' celebrated every 2 June, a tricolour cockade.]] It is tradition for the [[Italian order of precedence|most important offices of the Italian State]] to have pinned on the jacket, during the [[military parade]] of the ''[[Festa della Repubblica]]'' celebrated every 2 June, a tricolour cockade.<ref name="festa-repubblica"/>
====Sport==== In [[Sport in Italy|Italian sport]], the tricolour cockade became the distinctive symbol of the successes in national cups starting in the 1950s; the cockade is sewn on the jersey of the team holding the trophy for the following season.{{sfn|Villa|2010|p=40}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.passionemaglie.it/2011/01/quando-scudetto-e-coccarda-sono-sulla-stessa-maglia/|title=Quando scudetto e coccarda sono sulla stessa maglia...|work=passionemaglie.it|date=4 January 2011|access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref>
The Italian tricolour cockade made its debut in football in the [[1958–59 Coppa Italia|1958–59 season]] on [[S.S. Lazio|Lazio]] jerseys.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pronostici.betclic.it/coppa-italia-albo-doro-record-statistiche-e-curiosita|title=Albo d'oro – Storia della Coppa Italia|access-date=12 May 2017|language=it}}</ref> In football, starting from the [[1985–86 Coppa Italia|1985–86 season]], the cockade used for the teams holding the [[Coppa Italia]] underwent a change. The version with the inverted colours began to be used, that is with the green outside and the red in the centre.<ref>See the colours of the cockade in {{cite web|url=http://www.almanaccogiallorosso.it/1984-1985/Campionato/13Giornata/Roma-Cremonese.html|title=AS Roma 1984-1985|access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref><ref>See the colours of the cockade in {{cite web|url=https://juhatamminen.photoshelter.com/image/I0000eHlx54uM2Go|title=Juha Tamminen|access-date=8 August 2018|language=it}}</ref> From the [[2006–07 Coppa Italia|2006–07 season]] the conventional typology was restored, the one with red on the outside and green in the centre.<ref>See the colours of the cockade in {{cite web|url=https://www.inter.it/it/palmares/28|title=14° scudetto 2005-2006|access-date=8 August 2018|archive-date=7 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707115134/https://www.inter.it/it/palmares/28|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>See the colours of the cockade in {{cite web|url=https://www.ilcalcio.net/serie-A-2006-07.php|title=Serie A: Inter Campione d'Italia 2006-2007|access-date=8 August 2018|language=it}}</ref> In football, the cockade is also a symbol, again in the roundel shape,{{sfn|Villa|2010|p=40}} of the victories in the [[Coppa Italia Serie D]], in the [[Coppa Italia Dilettanti]] and — with green on the outside and red on the inside{{sfn|Villa|2010|p=40}} — in the [[Coppa Italia Serie C]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tifobianconero.it/wiki/storia_coppa_italia|title=Storia Coppa Italia|access-date=12 May 2017|language=it}}</ref>
==The cockade of Italy in music== A famous song written by [[Francesco Dall'Ongaro]] and set to music by [[Luigi Gordigiani]] was dedicated to the tricolour cockade:{{sfn|Zanichelli|1902|p=438}}
{{quote|text=And my love went to [[Siena]],<br />bring me the cockade of three colours:<br />the white is the faith that chains us,<br />red is the joy of our hearts.<br />I will put a [[verbena]] leaf in it<br />which I myself fed with fresh moods.<br />And I'll tell him the green, the red and the white<br />they fit him well with a sword at his side,<br />and I will tell him that the white, the red and the green<br />it is a trio that is played and not lost<br />and I will tell him that the green, the white and the red<br />you mean that Italy has shaken its [[yoke]],<br />Finally I will tell him that the tricolour<br />emblem is of faith, of peace and love<ref>E lo mio amore se n'è ito a Siena,<br />portommi la coccarda di tre colori:<br />il candido è la fé che c'incatena,<br />il rosso è l'allegria de' nostri cuori.<br />Ci metterò una foglia di verbena<br />ch'io stessa alimentai di freschi umori.<br />E gli dirò che il verde, il rosso e il bianco<br />gli stanno ben con una spada al fianco,<br />e gli dirò che il bianco, il rosso e il verde<br />gli è un terno che si gioca e non si perde<br />e gli dirò che il verde, il bianco e il rosso<br />vuoi dir che Italia il giogo suo l'ha scosso,<br />Infine gli dirò che il tricolore<br />emblema è di fè, di pace e amore</ref>|author=|source=''The tricolour cockade'', by Francesco Dall'Ongaro and Luigi Gordigiani}}
== Italian azure cockade == [[File:Italy Cockade Blu Savoia.svg|thumb|left|The Italian azure cockade]] [[File:Italy. Sardinia, 1803-1818 (NYPL b14896507-1536222).tiff|thumb|upright=1.4|1818 depiction of a Carabiniere with the Italian azure cockade on his hat]]
The Italian azure cockade was one of the representative ornaments of Italy, obtained by circularly pleating an azure ribbon. Coming from the [[Savoy blue]], the colour of the [[House of Savoy|Italian royal family]] from 1861 to 1946, the azure cockade remained officially in use until 1 January 1948, when the [[constitution of the Italian Republic]] came into force, after which it was replaced, in all official offices, from the Italian tricolour cockade.
