A '''coalition committee''' ({{langx|de|Koalitionsausschuss}}, also called the steering committee) is an informal body composed of leading figures from the coalition parties and the government. Coalition committees, in contrast to parliamentary committees, have no formal authority granted to them by constitution or legislation. Coalition committees are common in Western European countries;{{sfn|Miller|2011}}<ref name="Andeweg2008">{{Cite book |last1=Andeweg | first1= Rudy B. |last2= Timmermans | first2= Arco |editor1=Kaare Strøm | editor2 = Wolfgang C. Müller | editor3= Torbjörn Bergman |chapter=Conflict Management in Coalition Government |title=Cabinets and Coalition Bargaining: The Democratic Life Cycle in Western Europe |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-958749-0 |pages=269–300 |language=en}}</ref> in Germany, they have existed with interruptions since the {{ill|Kressbronn Circle|de|Kressbronner Kreis}} of the first Grand Coalition (1966–1969). Coalition committees are also sometimes found in Germany at the level of the federal states. A coalition committee coordinates cooperation between coalition partners. The committee operation is frequently defined in the coalition agreement: for example, committee meetings can be scheduled either regularly or only in the event of particular differences between the actors involved. In practice, ad hoc committee meetings have also occurred. Members of coalition committees are usually representatives of the government, the parliamentary groups, and the parties supporting the government.<ref name="WR2005">{{Cite book |author=Rudzio, Wolfgang |author-link=:de:Wolfgang Rudzio |title=Informelles Regieren: Zum Koalitionsmanagement in deutschen und österreichischen Regierungen |publisher=VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften |location=Wiesbaden |date=2005 |isbn=978-3-531-14784-0 |language=de}}</ref>
Agreements reached in the coalition committee are introduced into formal bodies with the help of the committee members.<ref name="WR2008">{{Cite journal |author=Rudzio, Wolfgang |author-link=:de:Wolfgang Rudzio |title=Informelles Regieren - Koalitionsmanagement der Regierung Merkel |journal=Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte |issue=16/2008 |year=2008 |pages=11 f |language=de}} Cf.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |author=Kropp, Sabine |author-link=:de:Sabine Kropp |title=Regieren als informaler Prozess. Das Koalitionsmanagement der rot-grünen Bundesregierung |journal=Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte |issue=B 43/2003 |year=2003 |pages=23–31 |language=de}}</ref>
== History in Germany ==
<div style="float:right; width:550px; border:1px solid \#ccc; padding:5px; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"> {{Graph:Chart|width=400|height=150|type=line|yAxisTitle=Coalition committee meetings|legend=Legend|yAxisMin=0|x=1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005 |y1=3,29,7,15,30,31,30,35,29,44,40,33,33,25,40,38,3,14,3,,2,,3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, |y2=,,,,,,,,,,,,,4,1,13,16,2,16,13,20,10,19,24,23,14,20,38,26,29,31,43,13,12,5,4,7,8,10,5|colors=\#ff8000,\#333333|y1Title=Party archives|y2Title=Media}} <div style="text-align:center; font-size:small;">Annual meetings of the coalition committee according to various sources (1966–2005).{{sfn|Miller|2011|p=138}}</div> </div>
The establishment of a coalition committee as a steering body at the federal level was first envisaged after the successful government formation negotiations between the CDU/CSU and FDP in 1961 and was laid down in writing in a coalition agreement. The {{ill|Kressbronn Circle|de|Kressbronner Kreis}} was the committee for the first Grand Coalition under Kurt Georg Kiesinger. During the governments of Willy Brandt and Helmut Schmidt, a coalition committee also met regularly, albeit often under different names, such as ''Koalitionsrunde'' (coalition circle).{{sfn|Miller|2011}} The coalition committee also existed under Helmut Kohl.<ref name="WR2005" /><ref name="Rosteck">{{Cite thesis |author=Rosteck, Chin-Yu |title=Koalitionsmanagement unter der Kanzlerschaft Kohl 1982–1989: Formierung und Arbeitsweise der informellen Koalitionsgremien |publisher=Humboldt-Universität |location=Berlin |date=2003 |language=de|type=Dissertation}}</ref> In Gerhard Schröder's red-green coalition, the coalition committee met much more irregularly than before and did not meet for months at a time.