{{short description|Species of flowering plant endemic to New Zealand}} {{Use New Zealand English|date=July 2024}} {{Speciesbox |image = Puawhananga flowers (Clematis paniculata).jpg |taxon = Clematis paniculata |authority = J.F.Gmel. |synonyms = {{specieslist |Clematis indivisa|Willd. |Clematis indivisa var. lobata|Hook. |Clematis integrifolia|Forst. fil. }} |synonyms_ref = <ref name="GBIF">{{cite web|title=''Clematis paniculata'' J. F. Gmel.|url=https://www.gbif.org/species/7433570|publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility|access-date=14 January 2018|language=en}}</ref>}}
'''''Clematis paniculata''''' ({{langx|mi|puawānanga}}<ref>{{cite web|title=puawānanga - Te Aka|url=https://maoridictionary.co.nz/word/6026}}</ref> or {{langx|mi|label=none|puapua}}) is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. It is one of seven species of clematis native to New Zealand. ''C. paniculata'' is the most common of these, and is widespread in forests throughout the country.
Growing from lowland areas up to low mountainous forests, it flowers between August and November.
The Māori name {{langx|mi|label=none|puawānanga}} translates as "flower of the skies", and traditionally its flowering meant the start of spring.<ref>{{cite web|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413004600/http://www.terrain.net.nz/friends-of-te-henui-group/new-plant-page/native-clematis.html|title=Clematis (Puawhananga) ''Clematis paniculata''|url=http://www.terrain.net.nz/friends-of-te-henui-group/new-plant-page/native-clematis.html|publisher=Taranaki Educational Resource: Research, Analysis and Information Network|access-date=5 April 2012}}</ref> {{langx|mi|label=none|Puapua}} on the other hand comes from reduplication of the Polynesian term ''pua'' referring to either ''Fagraea berteroana'', ''Guettarda speciosa'' or ''Gardenia taitensis''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.temarareo.org/PPN-Pua.html|title=Pua|website=Te Māra Reo: The Language Garden|year=2023|publisher=Benton Family Trust}}</ref>
==Description== ''Clematis paniculata'' is an evergreen woody high-climbing vine.<ref name=WebbAl1988>{{cite book |last1=Webb |first1=C. J. |last2=Sykes |first2=W. R. |last3=Garnock-Jones |first3=P. J. |chapter=12 ''C. paniculata'' Gmelin, Syst. Nat. ed. 13, 873 (1791) |title=Flora of New Zealand Volume IV (Vol. Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons). |date=1988 |publisher=Botany Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research|chapter-url=https://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/Taxon.aspx?id=_255d2b7a-f133-48aa-af46-498b351b8969&fileName=Flora%204.xml}}</ref><ref name=Allan1982>{{cite book |last1=Allan |first1=H. H. |chapter= 1. ''C. paniculata'' Gmel. Syst. Nat. ed. 13, 1791, 873 | title=Flora of New Zealand Volume 1 (Vol. Indigenous Tracheophyta Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledons) |date=1982 |publisher=Botany Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research|chapter-url=https://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/Taxon.aspx?id=_1dcda126-4294-4fb0-a67a-3ec7ecd47274&fileName=Flora%201.xml}}</ref> It has a woody stem that is usually around 10 cm or more in diameter at the base. The leaves are dark and globous, sparsely hairy beneath. They have stout branchlets.<ref name=NZPCN>{{cite web |website=New Zealand Plant Conservation Network|title=''Clematis paniculata''|url=http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=1683 |access-date=April 18, 2020 |date=2014}}</ref> They have a leaf margin of toothed, entire or lobed near apex, though they are rarely ever profoundly lobed.<ref name=WebbAl1988/> The ''C. paniculata'' leaflets' texture is similar to leather meaning that you can see pores and wrinkles. The leaves are shiny and tough looking. The leaves have the shape of broadly ovate to broad oblong and heart-shaped to truncate at the base.<ref name=WebbAl1988/><ref name=Allan1982/>
''C. paniculata'' is a unisex plant though the male and female flowers are similar as both have six sepals, with white flowers lobed.<ref name=NZPCN/><ref name=WebbAl1988/> But, the female flower has a smaller sepal than the male. They both have white sepals that are narrow towards the end, rectangular or rounded end.<ref name=WebbAl1988/> Females have few staminodes and males have lots. Females do not have persistent fruits.<ref name=NZPCN/> The female has hairy achenes that are {{ convert |2–4|mm}} long.<ref name=WebbAl1988/>
== Range == ''Clematis paniculata'' is native to New Zealand.<ref name=McKenzie1998>{{cite journal |last1=Mckenzie |first1=E. H. C. |title=Rust fungi of New Zealand—An introduction, and list of recorded species |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany|date=1998 |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=233–271 |doi=10.1080/0028825X.1998.9512564 |bibcode=1998NZJB...36..233M }}</ref> It was naturalised on the Chatham Islands and can be found throughout North, South and Stewart Island.<ref name=NZPCN/>
==Habitat== [[File:P1artalbumofnewz01featuoft 0015.jpg|thumb|Illustration of ''C. paniculata'' by Sarah Featon.]] ''C. paniculata'' is found throughout New Zealand in lowland and subalpine forests.<ref name=Guy2011>{{cite journal |last1=Guy |first1=P. L. |title=Detection of Cucumber mosaic virus on ''Clematis paniculata'' in lowland forest in New Zealand |journal=Australasian Plant Disease Notes|volume=6|pages=20–21|date=2011 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s13314-011-0007-9|doi-access=free |bibcode=2011AuPDN...6...20G }}</ref> Coastal to land between 300 and 800 meters above sea level in tall forest or shrubland.<ref name=NZPCN/>
