Hawaiian lobelioids

{{short description|Group of flowering plants}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Lobelia niihauensis (5762180787).jpg | image_caption = ''Lobelia niihauensis'', long terminal inflorescences of magenta flowers. | taxon = Hawaiian lobelioids | authority = | subdivision_ranks = Genera and sections | subdivision = {{Linked genus list |Brighamia| |Clermontia| |''Cyanea''| |Delissea| |Lobelia sect. Galeatella| |Lobelia sect. Revolutella| |Trematolobelia| }} }} The '''Hawaiian lobelioids''' are a group of flowering plants in the bellflower family, Campanulaceae, subfamily Lobelioideae, all of which are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. This is the largest plant radiation in the Hawaiian Islands, and indeed the largest on any island archipelago, with over 125 species. The six genera involved can be broadly separated by growth habit: ''Clermontia'' are typically branched shrubs or small trees, up to {{convert|7|m|ft}} tall, with fleshy fruits; ''Cyanea'' and ''Delissea'' are typically unbranched or branching only at the base, with a cluster of relatively broad leaves at the apex and fleshy fruits; ''Lobelia'' and ''Trematolobelia'' have long thin leaves down a single, non-woody stem and capsular fruits with wind-dispersed seeds; and the peculiar ''Brighamia'' have a short, thick stem with a dense cluster of broad leaves, elongate white flowers, and capsular fruits. The relationships among the genera and sections remains unsettled {{As of|2022|April| lc=yes}}.

Many species have beautiful and spectacular flowers, especially those in ''Lobelia'' and ''Trematolobelia''. They are also highly vulnerable to feeding by feral ungulates such as feral pigs; the stems are only partly woody, and contain few defenses against herbivory. The bark contains a milky (but apparently non-poisonous) latex, and is often chewed by rats and pigs. Seedlings are also vulnerable to disturbance by pig digging, and in areas with high densities of pigs it is not uncommon to find the only lobelioids being epiphytic on larger trees or on fallen logs.

==Taxonomy== The group contains morphologically divergent species, and was long thought to have derived from at least three introductions: one for ''Lobelia'' and ''Trematolobelia'', one for ''Brighamia'', and one for ''Clermontia'', ''Cyanea'', and ''Delissea''. Based on DNA sequence evidence, it was later suggested that all are derived from a single introduction. This was likely a ''Lobelia''-like species that arrived about 13 million years ago, when Gardner Pinnacles and French Frigate Shoals were high islands and long before the current main islands existed.<ref name=Givnish1996/><ref name=Givnish2008/> A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2021 found that ''Delissea'' plus ''Brighamia'', ''Trematolobelia'', ''Lobelia'' sect. ''Galeatella'', and ''Lobelia'' sect. ''Revolutella'' formed a clade that was closely related to giant African and South American lobelioids. ''Clermontia'' formed a separate clade with some species of ''Cyanea'', which was not monophyletic. The part of their cladogram that includes genera and sections from Hawaii is shown below, with added shading to show those treated as Hawaiian lobelioids, which do not form a single clade in this study.<ref name=KagaGichChenWang21/> {{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Some species of ''Lobelia'' sect. ''Rhynchopetalum'' (from Africa and South America) |2={{clade |1=''Delissea'' + ''Brighamia'' |2={{clade |1=''Lobelia'' sect. ''Revolutella'' |2={{clade |1=''Lobelia'' sect. ''Galeatella'' |2=''Trematolobelia'' }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=''Sclerotheca'' + ''Apetahia'' (from other Pacific islands) |2={{clade |1=Some species of ''Cyanea'' |2=''Clermontia'' }} }} }} }} The authors of the 2021 study described the taxonomy of several genera, including ''Lobelia'', as "particularly frustrating" and called for further research.<ref name=KagaGichChenWang21/>

==''Brighamia''==

thumb|right|''Brighamia insignis'', dense cluster of broad leaves with elongate white flowers.