The azure cockade originates from at least in the 17th century, as evidenced by some documents which confirm its presence on military uniforms in use at the time of [[Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.associazionetommaseo.it/node/28|title=Conosci Torino?|access-date=18 August 2018|language=it}}</ref> Other sources testify to its use even in the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bandieresabaude.it/Bandiere03.html|title=Le uniformi da Vittorio Amedeo II a Carlo Emanuele III|access-date=18 August 2018|language=it}}</ref>
The [[Statuto Albertino|Albertine Statute]] of the [[Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia]], which was promulgated on 4 March 1848, and which later became the fundamental law of the [[Kingdom of Italy]], foresaw that the azure cockade was the only national one. In this way the azure, historical colour of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia and even before the [[Duchy of Savoy]], was kept alongside the tricolour cockade born in 1789, and which was instead very common among the population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.siciliapiemonte.com/index.php?id=838|title= Le origini della bandiera italiana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.150anni.it/webi/index.php?s=25&wid=988|title=Il Tricolore}}</ref>
On 14 June 1848, during the [[First Italian War of Independence]], a [[circulaire]] from the Ministry of War decreed the replacement of the azure cockade, which until then had been placed on the hat of the uniform of the [[Carabinieri]], with "the cockade to the three Italian national colours in accordance with the established models".<ref name="cerimoniale">{{Cite web|url=http://presidenza.governo.it/ufficio_cerimoniale/cerimoniale/Bandiera.pdf|title=La bandiera - Cenni storici e norme per l'esposizione|access-date=18 August 2018|language=it}}</ref> This was not an exception; similarly the tricolour cockade replaced the azure one, for example, on the frieze of the [[Bersaglieri]] caps and on the headdresses of the soldiers of the cavalry regiments.<ref name="cerimoniale"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://66radunobersaglieripiave2018.it/il-cappello-piumato/|title=Il cappello piumato|access-date=18 August 2018|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313235231/http://66radunobersaglieripiave2018.it/il-cappello-piumato/|archive-date=13 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assocavalleria.eu/unita-ditalia-e-cavalleria.html|title=Il contributo della Cavalleria all'Unità d'Italia|access-date=18 August 2018|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818150703/http://www.assocavalleria.eu/unita-ditalia-e-cavalleria.html|archive-date=18 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the hat of the Carabinieri the azure cockade was present since the founding of the branch, which is dated 1814,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://san.beniculturali.it/web/san/dettaglio-notizia-san?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_X7Qi&articleId=8207744&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&groupId=10704&viewMode=normal|title=13 luglio 1814: nasce il corpo dei Carabinieri|access-date=18 August 2018|language=it}}</ref> while for the cavalry branch its introduction can be ascribed to 1843,<ref name="eleri"/>
The azure cockade was instead used during the Sardinian campaign in [[central Italy]] in 1860, the [[Siege of Gaeta (1860)|siege of Gaeta]] (also dated 1860), the repression of [[Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861|post-unitary brigandage]] (1860–70) and the [[Third Italian War of Independence]] (1866), in all cases pinned on the uniforms of the generals and that of the officers of the [[Royal Italian Army]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRhEDwAAQBAJ&q=coccarda+italiana+azzurra&pg=PT178|title=I Savoia e il Massacro del Sud|isbn=9788833460086|access-date=17 August 2018|language=it|last1=Ciano|first1=Antonio|date=21 December 2017|publisher=Ali Ribelli Edizioni }}</ref>
The blue cockade was officially in use until 1 January 1948, when the [[Constitution of the Italian Republic]] came into force, being replaced, in all official locations, by the Italian tricolour cockade.
