Coastal trevally

{{Short description|Species of fish}} {{Speciesbox | image = Coastal trevally Bali.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name = iucn>{{cite iucn | author1 = Smith-Vaniz, W.F. | author2 = Williams, I. | name-list-style = amp | year = 2016 | title = ''Carangoides coeruleopinnatus'' |errata=2017 | volume = 2016 | article-number = e.T20429419A115371914 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T20429419A46664054.en | access-date = 19 February 2022 }}</ref> | genus = Carangoides | species = coeruleopinnatus | authority = ([[Eduard Rüppell|Rüppell]], 1830) | range_map = Carangoides coeruleopinnatus distribution.png | range_map_caption = Approximate range of the coastal trevally | synonyms = *''Carangoides coeruleopinnatus'' (Rüppell, 1830) *''Caranx coeruleopinnatus'' Rüppell, 1830 *''Carangoides caeruleopinnatus'' (Rüppell, 1830) *''Citula coeruleopinnata'' (Rüppell, 1830) *''Caranx altissimus'' [[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & [[Alvin Seale|Seale]], 1905 *''Carangoides altissimus'' (Jordan & Seale, 1905) *''Caranx formosanus'' Jordan & [[John Otterbein Snyder|Snyder]], 1908 *''Caranx uii'' [[Yojiro Wakiya|Wakiya]], 1924 *''Carangoides uii'' (Wakiya, 1924) *''Citula diversa'' [[Gilbert Percy Whitley|Whitley]], 1940 | synonyms_ref = <ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase|Carangoides|coeruleopunctatus|month=August|year=2019}}</ref> }}

The '''coastal trevally''' ('''''Carangoides coeruleopinnatus'''''), also known as the '''onion trevally''', '''Japanese trevally''' or '''bluefin kingfish''', is a [[species]] of inshore [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[fish]] in the jack [[Family (taxonomy)|family]] [[Carangidae]]. The species is distributed throughout the [[tropical]] and subtropical waters of the [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and west [[Pacific Ocean]]s, from [[South Africa]] in the west to [[Japan]] and [[New Caledonia]] in the east, reaching as far south as [[Australia]]. The species is found on deep [[coastal]] [[reef]]s, both in schools and as solitary individuals, where they prey on small midwater organisms including [[crustacean]]s, small fish and [[cephalopod]]s. The species is taken as bycatch in a number of [[fisheries]] throughout its range by a number of fishing methods and is of little commercial value, but is considered to be a good [[fish (food)|table fish]]. A mistype in the original volume in which [[Eduard Rüppell]] named the species led to the combination ''Carangoides caeruleopinnatus'', which has incorrectly spread through the literature.

==Taxonomy and naming== The coastal trevally is formally classified within the [[genus]] ''[[Carangoides]]'', one of a number of groups of fish referred to as jacks and trevallies. ''Carangoides'' is further classified in the family [[Carangidae]], the Carangidae are part of the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Carangiformes]].<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=380–387 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |access-date=2019-11-24 |archive-date=2019-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194051/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ }}</ref>

The species was first [[scientific classification|scientifically described]] and named by the German [[naturalist]] [[Eduard Rüppell]] in 1830 based on a specimen collected from the waters of the [[Red Sea]] off [[Saudi Arabia]], which was designated to be the [[holotype]]. He named the new species ''Caranx coeruleopinnatus'', with the species name translating to 'blue-finned', although the species shows no such colouration, and may be the result of some confusion by the author.<ref name = "Zoocat" >{{cite book | last = Hosese | first = D.F. |author2=Bray, D.J. |author3=Paxton, J.R. |author4=Alen, G.R. | title = Zoological Catalogue of Australia Vol. 35 (2) Fishes | publisher = CSIRO | year = 2007 | location = Sydney | page = 1150 | isbn =978-0-643-09334-8 }}</ref> In the volume in which the species is described, an apparent mistype produces the name ''Caranx caeruleopinnatus'', which has also widely, albeit incorrectly, entered the [[scientific literature]].<ref name = "Gunn">{{cite journal | last = Gunn | first = John S. | title = A revision of selected genera of the family Carangidae (Pisces) from Australian waters | journal = Records of the Australian Museum Supplement| volume = 12 | pages =1–78 | year = 1990 | doi = 10.3853/j.0812-7387.12.1990.92 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The species was transferred initially to the genus ''Citula'', a now defunct genus of jacks, before moving to its current status in ''Carangoides''. The species has also been independently renamed five times; the first as ''Carangoides ophthalmotaenia'' by [[Pieter Bleeker]] in 1852 and most recently as ''Citula diversa'' by [[Gilbert Whitley]] in 1940. In 1924, a [[juvenile (organism)|juvenile]] specimen was named ''Caranx uii'' by Yojiro Wakiya, a name which became widespread throughout the literature, and was commonly known as the 'Japanese trevally', before being sunk into ''C. coeruleopinnatus'' in 1986 by William Smith-Vaniz.<ref name = "Gunn"/>