==Ecology==
===Life cycle/phenology=== ''Clematis paniculata'' flowers from August to November and has fruit throughout October to January. These flowers are unisexual, which means that there are both female and male flowers.<ref>NZ Flora. ''Clematis paniculata'' J.F.Gmel. Retrieved on the 6/4/2020, from http://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/Taxon/Clematis-paniculata.html</ref> The difference between male and female flowers is that the male has a stamen, this is the male organ which bears pollen for the reproduction of the plant.<ref name=NZPCN/> The seeds are easily dispersed by wind and they are contained in a silky feather-like cluster. The germination period is within 2–3 months, but this can be erratic.<ref> Department of Conservation. Seed collection and propagation guide for grasses, sedges, lilies, flaxes, epiphytes and climbers. Retrieved on the 7/4/2020, from https://www.doc.govt.nz/get-involved/run-a-project/restoration advice/nativeplantrestoration/ecosource-seeds/collection-and-propagation guide-grasses/ </ref>
===Soil requirements===
''Clematis paniculata'' prefers soils that are damp but not overly soaking and if the roots become dried out the plant will not survive. This plant prefers not overly wet, but can't be too dry.<ref name=NZPCN/>
Clematis is found in lowland areas; therefore, it is most likely to be located in locations with brown soil as brown soil is the most common soil in New Zealand.<ref name=Hewitt1993>{{cite book |last1=Hewitt |first1=A. E. |title=New Zealand soil classification |edition=3rd|date=2010 |doi=10.7931/DL1-LRSS-1-2010 |isbn=978-0-478-34710-4 |series=Landcare Research Science Series |volume=1 |publisher=Manaaki Whenua Press}}</ref> It extends all over the mountains and into the moist lowlands.<ref name=Hewitt1993/> In the northern North Island, it will most likely be found in granular soil which is a volcanic material that has been derived from substantial weathering.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hewitt |first1=A. E. |title=Survey of New Zealand soil orders |location=Lincoln, New Zealand|publisher=Manaaki Whenua Press|date=2013}}</ref> It is found in areas where summer dryness is uncommon and soil that does not become waterlogged in the winter.<ref name=Hewitt1993/>
''C. paniculata'' prefers sunny areas as the vine will grow up other trees to be able to reach the sunlight.<ref>{{cite web |author=Department of Conservation |title=Seed collection and propagation guide for grasses, sedges, lilies, flaxes, epiphytes and climbers |url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/get-involved/run-a-project/restoration-advice/native-plant-restoration/ecosource-seeds/collection-and-propagation-guide-grasses/ |access-date=April 18, 2020}}</ref> Though it does not thrive in humid climates as it becomes prone to powdery mildew.<ref name=NZPCN/>
===Predators, parasites, and diseases=== ''Clematis paniculata'' is one of the favourite plants for the honey bee to pollinate.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Zealand ''Clematis'' |url=https://eol.org/pages/5527379 |website=Encyclopedia of Life|access-date=April 18, 2020}}</ref>
====Rusts====
There are four kinds of endemic rusts that affect ''C. paniculata'' in New Zealand, and ''Aecidium otagense'' is one of these.<ref name=McKenzie1998/><ref name=McKenzie1981>{{cite journal |last1=McKenzie |first1=E. H. C. |title=New Zealand Rust Fungi: additions and corrections |journal=New Zealand of Botany|date=1981 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=227–232 |doi=10.1080/0028825X.1981.10425121|doi-access=free |bibcode=1981NZJB...19..227M }}</ref> ''A. otagense'' is the most detrimental to the plant because it is the only kind of rust that can cause deformities in the flowers, leaves and stem.<ref name=McKenzie1981/> The deformities that the rust causes to the flower and stem are described as spectacular.<ref name=McKenzie1981/> Another particularly interesting kind of rust that affects ''C. paniculata'' is ''Puccinia alboclava'' because it only affects the ''C. paniculata'' and no other kind of ''Clematis'' species.<ref name=McKenzie1998/> ''P. alboclava'' is found in the soft leaves of the ''C. paniculata'' species seedling.<ref name=Baylis1954/> It is only found to infect ''C. paniculata'' in Dunedin and the centre of the North Island<ref name=McKenzie1998/> The rust produces colourless teleutospore on the host.<ref name=Baylis1954>{{cite journal |last1=Baylis |first1=G. T. S. |title=Rust Fungi on New Zealand Clematis |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand|volume=82|issue=3|pages=633–637|date=1954|url=http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_82/rsnz_82_03_006490.html}}</ref> This is extremely rare kind of rust and appears to be the first to do this on a clematis species.<ref name=Baylis1954/>
====Virus====