== Historical evolution of the cockade of Italy == === In the institutional context === <gallery> File:Italy SIMPLE Cockade Blu Savoia.svg|[[Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia]] (until 1861) and [[Kingdom of Italy]] (1861–1948) File:Roundel of the Italian Air Force color.svg|[[Italy|Italian Republic]] (1948–present) </gallery>
=== In the military field === <gallery> File:Italy SIMPLE Cockade Blu Savoia.svg|Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (until 1848) File:Roundel of the Italian Air Force color.svg|Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (1848–1861), Kingdom of Italy (1861–1948) and Italian Republic (1948–present) </gallery>
=== In the aeronautical field === <gallery> File:Roundel of the Italian Air Force color.svg|[[Corpo Aeronautico]], [[Regia Aeronautica]] and [[Italian Air Force]] (1917–1918 and 1943–present) File:Roundel of the Italian Air force color correct.svg|Corpo Aeronautico and Regia Aeronautica (1918–1927) File:Roundel of Italy (1922–1940).svg|Regia Aeronautica (on the fuselage only: 1927–1943) File:Italy-Royal-Airforce.svg|Regia Aeronautica (only on the wings: 1935–1943) File:LV Italian Air Force roundel color.svg|Italian Air Force for [[low visibility procedures]] (1991–present) </gallery>
=== In the sports field === <gallery> File:Coccarda Coppa Italia color.svg|[[Coppa Italia]] (1958–1985 and 2006–present) File:Coccarda Coppa Italia color.svg|[[Coppa Italia Dilettanti]] (1966–1985 and 2006–present) File:Roundel of the Italian Air force color correct.svg|Coppa Italia and Coppa Italia Dilettanti (1985–2006) File:Coccarda Coppa Italia LegaPro color.svg|[[Coppa Italia Serie C]] (1972–present) File:Roundel of the Italian Air force color correct.svg|[[Coppa Italia Serie D]] (1999–present) </gallery>
== See also == * [[Flag of Italy]] * [[National symbols of Italy]] * [[Tricolour Day]]
== Citations == {{notelist}}
{{reflist|30em}}
== References == {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal |date=1990|title=Una gara non giocata ?|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DZ8pAQAAIAAJ&q=coccarda+bandiera+arrotolata|journal=Rivista aeronautica |volume=66|language=it|ref={{sfnref|Rivista aeronautica|1990}}}} * {{cite book|title=L'Archivio riservato del Ministero di grazia e giustizia dello Stato Pontificio (1849–1868)|year=2012|publisher=Gangemi|language=it|isbn=978-88-8252-069-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czqgCgAAQBAJ&q=coccarda+tricolore+1848+stato+pontificio&pg=PA1857|ref={{sfnref|Gangemi|2012}}}} * {{cite book|last=Adye|first=Ralph Willett|title=The Little Bombardier, and Pocket Gunner|year=1802|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-thAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA271|publisher=T. Egerton|language=en|isbn=}} * {{cite book|last=Alegi|first=Gregory |title=Italian National Markings|year=2001|publisher=Albatros Publications Ltd.|language=en|isbn=1-902207-33-5}} * {{cite book|last=Barbero|first=Alessandro |title=Il divano di Istanbul|year=2015|publisher=Sellerio Editore|language=it|isbn=978-88-389-3352-3}} * {{cite book|last=Bellocchi |first=Ugo |title=Bandiera madre - I tre colori della vita|year=2008|publisher=Scripta Maneant|language=it|isbn=978-88-95847-01-6}} * {{cite book|last=Bertoldi|first=Silvio|title=Il re che tentò di fare l'Italia. Vita di Carlo Alberto di Savoia|year=2000|publisher=Rizzoli|language=it|isbn=88-17-86481-1}} * {{cite journal|last1=Bronzini|first1=Giovanni Battista|last2=Dal Mestre|first2=Luigi|title=La restaurazione austriaca a Milano nel 1814|date=1986|journal=Lares|volume= 52|issue=July-September|publisher=Casa Editrice Leo S. Olschki|language=en}} * {{cite book|last=Busico|first=Augusta |title=Il tricolore: il simbolo la storia|year=2005|publisher=Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, Dipartimento per l'informazione e l'editoria|language=it|id=[[National Library Service of Italy|SBN]] [https://opac.sbn.it/bid/UBO2771748 IT\ICCU\UBO\2771748]}} * {{cite book|last=Caliaro|first=Luigino |title=Pattuglie acrobatiche|chapter=Frecce Tricolori|year=2005 |publisher=Edizioni Gribaudo |language=it|isbn=88-8058-873-7}} * {{cite book|last=Cattaneo|first=Carlo |title=Dell'insurrezione di Milano nel 1848 e della successiva guerra|year=2011|publisher=Feltrinelli|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxX-DAAAQBAJ&q=coccarda+mantova+moti+milano+1848&pg=PR11-IA1|language=it|isbn=978-88-07-82231-5}} * {{cite