The species is [[common name|commonly known]] as the 'coastal trevally' or 'coastal kingfish', with other commonly applied English names including 'onion trevally', 'Japanese trevally', 'bluefin kingfish', 'shortfin kingfish', and 'diverse trevally'.<ref name = "fishbase">{{FishBase | genus = Carangoides | species = coeruleopinnatus | year = 2008 | month = September}}</ref>

==Description== [[File:Coastal trevally.png|thumb|left|''Carangoides coeruleopinnatus'']] The coastal trevally is similar in body to most other jacks, having a nearly [[Glossary of ichthyology#O|ovate]], strongly compressed body, with the [[anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral|dorsal]] profile more [[wikt:convex|convex]] than the [[anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral|ventral]] profile, with a moderately curved [[nape]].<ref name = "FAO">{{cite book |editor-last=Carpenter |editor-first=Kent E. |editor2=Volker H. Niem | title = FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 4: Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae) | year = 2001 | location = Rome |page= 2694 | url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/x2400e/x2400e52.pdf | isbn = 92-5-104587-9 | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> It is moderately large, growing to a recorded maximum of 40 cm, although more commonly seen at around 25 cm.<ref name = "fishbase"/> The [[dorsal fin]] is divided into two distinct sections, the first consisting of 8 [[Fish anatomy#Spines and rays|spines]], with the second consisting of a single spine followed by 20 to 23 [[Fish anatomy#Spines and rays|soft rays]].<ref name = "Barrier">{{cite book | last = Randall | first = John Ernest |author2=Roger C. Steene |author3=Gerald R. Allen | title = Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1997 | page = 161 | isbn = 0-8248-1895-4 }}</ref> The lobe of the second dorsal fin is filamentous in juveniles, becoming shorter with age until at the adult stage, the lobe is shorter than the head length and the [[anal fin]] lobe. The anal fin consists of 2 detached spines followed by 1 spine anterior to 16 to 20 soft rays. The [[pelvic fin]] contains a single spine and 18 to 20 soft rays.<ref name = "Lin1999">{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = Pai-Lei | author2 = Shao, Kwang-Tsao | title = A Review of the Carangid Fishes (Family Carangidae) From Taiwan with Descriptions of Four New Records | journal = Zoological Studies | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–68 | url = http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=10055944 | date = 17 April 1999 | access-date = 20 September 2008 | archive-date = 29 February 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120229173915/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=10055944 }}</ref> The [[lateral line]] has a moderate [[Anatomical terms of location#Anterior and posterior|anterior]] arch, with the junction of the curved and straight section below the 12th to 14th dorsal ray. The straight section of the lateral line contains 16 to 20 [[scute]]s, with the lateral line having 31 to 50 combined [[scale (zoology)|scale]]s and scutes over its entire length.<ref name = "FAO"/> The breast is devoid of scales ventrally to behind the pelvic fin origin and up to the [[pectoral fin]] base, although in rare cases this is interrupted by a lateral band of scales. Both jaws contain bands of [[Ichthyology terms#V|villiform]] teeth, with the bands becoming wider anteriorly. There are a total of 21 to 27 [[gill raker]]s and 24 [[vertebrae]].<ref name = "FAO"/>

In life, the coastal trevally is bluish green above, fading to a silvery grey on the underside, with the sides having many small yellow spots. There is a small dark blotch on the upper margin of the [[operculum (fish)|opercle]]. The dorsal, anal and caudal fins are dusky, although the caudal is often slightly yellow, while the pectoral fins are pale yellow and the pelvic fins are [[hyaline]] to grey.<ref name = "Barrier"/> Juveniles have dark vertical bands which fade as the fish become adults, and become indistinct at larger sizes.

