{{Short description|Species of fungus}} {{Speciesbox | image = Clitocybe dealbata 1.jpg | genus = Clitocybe | species = dealbata | authority = (Sowerby) Gillet (1874) }} {{mycomorphbox | name = ''Clitocybe dealbata'' | whichGills = adnate | capShape = depressed | hymeniumType=gills | stipeCharacter=bare | ecologicalType=saprotrophic | sporePrintColor=white | howEdible=poisonous |howEdible2=deadly }}

'''''Clitocybe dealbata''''', also known as the '''ivory funnel''', is a small white funnel-shaped basidiomycete fungus widely found in lawns, meadows and other grassy areas in Europe and North America.

Also known as the '''sweating mushroom''', or '''sweat producing clitocybe''',<ref name="Arora1986">{{Cite book |last=Arora |first=David |author-link=David Arora |url=https://archive.org/details/arora-david-mushrooms-demystified-a-comprehensive-guide-to-the-fleshy-fungi-ten-speed-press-1986/page/163/mode/2up |title=Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi |date=1986 |publisher=Ten Speed Press |isbn=978-0-89815-170-1 |edition=2nd |location=Berkeley, CA |pages=163 |orig-date=1979}}</ref> it derives these names from the symptoms of poisoning. It contains potentially deadly levels of muscarine.

==Taxonomy== ''Clitocybe dealbata'' was initially described by British naturalist James Sowerby in 1799 as ''Agaricus dealbatus'',<ref>See :File:Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms - t. 123.png for the plate which is the original definition of this species.</ref> its specific epithet derived from the Late Latin verb ''dealbare'' 'to whitewash',<ref>{{cite book | last = Simpson | first = D.P. | title = Cassell's Latin Dictionary | publisher = Cassell Ltd. | year = 1979 | edition = 5 | location = London | pages = 883 | isbn = 0-304-52257-0}}</ref> inexorably calling to mind the Biblical "whited sepulchre", that is outwardly pleasing but inwardly toxic. It gained its current genus name in 1874 when reclassified by French naturalist Claude Casimir Gillet.<ref>Gillet CG (1874) ''Les Hyménomycètes'' 828pp</ref> However, this species is often considered a synonym of ''Clitocybe rivulosa''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kuyper |first=Thomas W. |title=Some taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in the Tricholomataceae, tribus Clitocybeae |journal=Persoonia |volume=16 - 2 |year=1996}}</ref> and according to Bon<ref>{{cite book | last = Bon | first = Marcel | title = Flore mycologique d'Europe 4 Les clitocybes, omphales et ressemblants | publisher = M. Bon | location = Quai Jeanne d'Arc, 80230 St. Valéry-sur-Somme, France |date=April 1997 | page = 61 }}</ref> the name ''C.&nbsp;dealbata'' may be invalid (a nomen dubium) as James Sowerby's definition conflicts with Elias Magnus Fries's.

==Description== A small white or white dusted with buff-coloured mushroom, the 2–4&nbsp;cm diameter cap is flattened to depressed with adnate to decurrent crowded white gills. The stipe is 2–4&nbsp;cm tall and 0.5–1&nbsp;cm wide. The spore print is white. There is no distinctive taste or smell.<ref>{{cite book | author = Phillips R | year = 1985 | title = Mushrooms of Great Britain and Europe | publisher = Pan Books | isbn = 0-330-26441-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Davis|first1=R. Michael|title=Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America|last2=Sommer|first2=Robert|last3=Menge|first3=John A.|publisher=University of California Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-520-95360-4|location=Berkeley|pages=147|oclc=797915861}}</ref>

It is one of a number of similar poisonous species such as the false champignon (''Clitocybe rivulosa'') which can be confused with the edible fairy ring champignon (''Marasmius oreades''),<ref name="Carluccio03">{{cite book | author = Carluccio A | author-link = Antonio Carluccio | year = 2003 | title = The Complete Mushroom Book | publisher = Quadrille | isbn = 1-84400-040-0}}</ref> or miller (''Clitopilus prunulus'').<ref>{{cite book | author = Nilson S & Persson O | year = 1977 | title = Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi | publisher = Penguin|isbn=0-14-063006-6|page= 98}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat== The ivory funnel is found in grassy habitats in summer and autumn. Often gregarious, it can form fairy rings.<ref>{{cite book | author = Haas H | year = 1969 | title = The Young Specialist looks at Fungi |page= 132| publisher = Burke | isbn = 0-222-79409-7}}</ref> Unfortunately, they often occur in grassy areas where they may be encountered by children or pets. This may increase risk of accidental consumption.<ref name ="Benjamin95">Benjamin DR. (1995). ''Mushrooms, Poisons and Panaceas: A Handbook for Naturalists, Mycologists, and Physicians''. W H Freeman & Co. {{ISBN|0-7167-2649-1}}</ref>

==Toxicity== The main toxic component of ''Clitocybe dealbata'' is muscarine, and thus the symptoms are like those of nerve agent poisoning, namely greatly increased salivation, sweating (perspiration), and the flow of tears (lacrimation) within 15–30&nbsp;minutes of ingestion. With large doses, these symptoms may be followed by abdominal pain, severe nausea, diarrhea, blurred vision, and labored breathing. Intoxication generally subsides within two hours. Death is rare, but may result from arrhythmia or respiratory failure in severe cases. The specific antidotes are M1 receptor blockers like atropine, scopolamine and diphenhydramine.<ref name ="Benjamin95"/>

==See also== *List of deadly fungi

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== *[https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/167398-overview Toxicity, Mushrooms - Muscarine]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1402263}}

dealbata Category:Deadly fungi Category:Fungi of Europe Category:Fungi found in fairy rings Category:Poisonous fungi Category:Taxa named by James Sowerby Category:Fungus species