book|last=Colangeli|first=Oronzo|title=Simboli e bandiere nella storia del Risorgimento italiano|year=1965|publisher=Patron|url=http://www.150anni.it/webi/_file/documenti/risorgimento/movimentivalorilibri/valori/tricolore/tricolore%201_1.pdf|language=it|id=[[National Library Service of Italy|SBN]] [https://opac.sbn.it/bid/SBL0395583 IT\ICCU\SBL\0395583]}} * {{cite book|last=Coppi|first=Antonio|title=Annali d'Italia dal 1750 compilati da A. Coppi: Dal 1820 al 1829, Volume 7|year=1843|publisher=Tipografia di Giuseppe Giusti|language=it|isbn=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j46T2dvy3sC&q=coccarda+tricolore+1820+1821&pg=PA29}} * {{cite journal |last1= Fiorini |first1=Vittorio |date=1897 |title=Le origini del tricolore italiano |url= https://archive.org/stream/nuovaantologia151romauoft#page/238/mode/2up|journal=Nuova Antologia di Scienze Lettere e Arti |volume= LXVII |issue=fourth series |pages=239–267 and 676–710 |id=[[National Library Service of Italy|SBN]] [https://opac.sbn.it/bid/UBO3928254 IT\ICCU\UBO\3928254] |language=it}} * {{cite book|last1=Gavelli|first1=Mirtide|last2=Sangiorgi|first2=Otello|last3=Tarozzi|first3=Fiorenza|title=Colorare la patria: tricolore e formazione della coscienza nazionale, 1797-1914|year=1996|publisher=Vallecchi|language=it|isbn=978-88-8252-069-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1RmAAAAMAAJ&q=coccarda+1830+1831+stato+pontificio+ducati+emiliani}} * {{cite book|last=Lucchetti|first=Marco|title=1001 curiosità sulla storia che non ti hanno mai raccontato|year=2014|publisher=Newton Compton|language=it|isbn=978-88-541-7155-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Do2XBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT19}} * {{cite book|last1=Maiorino |first1=Tarquinio|last2=Marchetti Tricamo|first2=Giuseppe |last3=Zagami |first3=Andrea |title=Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera|year=2002 |publisher=Arnoldo Mondadori Editore|language=it|isbn=978-88-04-50946-2|ref={{sfnref|Maiorino|2002}}}} * {{cite journal |last= Poli |first=Marco |date=2000 |title=Brigida Borghi Zamboni, la madre dell'eroe. Per una rilettura del caso Zamboni-De Rolandis |journal=Strenna Storica Bolognese |volume=anno L |pages=415–450 |isbn=88-555-2567-0 |language=it}} * {{cite book|last=Ricceri|first=Marco|title=Il cammino dell'idea d'Europa: appunti e letture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvIYvDgRomwC&q=moti+1820+1821+regno+delle+due+sicilie+piemonte&pg=PA114|year=2004|publisher=Rubbettino|language=it|isbn=978-88-498-1142-1}} * {{cite book|last1=Tarozzi|first1=Fiorenza|last2=Vecchio|first2=Giorgio |title=Gli italiani e il tricolore|year=1999|publisher=Il Mulino|language=it|isbn=88-15-07163-6|ref={{sfnref|Tarozzi|1999}}}} * {{cite book|last1=Troiani|first1=Don |last2=Kochan |first2=James |last3=Coates|first3=Earl |title=Soldiers in America, 1754–1865|year=1998|publisher=Stackpole Books|language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-X2vvS698p4C&pg=PA99|isbn=978-0-8117-0519-6|ref={{sfnref|Troiani|1998}}}} * {{cite book |last= Vecchio |first=Giorgio |year=2003 |title=Almanacco della Repubblica |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MuTF4BEaChYC&pg=PA42|chapter=Il tricolore |pages=42–55|publisher=Bruno Mondadori |isbn=88-424-9499-2 |language=it}} * {{cite book|last=Villa|first=Claudio|title=I simboli della Repubblica: la bandiera tricolore, il canto degli italiani, l'emblema|year=2010|publisher=Comune di Vanzago|language=it|id=[[National Library Service of Italy|SBN]] [https://opac.sbn.it/bid/LO11355389 IT\ICCU\LO1\1355389]}} * {{cite book|last=Viola|first=Orazio|title=Il tricolore italiano|year=1905|url=https://archive.org/details/iltricoloreital00violgoog|publisher=Libreria Editrice Concetto Battiato|language=it|isbn=978-1-161-20869-6}} * {{cite journal|last=Zanichelli|first=Domenico|date=1902|title=Una raccolta ottocentesca a stampa di canti patriottici popolari|url=|journal=Archivio Storico Italiano|volume=30|issue=227|language=it|publisher=Casa Editrice Leo S. Olschki}} {{refend}}
== External links == * {{Commons category inline|Cockades of Italy}}
{{National symbols of Italy}} {{Risorgimento}} {{Italy topics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cockade Of Italy}} [[Category:Cockades|Italy]] [[Category:Culture of Italy]] [[Category:Italian unification]] [[Category:National symbols of Italy]] [[Category:Sport in Italy]] [[Category:Sports symbols]]