<ref name="Helms2005">{{Cite journal |author=Helms, Ludger |title=Die Informalisierung des Regierungshandels in der Bundesrepublik: ein Vergleich der Regierungen Kohl und Schröder |journal=Zeitschrift für Staats- und Europawissenschaften |volume=3 |issue=1 |date=2005 |pages=70–96 |doi=10.1515/zfse.2005.3.1.70 |language=de}}</ref> In Angela Merkel's governments, this arena was used regularly again.<ref name="MillerMüller">{{Cite book |author=Miller, Bernhard |author2=Müller, Wolfgang C. |editor=Christoph Egle |editor2=Reimut Zohlnhöfer |chapter=Koalitionsmechanismen in einer Großen Koalition: Das Beispiel der Regierung Merkel |title=Die zweite Große Koalition: Eine Bilanz der Regierung Merkel 2005–2009 |publisher=VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften |location=Wiesbaden |date=2010 |isbn=978-3-531-16796-1 |pages=156–179 |doi=10.1007/978-3-531-92434-2_7 |language=de}}</ref> In the early years of the Federal Republic, in the Adenauer era, the coalition committee also existed, but it had different composition, with members being representatives of the parliamentary groups. There were also so-called 'coalition talks' between the Chancellor, the cabinet, and the coalition parliamentary groups – i.e., without the party leaders.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Küpper, Jost |title=Die Kanzlerdemokratie |publisher=Lang |location=Frankfurt am Main |date=1985 |isbn=978-3-8204-5575-5 |page=154 |language=de}}</ref>
A systematic overview of coalition committee meetings is hardly possible due to their informal nature. It can be approximated from media reports<ref name="WR2005" /> and, after declassification, from records in archives like the {{ill|Archive of Social Democracy|de|Archiv der sozialen Demokratie}}.{{sfn|Miller|2011}}
== Functioning and impact == Compared to the cabinet of ministers, the coalition committee is better suited as a conflict resolution body because the small group of participants is tightly-knit and maintains confidentiality.<ref name="WR1971" /> The committee can prevent conflict-laden decisions from being discussed at the cabinet level.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Schreckenberger, Waldemar |chapter=Veränderungen im parlamentarischen Regierungssystem: Zur Oligarchie der Spitzenpolitiker der Parteien |title=Staat und Parteien: Festschrift für Rudolf Morsey zum 65. Geburtstag |editor=Karl Dietrich Bracher |editor2=Paul Mikat |editor3=Konrad Repgen |editor4=Martin Schumacher |editor5=Hans-Peter Schwarz |publisher=Duncker Humblot |location=Berlin |date=1992 |isbn=978-3-428-07422-8 |pages=133–157 |language=de}}</ref> An average duration of the German coalition committee meeting between 1967 and 1982 was about two and a half hours. Difficult deliberations, e.g., the preliminary discussions of budget drafts, can last significantly longer.{{sfn|Miller|2011|p=144}}
Laws that were discussed in the coalition committee before being introduced to the Bundestag pass through the legislative process faster than those bypassing this initial step.{{sfn|Miller|2011}} This indicates that individual conflicts can indeed be defused in the coalition committee.
In a comparison of Western European countries, coalition committees seem to reduce the likelihood of a government breaking up before the end of its term. However, a coalition committee cannot prevent a breakup, for example, if (economic) crises complicate cooperation within a coalition or if the 'stock of common ground' is exhausted.{{sfn|Miller|2011}}
== Criticism and assessment == In Germany, the coalition committee has been subject to criticism since its inception, although the number of opposing voices has declined over time.{{sfn|Miller|2011|p=59f}} Thus, an "exodus from the institutions" is diagnosed,<ref name="Saalfeld2007">{{Cite journal |author=Saalfeld, Thomas |title=Koalitionsstabilität in 15 europäischen Demokratien von 1945–1999: Transaktionskosten und Koalitionsmanagement |journal=Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen |volume=38 |issue=1 |date=2007 |pages=180–206 |doi=10.5771/0340-1758-2007-1-180 |language=de}}</ref> and similar criticism is found in Austria and Italy.<ref name="WR1971">{{Cite journal |author=Rudzio, Wolfgang |author-link=:de:Wolfgang Rudzio |title=Entscheidungszentrum Koalitionsausschuss – Zur Realverfassung Österreichs unter der Großen Koalition |journal=Politische Vierteljahresschrift |volume=12 |issue=1 |date=1971 |pages=87–118 |language=de}}</ref><ref name="Criscitiello1993">{{Cite journal |author=Criscitiello, Annarita |title=Majority summits: Decision-making inside the cabinet and out: Italy, 1970–1990 |journal=West European Politics |volume=26 |date=1993 |pages=365–389 |language=en}}</ref>
