{{Short description|German geographer and historian (1580–1622)}} {{More footnotes needed|date=April 2022}} {{Redirect|Cluverius|the U.S. admiral|Wat Tyler Cluverius, Jr.|his grandson, the U.S. diplomat|Wat T. Cluverius IV}} [[Image:Cluever.jpg|thumb|Philipp Clüver]] [[File:06 - Piceni et Vestinorum, Pelignorum, Marrucinorum; ac Frentanorum agri descriptio, 1624 - Philip Clüver.jpg|thumb|Map from ''Italia Antiqua'' (1624)]] [[File:Clüver Mauritania et Africa Propria nunc Barbaria c.1624 UTA.jpg|thumb|Clüver's ''Mauritania et Africa Propria nunc Barbaria'', circa 1624]]
'''Philipp Clüver''' (also '''Klüwer''', '''Cluwer''', or '''Cluvier''', [[Latin]]ized as '''Philippus Cluverius''') (1580 – 31 December 1622) was an [[Early Modern period|Early Modern]] [[Germans|German]] [[geographer]] and [[historian]].
==Life== Clüver was born in [[Danzig]] (Gdańsk), in [[Royal Prussia]], a province of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Kingdom of Poland]]. After spending some time at the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish]] court of [[Sigismund III Vasa]], he began the study of [[law]] at the [[University of Leiden]] ([[Dutch Republic]]), but soon he turned his attention to history and geography, which were then taught there by [[Joseph Scaliger]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
Clüver received science education from his father, who was ''Münzmeister'' at Danzig (coin master), but when Clüver went into different studies, his father stopped supporting his studies. He therefore travelled from Leiden across [[Royal Hungary|Hungary]] to [[Bohemia]], where he did military service for a few years. While in Bohemia, he translated into Latin a defense by Baron Popel [[Lobkowitz]], who was imprisoned. Upon his return to Leiden, he faced sanctions by the [[Holy Roman Empire|imperial]] ([[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]]) authorities for this, which however he could avoid with the help of his Leiden friends.
Clüver also travelled in [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], and [[Early Modern France|France]]. He did all travel on foot, finally returning to Leiden, where (after 1616) he received a regular pension from the university. He died in [[Leiden]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
==Work==
Clüver was an antiquary, who was given a special appointment at Leiden as geographer and put in charge of the university's library, but his life's project, it developed, was a general study of the geography of [[Classical antiquity|Antiquity]], based not only on classical literary sources, but – and this was his contribution – supplemented by wide travels and local inspections. He became virtually the founder of [[historical geography]].
Clüver's first work, in 1611, concerning the lower reaches of the [[Rhine]] and its tribal inhabitants in [[Ancient Rome|Roman times]] (''Commentarius de tribus Rheni alveis, et ostiis; item. De Quinque populis quondam accolis; scilicet de Toxandris, Batavis, Caninefatibus, Frisiis, ac Marsacis'') touched a source of national pride among the [[Seventeen Provinces]], for the Dutch were enjoying a twelve years' truce in their [[Eighty Years' War]] of liberation.
Clüver's ''Germaniae antiquae libri tres'' (Leiden, 1616) depends on [[Tacitus]] and other Latin authors. A volume on the antiquities of [[Sicily]], with notes on [[Sardinia]] and [[Corsica]] (''Sicilia Antiqua cum minoribus insulis ei adjacentibus item Sardinia et Corsica''), published at [[Leiden]] by [[Louis Elsevier]] in 1619, is a useful source, with many reference from writers of Antiquity and maps that are often detached and sold to map collectors. His ''Introductio in universam geographiam'', totally 6 parts, (published posthumously from 1624) was the first comprehensive modern geography,<ref name="Fuson">{{Cite book|author=Fuson, Robert Henderson|year=1969|title=A Geography of Geography: Origins and Development of the Discipline|url=https://archive.org/details/geographyofgeogr0000fuso|url-access=registration|location=Dubuque, Iowa|publisher=William C. Brown Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/geographyofgeogr0000fuso/page/87 87]|isbn=9780697051554|oclc=421903283}}</ref> and became a standard geographical textbook.
Clüver was also a prolific a writer on mathematical and theological subjects. He is remembered by collectors and historians of [[cartography]] for his edition of [[Ptolemy]]'s ''Geographia'' (based on [[Gerardus Mercator|Mercator]]'s edition of 1578) and for miniature atlases that were reprinted for most of the 17th century. Many of his maps were etched for him by [[Petrus Bertius]].
== Bibliography ==
*''Germania Antiqua'' (1616) *''Siciliae Antiquae libri duo'' (1619) *''Sardinia et Corsica Antiqua'' (1619) *''Italia Antiqua'' (1624, posthumous) *''Introductio in Universam Geographiam'' (1624–1629)
==Gallery== <gallery> Image:Germaniae antiquae, Plate 11, Clüver.jpg|''Germania antiqua'', Pl. 11 Image:Germaniae antiquae libri tres, Plate 17, Clüver.jpg|''Germania antiqua'', Pl. 17 Image:+Germaniae antiquae libri tres, Plate 18, Clüver.jpg|''Germania antiqua'', Pl. 18 Image:Germaniae antiquae libri tres, Plate 24, Clüver.jpg|''Germania antiqua'', Pl. 24 </gallery>
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==References== * {{EB1911|wstitle=Cluwer, Philip|volume=6|page=571}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051028211754/http://mdz1.bib-bvb.de/~ndb/ndbvoll.html?inpAuswahl%5b%5d=8518 Philipp Clüver in ''Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie'']
==External links== {{Commons category|Philipp Clüver}} * {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Philip Cluver |volume= VI | page=43 |short=1}} *[http://www.mapmogul.com/en-GB/item-search/page_906 Maps by Philipp Cluver] *[http://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/library/special_collections/early_books/pix/germans.htm St John's College, Cambridge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009223743/http://www.joh.cam.ac.uk/library/special_collections/early_books/pix/germans.htm |date=2009-10-09 }}: note on Philipp Cluver {{-}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cluver, Philipp}} [[Category:1580 births]] [[Category:1623 deaths]] [[Category:17th-century writers in Latin]] [[Category:German geographers]] [[Category:17th-century German historians]] [[Category:Leiden University alumni]] [[Category:Academic staff of Leiden University]] [[Category:Writers from Gdańsk]] [[Category:German male non-fiction writers]] [[Category:17th-century German male writers]] [[Category:Writers from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] [[Category:17th-century geographers]]