Social anarchism

{{short description|Branch of anarchism emphasizing social solidarity}} {{about|the branch of anarchism emphasizing social solidarity|the libertarian political philosophy within the socialist movement|Libertarian socialism}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}} {{anarchism sidebar|schools}} '''Social anarchism''', also known as '''left-wing anarchism''' or '''socialist anarchism''', is an [[anarchism|anarchist]] tradition that sees [[liberty|individual liberty]] and [[solidarity|social solidarity]] as interlinked.

It advocates for a [[social revolution]] to eliminate hierarchical power structures, such as [[capitalism]] and the [[State (polity)|state]], and establish economy based on collective ownership of means of production, distribution and economic planning. In their place, social anarchists encourage voluntary [[social collaboration]] through [[Mutual aid (organization theory)|mutual aid]] and envision non-hierarchical forms of [[social organization]], such as networks of popular assemblies and worker cooperatives.

Identified with the socialist tradition of [[Mikhail Bakunin]] and [[Peter Kropotkin]], social anarchism is often contrasted with [[individualist anarchism]].

==Political principles== Social anarchism is opposed to all forms of hierarchical [[Power (social and political)|power structures]], and [[oppression]], including (but not limited to) the [[State (polity)|State]] and [[capitalism]].{{Sfn|Morland|2004|p=26}} Social anarchism sees [[liberty]] as interconnected with [[solidarity|social solidarity]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Adams|1y=2001|1p=120|2a1=Franks|2y=2018a|2p=557|3a1=Jun|3y=2018|3pp=51-56|4a1=Marshall|4y=2008|4pp=653-654|5a1=Ostergaard|5y=1991|5p=21|6a1=Ostergaard|6y=2006|6p=13|7a1=Suissa|7y=2001|7pp=629-630}} and considers the maximization of one to be necessary for the maximization of the other.{{Sfnm|1a1=Jun|1y=2018|1pp=51-56|2a1=Ostergaard|2y=1991|2p=21|3a1=Ostergaard|3y=2006|3p=13}} As such, social anarchism seeks to guarantee equal rights to freedom and material security for all persons.{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|pp=653-654}}

Social anarchism envisions the overthrow of capitalism and the state in a [[social revolution]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Firth|1y=2018|1p=495|2a1=Suissa|2y=2001|2pp=637-638|3a1=Ostergaard|3y=2006|3p=13}} which would establish a [[federalism|federal society]] of [[voluntary association]]s and [[Local community|local communities]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Adams|1y=2001|1p=120|2a1=Firth|2y=2018|2p=495|3a1=Suissa|3y=2001|3pp=637-638|4a1=Ostergaard|4y=2006|4p=13}} based on a network of [[mutual aid (organization theory)|mutual aid]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Marshall|1y=2008|1pp=655-656|2a1=Ostergaard|2y=2006|2p=13|3a1=Suissa|3y=2001|3pp=629-630|4a1=Thagard|4y=2000|4pp=148-149}}

The key principles that form the core of social anarchism include [[anti-capitalism]], [[anti-statism]] and [[prefigurative politics]].{{Sfn|Franks|2013|p=390}}

===Anti-capitalism=== As an [[anti-capitalism|anti-capitalist]] ideology, social anarchism is opposed to the dominant expressions of capitalism, including the expansion of [[transnational corporation]]s through [[globalization]].{{Sfn|Morland|2004|pp=24-25}} It comprises one of the main forms of [[socialism]], alongside [[utopian socialism]], [[democratic socialism]] and [[authoritarian socialism]].{{Sfn|Busky|2000|p=2}} Social anarchism rejects private property, particularly private ownership of the [[means of production]], as the principal source of [[social inequality]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Franks|1y=2013|1pp=389-390|2a1=Jun|2y=2018|2p=52|3a1=Long|3y=2020|3p=28|4a1=Ostergaard|4y=1991|4p=21}} As such, social anarchists typically oppose [[propertarianism]], as they consider it to exacerbate social and [[economic inequality]], suppress [[Agency (philosophy)|individual agency]] and require the maintenance of hierarchical institutions.{{Sfn|Franks|2018a|pp=557-558}}

Social anarchists argue that the abolition of private property would lead to the development of new social [[mores]], encouraging mutual [[respect]] for individual freedom and the satisfaction of individual needs.{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|p=651}} Social anarchism therefore advocates the [[Monopoly#Breaking up monopolies|breaking up of monopolies]] and the institution of [[common ownership]] over the means of production.{{Sfn|Jun|2018|p=52}} Instead of capitalist markets, with their profit motives and wage systems, social anarchism desires to organise production through a [[collective]] system of [[worker cooperative]]s, [[agricultural commune]]s and [[Syndicate#Labor syndicates|labour syndicates]].{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|p=653}}