''Cucumber mosaic virus'' is a virus that has been infecting the ''C. paniculata'' plants in the lowland forests near Dunedin.<ref name=Guy2011/> The virus has been associated with a dramatic decrease in the number of individual ''C. paniculata''.<ref name=Guy2011/> It is so lethal to ''C. paniculata'' because it is not only able to infect the plant, but it also infects the trees that support it.<ref name=Guy2011/> The virus causes localised lesions, chlorotic spots rings and ringspot lesions, necrosis, premature leaf fall and leaf distortion in the plant.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thomson |first1=A. D. |title=An unidentified virus-like disease of ''Clematis paniculata'' |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany|date=1978 |volume=1 |issue=16 |pages=167–168 |doi=10.1080/0028825X.1978.10429672|doi-access=free |bibcode=1978NZJB...16..167T }}</ref> It is transferred from plant to plant by aphids; aphids move it through different ways. One way is the virions can be kept in an infectious state for the amount of time it takes for the aphid to go and give it to a plant that has not been infected yet. Aphids can infect to multiple (39) uninfected plants within 10 minutes after being in contact with an infected plant.<ref name=HarrisAl2001>{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=K. F. |last2=Smith |first2=O. P. |last3=Duffus |first3=J. E. |title=Virus-insect-plant interactions |date=2001 |publisher=Elsevier BV|isbn=9780123276810 }}</ref> This is what makes ''Cucumber mosaic virus'' so detrimental to crops, as the aphid can quickly and easily spread it from one plant to another.<ref name=HarrisAl2001/>
==Cultural uses==
''Clematis paniculata'' or known in Te Reo as Puawananga is very important to the Māori community as it has great cultural significance. Many tribes believe that Puawananga, along with the Whauwhapaku, are the offspring of Puanga (Rigel) which is the brightest star of the Orion constellation and Rehua (Antares) the most shining star of the Scorpio constellation. The rising of these two stars in the morning signals the approach of summer, and the time between the two events from June to November happens at the same time as when the Puawananga flowers bloom.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crowe |first1=A. |title=Which native forest plant? |date=2009 |publisher=Penguin |edition=New ecology}}</ref> They also use the flowering of the plant as an indicator as that the season of spring has started and that the eels have started to migrate up the rivers to spawn therefore it was time to harvest them as this is a spring event, so the two events of the flowering and eel migrating coincided.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=M. |last2=Haami |first2=B. |last3=Benton |first3=T. |last4=Satterfield |first4=T. |last5=Finucane |first5=M. L. |last6=Henare |first6=M. |last7=Manuka |first7=H. |title=Whakapapa as a Maori Mental Construct: Some Implications for the Debate over Genetic Modification of Organisms |journal=The Contemporary Pacific |date=2004 |volume=16 |issue=1|pages=1–28 |doi=10.1353/cp.2004.0026 |hdl=10125/13768 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The woman would also use the Puawananga to make decorative pieces for wreaths and garlands they would make for their hair.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Landcare Research |title=Māori Plant Use Database Plant Use Details of ''Clematis paniculata'' |url=https://maoriplantuse.landcareresearch.co.nz/WebForms/PeoplePlantsDetails.aspx?PKey=2B97E94F-17FF-49CF-9C75-7F8E06966163 |access-date=March 30, 2020}}</ref>
There are also records of the past Māori ancestors using Puawananga for medical purposes. Females would use it for multiple things such as general blood disorders, skin eruptions, kidney troubles, haemorrhages and bleeding piles.<ref name=BrookerAl1981>{{cite book |last1=Brooker |first1=S. G. |last2=Cambie |first2=R. C. |last3=Cooper |first3=R. C. |title=New Zealand Medicinal Plants |date=1981 |publisher=Heinemann|isbn=0868631264 }}</ref> They would use the leaves to produce blisters as a counter-irritant and the sap to help heal wounds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brooker |first1=S. G |last2=Cooper |first2=R. C. |title=New Zealand medicinal plants |journal=Economic Botany |date=1961 |volume=15 |issue=1|pages=1–10 |doi=10.1007/BF02906757 |bibcode=1961EcBot..15....1B |s2cid=38492472 }}</ref> Puawananga was only taken by women. They would take it three times daily before meals.<ref name=BrookerAl1981/>
==No similar taxa==
Something unique about the ''Clematis paniculata'' is that there are no similar taxa to it in New Zealand whether it is endemic, native or an exotic species there is nothing else like the dark green colour of the leaves.<ref name=NZPCN/> The leathery texture with an entire margin and the unique white flowers. It is the only species that fit these categories in New Zealand, which is what makes it so unique and special, along with being a native plant.
==Gallery== <gallery> Clematis paniculata kz08.jpg Clematis paniculata in Egmont NP 01.jpg Clematis paniculata kz2.jpg Illustrations of the New Zealand flora Pl 1 (BHL12338692).jpg </gallery>
==References== {{reflist|2}}
{{Commons category}}
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paniculata Category:Flora of New Zealand Category:Endemic flora of New Zealand Category:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin Category:Plants used in traditional Māori medicine