Since coalition committees de facto control the work of the government and the parliamentary majority,<ref>{{Cite book |author=Petersohn, Frederik A. |title=Zur Bedeutung von Informalisierung und Parteipolitisierung im Politikformulierungsprozeß der Bundesrepublik Deutschland |location=Münster |publisher=Lit |year=2000 |isbn=3-8258-4580-X |pages=31–36 |language=de}}</ref> without being directly accountable to the Bundestag, the decisions made by coalition committees are viewed critically from a democratic theory perspective.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Woyke, Wichard |author-link=:de:Wichard Woyke |chapter=Koalition |editor=Andersen, Uwe |editor2=Woyke, Wichard |title=Handwörterbuch des politischen Systems der Bundesrepublik Deutschland |location=Bonn |publisher=Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung |year=2003 |isbn=3-89331-389-3 |page=275 |language=de}}</ref> They are accused of governing "past the parliament" and "in the back room".<ref>{{Cite book |editor=Stephan Bröchler |editor-link=:de:Stephan Bröchler |editor2=Timo Grunden |title=Informelle Politik |date=2014 |doi=10.1007/978-3-658-02380-5 |isbn=978-3-658-02379-9 |language=de}}</ref> It is argued that it is not clearly comprehensible to voters who participates in the decisions, as the members of the coalition committee as such have no legitimacy. Moreover, "the opportunities for participation of the individual officeholder within the governing majority are narrowed to such an extent that it makes it difficult for them to exercise their responsibility".<ref name="vB2002">{{Cite journal |author-link1=:de:Julia von Blumenthal|last1=von Blumenthal|first1= Julia |title=Auswanderung der Politik aus den Institutionen: Schwächung der repräsentativen Demokratie. Replik auf Eberhard Schuett-Wetschky |journal=Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft |volume=12 |issue=1 |date=2002 |page=23 |language=de}}</ref> Coalition committees "have meanwhile developed into an informal decision-making body with comprehensive competencies"<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Schreckenberger, Waldemar |author-link=:de:Waldemar Schreckenberger |title=Informelle Verfahren der Entscheidungsvorbereitung zwischen der Bundesregierung und den Mehrheitsfraktionen: Koalitionsgespräche und Koalitionsrunden |journal=Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen |issue=3/1994 |year=1994 |page=334 |language=de}}</ref> and therefore function as a kind of unofficial government branch not mentioned in the constitution.
Participants sometimes more than one point of view on the coalition committee. For example, Helmut Schmidt saw the coalition committee as an opportunity to communicate the parliamentary group's position before the government's formal decision-making processes.<ref name="Schneider1999">{{Cite book |author=Schneider, Andrea |title=Die Kunst des Kompromisses: Helmut Schmidt und die Große Koalition 1966-1969 |publisher=Schöningh |location=Paderborn |date=1999 |isbn=978-3-506-77957-1 |page=95 |language=de}}</ref> Other statements confirm that the normative criticism is indeed justified. For example, Helmut Schmidt stated regarding a change in the circle of participants: "In any case, this would then visibly shift some decisions to the parliament. This would have disadvantages for the functioning of the coalition, but advantages for the reputation of the parliament."{{sfn|Miller|2011|p=143}}
== See also == * {{ill|Coalition committee in the 19th electoral term of the Bundestag|de|Koalitionsvertrag der 19. Wahlperiode des Bundestages#Koalitionsausschuss|lt=Coalition committee in the 19th electoral term}} * {{ill|Coalition committee in the 18th electoral term of the Bundestag|de|Koalitionsvertrag der 18. Wahlperiode des Bundestages#Koalitionsausschuss|lt=Coalition committee in the 18th electoral term}} * {{ill|Coalition committee in the 16th electoral term of the Bundestag|de|Koalitionsvertrag der 16. Wahlperiode des Bundestages#Koalitionsausschuss|lt=Coalition committee in the 16th electoral term}} * Coalition agreement * Conference of Minister-Presidents
== References == <references />
== Sources == * {{Cite book |last=Miller | first= Bernhard |title=Der Koalitionsausschuss: Existenz, Einsatz und Effekte einer informellen Arena des Koalitionsmanagements |series=Studien zum Parlamentarismus |publisher=Nomos |location=Baden-Baden |date=2011 |isbn=978-3-8329-6138-1 |language=de}}
Category:Politics of Germany Category:Political systems Category:Political science