''Brighamia'' is quite unlike the other genera, with a succulent stem and long, thin, tubular flowers. It was long thought to have been the result of a separate introduction, and its unique combination of characters made it difficult to place. These characters are the result of adaptation to growing on cliffs and pollination by the endemic Hawaiian hawkmoth, ''Manduca blackburni''. This moth is now itself listed as endangered, surviving mainly on the southern slopes of Maui, well away from where ''Brighamia'' live. Some pollination may be done by closely related alien hawkmoths such as the five-spotted hawkmoth (''M. quinquemaculata'') and pink-spotted hawkmoth (''Agrius cingulata''). Despite their inaccessible habitat on cliffs, ''Brighamia'' are sometimes hand-pollinated by botanists to ensure seed set. Both species are now extremely rare in the wild, but ''B. insignis'' enjoys some small scale popularity as a house plant.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060927183829/http://www.ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php?rid=122&plantid=1923 National Tropical Botanical Garden]</ref> The genus is named in honour of the first director of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, William Tufts Brigham.

'''''Brighamia'' species''' *''Brighamia insignis''* A.Gray – ''{{okina}}Ōlulu'' (Kaua{{okina}}i, Ni{{okina}}ihau†) *''Brighamia rockii''* H.St.John – ''Pua {{okina}}Ala'' (Moloka{{okina}}i, Lāna{{okina}}i†, Maui†)

† species believed to be extinct <nowiki>*</nowiki> species is listed as endangered

==''Lobelia''== {{Main|Lobelia}} [[File:Lobelia gloria-montis.jpg|thumb|300px|''Lobelia gloria-montis'' from Pu{{okina}}u Kukui bog, West Maui.]] ''Lobelia'' is a cosmopolitan genus of over 350 species, including common ornamentals. However, many lobelioid genera are derived from it and it is highly paraphyletic. The Hawaiian species are divided into two sections (''Galeatella'', the giant lobelias of montane bogs, and ''Revolutella'', the smaller lobelias of rocky crests and interior rock walls), based on flower color and other characters. Like ''Brighamia'' and ''Trematolobelia'', the fruit of ''Lobelia'' is a dry capsule. These species are probably the closest in appearance to the original Hawaiian colonist.

'''''Lobelia''''' '''species'''

*section Galeatella: flowers red or yellow to white **''Lobelia gaudichaudii''* A.DC (O{{okina}}ahu) **''Lobelia gloria-montis'' Rock (Maui, Moloka{{okina}}i?) **''Lobelia kauaensis'' (A.Gray) A. Heller - ''Pu{{okina}}e'' (Kaua{{okina}}i) **''Lobelia villosa'' (Rock) H.St.John & Hosaka (Kaua{{okina}}i) *section Revolutella: flowers blue or magenta **''Lobelia dunbarii'' Rock (Moloka{{okina}}i) **''Lobelia grayana'' F.Wimmer (Maui) **''Lobelia hillebrandii'' Rock (Maui) **''Lobelia hypoleuca'' Hillebr. – ''Kuhi{{okina}}aikamo{{okina}}owahie'' (Kaua{{okina}}i, O{{okina}}ahu, Moloka{{okina}}i, Lāna{{okina}}i, Maui, Hawai{{okina}}i) **''Lobelia monostachya''* (Rock) Lammers (O{{okina}}ahu) **''Lobelia niihauensis''* H.St.John (Ni{{okina}}ihau†, Kaua{{okina}}i, O{{okina}}ahu) **''Lobelia oahuensis''* Rock (O{{okina}}ahu) **''Lobelia remyi'' Rock (O{{okina}}ahu†) **''Lobelia yuccoides'' Hillebr. - ''Pānaunau'' (Kaua{{okina}}i, O{{okina}}ahu)

† species believed to be extinct <nowiki>*</nowiki> species is listed Endangered

==''Trematolobelia''==

[[File:Trematolobelia macrostachys.jpg|thumb|300px|''Trematolobelia macrostachys'' on Mount Ka{{okina}}ala, O{{okina}}ahu.]] ''Trematolobelia'' is distinguished from ''Lobelia'' by its unique dispersal method. Rather than drying and splitting apart, the outer (green) wall of the fruit disintegrates, revealing a perforated hard "frame" that allows the tiny wind-dispersed seeds to escape. They can be quite spectacular when in flower, with multiple flower branches and hundreds of flowers. Individual plants live for 5–10 years before flowering and dying.