While social anarchism has rejected the statism of [[Orthodox Marxism]], it has also drawn from Marxist critiques of capitalism, particularly [[Marx's theory of alienation]].{{Sfn|Morland|2004|p=25}} Social anarchists have also been reluctant to adopt the Marxist centring of the [[proletariat]] as revolutionary agents, instead identifying the revolutionary potential of the [[Social exclusion|socially excluded]] segments of society.{{Sfn|Morland|2004|pp=25-26}}

===Anti-statism=== As an [[anti-statism|anti-statist ideology]], social anarchism opposes the concentration of power in the form of a State.{{Sfnm|1a1=Morland|1y=2004|1pp=23-24|2a1=Thagard|2y=2000|2pp=148-149}} To social anarchists, the state is a type of coercive hierarchy designed to enforce private property and to limit individual self-development.{{Sfn|Franks|2013|p=391}} Social anarchists reject both [[centralised government|centralised]] and [[limited government|limited forms of government]], instead upholding [[social collaboration]] as a means to achieve a [[spontaneous order]], without any [[social contract]] supplanting [[social relations]].{{Sfn|Suissa|2001|p=639}} Social anarchists believe that the abolition of the state will lead to greater "[[freedom]], [[flourishing]] and [[Social justice|fairness]]".{{Sfn|Thagard|2000|pp=150-152}}

In the place of a state structure, social anarchists desire [[anarchy]], which can be defined as a society without government.{{Sfn|Morland|2004|pp=23-24}} Social anarchists oppose the use of a state structure to achieve their goals of a [[stateless society|stateless]] and [[classless society]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Morland|1y=2004|1pp=23-24|2a1=Suissa|2y=2001|2pp=630-631}} as they consider statism to be an inherently [[Political corruption|corrupting influence]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Morland|1y=2004|1p=25|2a1=Suissa|2y=2001|2pp=630-631}} They thus have criticised the Marxist conception of the "[[dictatorship of the proletariat]]", which they consider to be [[elitism|elitist]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Morland|1y=2004|1pp=23-25|2a1=Suissa|2y=2001|2pp=630-631}} and have rejected the possibility of a "[[withering away of the state]]".{{Sfn|Suissa|2001|pp=630-631}}

However, some social anarchists such as [[Noam Chomsky]] sometimes hold state hierarchy to be preferable to economic hierarchy, and thus lend their support to [[welfare state]] programs like [[universal health care]] that can improve people's material conditions.{{Sfn|Franks|2013|p=391}}

===Prefigurative politics=== Alongside its opposition to political and economic hierarchies, social anarchism upholds [[prefigurative politics]], considering it necessary for the means to achieve anarchy be consistent with that end goal.{{Sfn|Franks|2018a|p=551}} Social anarchism prefigures itself through [[Public participation (decision making)|participatory]] and [[consensus decision-making]], which are capable of generating the diversification of [[Diversity (politics)|political values]], [[diversity of tactics|tactics]] and [[Identity politics|identities]].{{Sfn|Franks|2018b|pp=34-35}}

Social anarchism therefore promotes [[self-organization]] and the cultivation of a [[participatory culture]], encouraging individuals to "[[Do it yourself|do things for themselves]]".{{Sfn|Morland|2004|p=26}} Social anarchism upholds [[direct action]] as a means for people to themselves resist oppression,{{Sfnm|1a1=Franks|1y=2013|1p=390|2a1=Morland|2y=2004|2p=26}} without subordinating their own agency to [[representative democracy|democratic representatives]] or [[vanguardism|revolutionary vanguards]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Franks|1y=2013|1p=390|2a1=Morland|2y=2004|2pp=25-26}} Social anarchists thus reject the [[political party]] model of organization,{{Sfn|Morland|2004|p=25}} instead preferring forms of [[flat organization]] without any fixed leadership.{{Sfn|Franks|2013|pp=390-391}}