==Distribution and habitat== [[File:Coastal trevally 3.JPG|thumb|200px|An anglers catch of coastal trevally]]The coastal trevally is distributed broadly throughout the [[tropical]] and subtropical waters of the [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and west [[Pacific Ocean]]s.<ref name = "FAO"/> Its westernmost limit is the east coast of Africa, from [[South Africa]] and [[Madagascar]] north to the [[Red Sea]] and the [[Persian Gulf]], with the range extending east along the coast of [[India]], including [[Sri Lanka]]. The species is distributed across the Asian coastline including [[China]] and [[Thailand]], and throughout the [[South East Asia]]n and [[Indonesia]]n island chains extending to northern [[Australia]]. In the Pacific Ocean, its range extends north to [[Taiwan]] and [[Japan]], and east to a number of small island groups, including [[Tonga]], [[Samoa]] and [[New Caledonia]].<ref name = "fishbase"/>

Coastal trevally are rarely found close to shore, with adults inhabiting deep [[coastal]] [[reef]] systems,<ref name = "FAO"/> and the species is also thought to live a [[pelagic]] lifestyle.<ref>{{cite web | last = McGrouther | first = M. | title = Onion Trevally, Carangoides caeruleopinnatus (Rüppell, 1830) | work = Find a Fish | publisher = Australian Museum Online | year = 2005 | url = http://www.amonline.net.au/FISHES/fishfacts/fish/ccaeruleo.htm | access-date = 2008-09-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080906181208/http://www.amonline.net.au//fishes/fishfacts/fish/ccaeruleo.htm | archive-date = 2008-09-06 }}</ref> Juveniles have been recorded in [[Natal (region)|Natal]] [[estuaries]],<ref>{{cite journal | last = Blaber | first = S.J.M. |author2=Cyrus, D.P. | title = The biology of Carangidae (Teleostei) in Natal estuaries | journal = Journal of Fish Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 173–188 | year = 1983 | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1983.tb04738.x }}</ref> and in shallow bays in northern Australia,<ref>{{cite book | last = Baker | first = R. | author2 = Sheppard, R. | title = Fisheries resources of Albatross Bay, Gulf of Carpentaria | series = Information Series: QI06062 | publisher = Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries | year = 2006 | pages = 1–93 | url = http://www.seagrasswatch.org/Info_centre/Publications/Fisheries_Resources_of_Albatross_Bay.pdf | issn = 0727-6273 | access-date = 2008-09-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190828141220/http://www.seagrasswatch.org/Info_centre/Publications/Fisheries_Resources_of_Albatross_Bay.pdf | archive-date = 2019-08-28 }}</ref> but the movements of the species are poorly understood. Like other species of jack, the coastal trevally is attracted to floating devices, with the fish occasionally caught by anglers around specially built FADs (fish attracting devices).<ref>{{cite book | editor-last = Morton | editor-first = B. | title = The Marine Biology of the South China Sea III: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Marine Biology of the South China Sea: Hong Kong, 28 October–1 November 1996 | publisher = Hong Kong University Press | year = 1998 | page = 484 | isbn = 962-209-461-9 }}</ref>

==Biology and fishery== The coastal trevally is poorly studied, and as such there is little information regarding its biology and [[ecology]]. The species is known to occur both in small [[shoal]]s and individually, and is a [[plankton]]ivorous fish, consuming small midwater organisms including [[krill]], [[mantis shrimp]], small fish and [[squid]].<ref name = "SAfrica">{{cite book | last = van der Elst | first = Rudy |author2=Peter Borchert | title =A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa | publisher = New Holland Publishers | year = 1994 | page = 142 | isbn = 1-86825-394-5 }}</ref> The mouth of the coastal trevally is soft, and the teeth fairly weak, which prevents the capture of larger prey items. It is a rather sluggish fish in comparison to other members of the Carangidae.<ref name = "SAfrica"/> Nothing is known of reproduction in the species, and its movements are also unknown.

The coastal trevally is of little or no importance to most [[fisheries]] throughout its range, occasionally taken as [[bycatch]] in finfish and [[prawn]] operations,<ref name = "Gunn"/> using hook and line, [[gill net]]s and other various types of trap.<ref name = "FAO"/> Due to its deep reef nature, the species is of little interest to [[angling|angler]]s, and is rarely taken by them. The coastal trevally is considered to be a good [[table fish]], however, and it has limited commercial value in [[Asia]].<ref name = "SAfrica"/>

==References== {{Reflist|2}}

==External links== *[http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1924 Coastal trevally at Fishbase] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080906181208/http://www.amonline.net.au//fishes/fishfacts/fish/ccaeruleo.htm Australian Museum factsheet] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081122042638/http://www.eol.org/taxa/17061196 Encyclopedia of Life Page]

[[Category:Carangoides|coastal trevally]] [[Category:Marine fish of East Africa]] [[Category:Marine fauna of East Asia]] [[Category:Fish described in 1830|coastal trevally]]