'''''Trematobelia''''' '''species''' *''Trematolobelia grandifolia'' Rock (Hawai{{okina}}i) *''Trematolobelia kauaiensis'' Rock – ''Koli{{okina}}i'' (Kaua{{okina}}i) *''Trematolobelia macrostachys'' (Hook. & Arn.) A. Zahlbr. – ''Koli{{okina}}i'' (O{{okina}}ahu, Moloka{{okina}}i†, Lāna{{okina}}i†, Maui, Hawai{{okina}}i†) *''Trematolobelia singularis''* H.St.John (O{{okina}}ahu)

† species believed to be extinct <nowiki>*</nowiki> species is listed Endangered

==''Clermontia''== {{Redirect|Clermontia|the insect genus|Clermontia (beetle)}} thumb|300px|''Clermontia pallida'', showing the "double flower" of section Clermontia. thumb|300px|''Clermontia clermontioides'', showing the tiny calyx lobes of section Clermontioideae (dark green). ''Clermontia'', with 22 species, are the most common of Hawaiian lobelioids. Unlike ''Cyanea'', which are typically found in dense forest, ''Clermontia'' are frequently found in more open areas and edges, and therefore persist better when forests become fragmented. Nevertheless, there are still many endangered species. The flowers are often large and spectacular; in section ''Clermontia'', the calyx lobes are similar in color and size to the corolla, giving the appearance of a flower with twice the normal number of petals.

''Clermontia'' is a very important host plant for many species of Hawaiian Drosophilidae, such as ''Drosophila silvestris''. The larvae of Drosophilidae flies breed in the rotting bark, leaves, flowers, and fruit of all lobelioids, but primarily ''Clermontia'' since it is largest and most common. Several species of these native plants, especially on the Big Island, are epiphytic.

thumb|right|Rat damage on ''Clermontia''.

'''''Clermontia''''' '''species'''

*section ''Clermontia'': calyx lobes similar to petals **''Clermontia calophylla''* F.Wimmer - ''{{okina}}Ōhā wai nui'' (Kohala, Hawai{{okina}}i) **''Clermontia drepanomorpha''* Rock - ''{{okina}}Ōhā wai'' (Kohala, Hawai{{okina}}i) **''Clermontia grandiflora''† Gaudich. - ''{{okina}}Ōhā wai'' (Moloka{{okina}}i, Lāna{{okina}}i, Maui) **''Clermontia hawaiiensis'' (Hillebr.) Rock - ''{{okina}}Ōhā kēpau'' (Puna and Ka{{okina}}ū on Hawai{{okina}}i) **''Clermontia hanaulaensis''* - ''{{okina}}Ōhā wai'' (west Maui) **''Clermontia kakeana'' Meyen - ''{{okina}}Ōhā wai'' (O{{okina}}ahu, Moloka{{okina}}i, Maui) **''Clermontia kohalae'' Rock - ''{{okina}}Ōhā wai'' (Kohala and Hāmākua on Hawai{{okina}}i) **''Clermontia lindseyana''* Rock - ''{{okina}}Ōhā wai'' (Hawai{{okina}}i, east Maui) **''Clermontia micrantha'' (Hillebr.) Rock - ''{{okina}}Ōhā wai'' (Lāna{{okina}}i, west Maui) **''Clermontia montis-loa'' Rock - ''{{okina}}Ōhā wai'' (Hilo, Puna, and Ka{{okina}}ū on Hawai{{okina}}i) **''Clermontia multiflora'' Hillebr. - ''{{okina}}Ōhā wai'' (O{{okina}}ahu†, west Maui†) **''Clermontia oblongifolia''* Gaudich. - ''{{okina}}Ōhā wai'' (O{{okina}}ahu, Moloka{{okina}}i, Lāna{{okina}}i, Maui) **''Clermontia pallida'' Hillebr. - ''{{okina}}Ōhā wai'' (Moloka{{okina}}i) **''Clermontia parviflora'' Gaudich. ex A.Gray - ''{{okina}}Ōhā wai'' (windward Hawai{{okina}}i) **''Clermontia persicifolia'' Gaudich. - ''{{okina}}Ōhā wai'' (O{{okina}}ahu) **''Clermontia samuelii''* F.B.Forbes - ''{{okina}}Ōhā wai'' (east Maui) *section ''Clermontioideae'': calyx lobes short, green **''Clermontia arborescens'' (H.Mann) Hillebr. - ''{{okina}}Ōhā wai nui'' (Moloka{{okina}}i, Lāna{{okina}}i, Maui)<ref name="CFTH">{{cite journal |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/trees/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Clermontia_arborescens.pdf |title=ʻOhawai, haha, tree clermontia |first=Elbert L. |last=Little Jr. |author2=Roger G. Skolmen |publisher=United States Forest Service |year=1989}}</ref> **''Clermontia clermontioides'' (Gaudich.) A.Heller (Ka{{okina}}ū and Kona Districts on Hawai{{okina}}i) **''Clermontia fauriei'' H.Lév - ''Hāhā{{okina}}aiakamanu'' (Kaua{{okina}}i, O{{okina}}ahu) **''Clermontia peleana''* Rock (Hawai{{okina}}i, Maui?) **''Clermontia pyrularia''* - ''{{okina}}Ōhā wai'' (Hawai{{okina}}i) **''Clermontia tuberculata''* - ''{{okina}}Ōhā wai'' (Maui) **''Clermontia waimeae''* - ''{{okina}}Ōhā wai'' (Hawai{{okina}}i)

† species believed to be extinct <nowiki>*</nowiki> species is listed Endangered

==''Cyanea''== thumb|300px|''Cyanea platyphylla'', one of the species with abundant spines.thumb|300px|''Cyanea leptostegia'', one of the largest species. ''Cyanea'' is the largest and most morphologically diverse group of Hawaiian lobelioids, with more than 70 species. Most grow as a single stem or as a cluster branching near the ground, but a few, such as ''C. stictophylla'', grow as multi-branched shrubs. Some, such as ''C. leptostegia'' of Kaua{{okina}}i, can grow to over {{convert|9|m|ft}} tall - something that is especially notable given the relative thinness of the stem and soft wood.

Part of the reason ''Cyanea'' are able to grow tall stalks is that they tend to grow in deep forest, often in narrow gulches on the older islands, where there is little wind. This characteristic of growing under dense cover also makes them more sensitive to disturbance of the forest.

An interesting character of many ''Cyanea'' is their tendency to grow spines or thorns on the stem and leaves (see the photo of ''Cyanea platyphylla''). This is most pronounced in younger plants, and some species undergo a kind of metamorphosis as they mature, to the extent that different growth stages were described as separate species, due in part to the presence or absence of spines. The purpose of the spines was puzzling, since in most island situations there is a tendency for plants to lose defenses - Hawai{{okina}}i is noted for its nettle-less nettles, mintless mints, and (not quite) thornless raspberries - and no native browsing animals were known. However, it is now believed that the spines were a defense against the moa-nalo, giant browsing geese and goose-like ducks that formerly inhabited the islands (Givnish et al. 1995). These birds were apparently driven extinct by the Hawaiians before Europeans reached the islands, but their evolutionary effects live on.

Many species are now extinct or have not been seen in decades. These include ''C. arborea'', ''C. comata'', and ''C. pohaku'', a cluster of species that formerly inhabited the drier, mesic areas of leeward East Maui where almost no native habitat remains. Because they are particularly sensitive to disturbance by pigs, ''Cyanea'' are often the first plants to disappear, even when the forest as a whole appears relatively healthy. Extinct species tended to have longer, more highly specialized flowers and to have narrower elevational and geographic ranges than the species that survived (Givnish et al. 1995).

Species of ''Cyanea'' on each major island tend to differ in flower tube length and mean elevation, apparently reflecting a partitioning of ecological and reproductive resources. The total number of species of ''Cyanea'' can be predicted rather precisely from the height and area of each of the major islands except Hawai{{okina}}i (the Big Island), suggesting that the assembly of ''Cyanea'' communities requires more than 0.6 million years (the age of Hawaii) and less than 1.5 million years (the age of Maui) to run to ecological saturation (Givnish et al. 2008).

'''''Cyanea''''' '''species'''

*''Cyanea aculeatiflora'' Rock (east Maui) *''Cyanea acuminata''* (Gaudich.) Hillebr. (O{{okina}}ahu) *''Cyanea angustifolia''* (Cham.) Hillebr. (O{{okina}}ahu, Moloka{{okina}}i, Lāna{{okina}}i, Maui) *''Cyanea arborea'' Hillebr. (east Maui†) *''Cyanea asarifolia''* H.St.John (Kaua{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea asplenifolia''* (H.Mann) Hillebr. (Maui) *''Cyanea calycina''* Lammers (O{{okina}}ahu) *''Cyanea comata'' Hillebr. (east Maui†) *''Cyanea copelandii''* Rock (east Maui, Hawai{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea coriacea'' (A.Gray) Hillebr. (Kaua{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea crispa''* Gaudich. (O{{okina}}ahu) *''Cyanea degeneriana'' F. Wimmer (Hawai{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea dolichopoda'' Lammers & Lorence (Kaua{{okina}}i†) *''Cyanea dunbariae''* Rock - Moloka{{okina}}i†) *''Cyanea eleeleensis'' (H.St.John) Lammers (Kaua{{okina}}i†) *''Cyanea elliptica'' (Rock) Lammers (Lāna{{okina}}i, Maui) *''Cyanea fauriei'' H.Lév (Kaua{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea fissa'' (H.Mann) Hillebr. (Kaua{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea giffardii'' Rock (Hawai{{okina}}i†) *''Cyanea glabra''* (F.Wimmer) H.St.John (Maui†) *''Cyanea grimesiana''* Gaudich. (O{{okina}}ahu, Moloka{{okina}}i, Lāna{{okina}}i, Maui, Hawai{{okina}}i†) *''Cyanea habenata'' (H.St.John) Lammers (Kaua{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea hamatiflora''* Rock (east Maui, Hawai{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea hardyi'' Rock (Kaua{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea hirtella'' (H.Mann) Hillebr. (Kaua{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea horrida'' (Rock) O.Deg. & Hosaka - ''Hāhā nui'' (east Maui) *''Cyanea humboldtiana''* Gaudich. (O{{okina}}ahu) *''Cyanea kahiliensis'' (H.St.John) Lammers (Kaua{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea kolekoleensis'' (H.St.John) Lammers (Kaua{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea koolauensis''* Lammers Givnish & Sytsma (new name for ''Rollandia angustifolia'') (O{{okina}}ahu) *''Cyanea kunthiana'' Hillebr. (Maui) *''Cyanea lanceolata'' Gaudich. (O{{okina}}ahu) *''Cyanea leptostegia'' A.Gray - ''Hāhā lua'' (Kaua{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea linearifolia'' Rock (Kaua{{okina}}i†) *''Cyanea lobata''* H.Mann (Lāna{{okina}}i, west Maui) *''Cyanea longissima'' (Rock) H.St.John (east Maui†) *''Cyanea longiflora''* Wawra (O{{okina}}ahu) *''Cyanea macrostegia''* Hillebr. (Lāna{{okina}}i, Maui) *''Cyanea mannii''* (Brigham) Hillebr. (Moloka{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea marksii'' Rock (Kona, Hawai{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea mceldowneyi''* Rock (east Maui) *''Cyanea membranacea'' Rock (O{{okina}}ahu) *''Cyanea obtusa'' (A.Gray) Hillebr. (Maui†) *''Cyanea parvifolia'' C.N.Forbes (Kaua{{okina}}i†) *''Cyanea pilosa'' A.Gray (Hawai{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea pinnatifida''* (Cham.) F.Wimmer (O{{okina}}ahu) *''Cyanea platyphylla''* (A.Gray) Hillebr. - ''{{okina}}Akū{{okina}}akū'' (Hawai{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea pohaku'' Lammers (east Maui†) *''Cyanea procera''* Hillebr. (Moloka{{okina}}i†) *''Cyanea profuga'' C.N.Forbes (Moloka{{okina}}i†) *''Cyanea purpurellifolia'' Rock (O{{okina}}ahu) *''Cyanea pycnocarpa'' (Hillebr.) F.Wimmer (Hawai{{okina}}i†) *''Cyanea quercifolia'' (Hillebr.) F.Wimmer (east Maui†) *''Cyanea recta''* (Wawra) Hillebr. (Kaua{{okina}}i†) *''Cyanea rivularis''* (Rock) (Kaua{{okina}}i†) *''Cyanea scabra'' Hillebr. (west Maui) *''Cyanea shipmanii''* Rock (Hawai{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea solenacea'' Hillebr. - ''Pōpolo'' (Moloka{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea solenocalyx'' Hillebr. - ''Pua kala'' (Moloka{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea spathulata'' (Hillebr.) A.Heller (Kaua{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea st.-johnii''* Hosaka (O{{okina}}ahu) *''Cyanea stictophylla''* Rock (Kona and Ka{{okina}}ū on Hawai{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea superba''* (Cham.) A.Gray (O{{okina}}ahu) *''Cyanea sylvestris'' A.Heller (Kaua{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea tritomantha'' A.Gray - ''{{okina}}Akū{{okina}}akū'' (Hawai{{okina}}i) *''Cyanea truncata''* (Rock) Rock (O{{okina}}ahu) *''Cyanea undulata''* C.N.Forbes (Kaua{{okina}}i†) *''Cyanea leptostegia''* A.Gray - hana{{okina}}lau (Kaua{{okina}}i) † species believed to be extinct <nowiki>*</nowiki> species is listed Endangered

==''Delissea''== thumb|300px|''Delissea rhytidosperma''thumb|300px|''Delissea rhytidosperma'' of Kaua{{okina}}i. Note the small knob about 1/3 of the way down the flower, one of the characters separating ''Delissea'' from ''Cyanea''.''Delissea'' is similar to ''Cyanea'' in many ways, differing primarily in the flower (with a small knob on the dorsal side) and fruit (dark purple; most ''Cyanea'' fruit are orange, though some are also purple or blue). It is notable in part due to its dwindling populations: only three of the nine species known to science are still extant, and one of these (''D. undulata'') is extinct in the wild. Several species are known only from type specimens collected in the late 1800s. Several species are very poorly known, and their status as species is questionable. For example, ''D. fallax'' and ''D. parviflora'' are both from Hawai{{okina}}i and their flowers are identical; it is possible that they represent different growth forms of the same species (both ''Delissea'' and ''Cyanea'' are known to undergo changes in vegetative morphology during the lifetime of the plant). ''Delissea lauliiana'' was known only from the type, which was destroyed in Berlin during World War II. All three of these are believed to be extinct.

'''''Delissea''''' '''species'''

*section Delissea: nearly straight flowers {{convert|14|-|26|mm|in}} long **''Delissea argutidentata'' (E.Wimm.) H.St.John **''Delissea fallax'' Hillebr. (Hawai{{okina}}i†) **''Delissea kauaiensis'' (Lammers) Lammers (Kaua{{okina}}i) **''Delissea lauliiana'' Lammers (O{{okina}}ahu†) **''Delissea parviflora'' Hillebr. (Hawai{{okina}}i†) **''Delissea rhytidosperma''* H.Mann (Kaua{{okina}}i) **''Delissea undulata''* Gaudich. (Ni{{okina}}ihau†, Kaua{{okina}}i†, Maui†, Hawai{{okina}}i) *section Macranthae: curved flowers {{convert|37|-|60|mm|in}} long **''Delissea laciniata'' Hillebr (O{{okina}}ahu†) **''Delissea sinuata'' Hillebr. (O{{okina}}ahu†, Lāna{{okina}}i†) **''Delissea subcordata''† Gaudich. (O{{okina}}ahu) **''Delissea waianaeensis''* Lammers (O{{okina}}ahu)

† species believed to be extinct <nowiki>*</nowiki> species is listed Endangered

==References== <references> <ref name=Givnish1996>{{cite journal |last=Givnish |first=T. J. |author2=E. Knox |author3=T. B. Patterson |author4=J. R. Hapeman |author5=J. D. Palmer |author6=K. J. Sytsma |year=1996 |title=The Hawaiian lobelioids are monophyletic and underwent a rapid initial radiation roughly 15 million years ago |location=Annual Meeting of the Botanical Society of America |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=83 |issue=6 Supplement |page=159 |jstor=2445804 }}</ref>

<ref name=Givnish2008>{{cite journal |last=Givnish |first=T. J. |author2=K. C. Millam |author3=A. R. Mast |author4=T. B. Patterson |author5=T. J. Theim |author6=A. L. Hipp |author7=J. M. Henss |author8=J. F. Smith |author9=K. R. Wood |author10=K. J. Sytsma |year=2008 |title=Origin, adaptive radiation and diversification of the Hawaiian lobeliads (Asterales: Campanulaceae) |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |publisher=Royal Society |doi=10.1098/rspb.2008.1204 |pmid=18854299 |volume=276 |issue=1656 |pages=407–16 |pmc=2664350}}</ref>

<ref name=KagaGichChenWang21>{{Cite journal |last1=Kagame |first1=Samuel Paul |last2=Gichira |first2=Andrew W. |last3=Chen |first3=Ling-Yun |last4=Wang |first4=Qing-Feng |date=2021 |title=Systematics of Lobelioideae (Campanulaceae): review, phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses |journal=PhytoKeys |issue=174 |pages=13–45 |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.174.59555 |pmc=7954781|pmid=33746531 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }}</ref> </references> *{{cite book |last=Wagner |first=W. L. |author2=D. R. Herbst |author3=S. H. Sohmer |year=1990 |title=Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu |isbn=0-8248-1152-6}} :The standard reference for Hawaiian plant taxonomy. *{{cite encyclopedia |last=Givnish |first=T. J. |author2=K. J. Sytsma |author3=J. F. Smith |author4=W. S. Hahn |year=1995 |title=Molecular evolution, adaptive radiation, and geographic speciation in ''Cyanea'' (Campanulaceae, Lobelioideae) |pages=288–337 |editor=W. L. Wagner and V. Funk |encyclopedia=Hawaiian Biogeography: Evolution on a Hot-Spot Archipelago |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |location=Washington, D. C.}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hawaiian Lobelioids}} Hawaiian lobelioids Category:Lists of flora of Hawaii . Category:Natural history of Hawaii Category:Trees of Hawaii Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status