=== Social equality === Social anarchism values [[social equality]], in that it is opposed to the inequalities produced by hierarchies. It is not opposed to all inequality, instead seeing inequalities based on need, that require fundamentally different treatment, to be acceptable and sometimes desirable. Social anarchism sees inequalities of rank or hierarchy, or gross material inequalities, as damaging to society and individuals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suissa |first=Judith |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134194643 |title=Anarchism and Education |date=2006-09-27 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-19464-3 |edition=0 |pages=64–66 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780203965627}}</ref> Social anarchists believe that a society organised non-hierarchically would eliminate much of the inequality that presently exists.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suissa |first=Judith |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134194643 |title=Anarchism and Education |date=2006-09-27 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-19464-3 |edition=0 |pages=66 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780203965627}}</ref> The goal of social anarchism cannot be understood to be equality alone.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suissa |first=Judith |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134194643 |title=Anarchism and Education |date=2006-09-27 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-19464-3 |edition=0 |pages=67 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780203965627}}</ref>

==Schools of thought== {{Multiple image|total_width = 250  | align =  | direction = vertical | background color =  | width =  | caption_align =  | image_style =  | image_gap =

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| image1 = Bakunin_Nadar.jpg | width1 =  | alt1 = Portrait photograph of Mikhail Bakunin | link1 = | thumbtime1 = | caption1 = [[Mikhail Bakunin]], founding figure of [[collectivist anarchism]]  | image2 = Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg | width2 =  | alt2 = Portrait photograph of Peter Kropotkin | link2 = | thumbtime2 = | caption2 = [[Peter Kropotkin]], founding figure of [[anarcho-communism|communist anarchism]]

| footer_background =  | footer_align =  | footer =  }} Characterised by its loose definition and ideological diversity,{{Sfn|Morland|2004|p=23}} social anarchism has lent itself to [[syncretism]], both drawing from and influencing other ideological critiques of oppression,{{Sfn|Franks|2013|p=400}} and giving way to a number of different [[anarchist schools of thought]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Franks|1y=2013|1p=400|2a1=Morland|2y=2004|2p=23}}

While early forms of anarchism were largely individualistic, the influence of [[Young Hegelians|Left Hegelianism]] infused anarchism with socialistic tendencies, leading to the constitution of social anarchism.{{Sfn|McLaughlin|2007|p=116}} Over time, the question of the economic makeup of a future anarchist society drove the development of social anarchist thought.{{Sfnm|1a1=Busky|1y=2000|1p=5|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2p=6|3a1=Ostergaard|3y=2006|3p=13}} The first school of social anarchism was formulated by [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]], whose theory of [[mutualism (economic theory)|mutualism]] retained a form of private property,{{Sfnm|1a1=Adams|1y=2001|1pp=120-121|2a1=Busky|2y=2000|2p=5|3a1=Marshall|3y=2008|3p=7}} advocating for enterprises to be [[Workers' self-management|self-managed]] by [[worker cooperative]]s, which would compensate its workers in [[labour voucher]]s issued by "[[Cooperative banking|people's banks]]".{{Sfnm|1a1=Busky|1y=2000|1p=5|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2p=7}} This was later supplanted by [[Mikhail Bakunin]]'s [[collectivist anarchism]], which advocated for the [[collective ownership]] of all property, but retained a form of [[To each according to his contribution|individual compensation]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Adams|1y=2001|1pp=121-123|2a1=Busky|2y=2000|2p=5|3a1=Marshall|3y=2008|3pp=7-8}} This finally led to the development of [[anarcho-communism]] by [[Peter Kropotkin]], who considered that resources should be freely distributed "[[From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs|from each according to their ability, to each according to their needs]]", without money or wages.{{Sfnm|1a1=Adams|1y=2001|1pp=123-124|2a1=Busky|2y=2000|2p=5|3a1=Marshall|3y=2008|3p=8}} Social anarchists also adopted the strategy of [[syndicalism]], which saw [[trade unions]] as the basis for a new [[Socialist economics|socialist economy]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Adams|1y=2001|1pp=125-126|2a1=Busky|2y=2000|2p=5|3a1=Marshall|3y=2008|3pp=8-9|4a1=Ostergaard|4y=2006|4p=13}} with [[anarcho-syndicalism]] growing to its greatest influence during the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Adams|1y=2001|1p=126|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2pp=9-10|3a1=Ostergaard|3y=2006|3p=13}}

The main division within social anarchism is over the means for achieving anarchy, with [[philosophical anarchism|philosophical anarchists]] advocating for peaceful persuasion,{{Sfn|Busky|2000|p=6}} while [[insurrectionary anarchism|insurrectionary anarchists]] advocated for "[[propaganda of the deed]]".{{Sfnm|1a1=Adams|1y=2001|1pp=124-125|2a1=Busky|2y=2000|2p=6}} The former have upheld an [[anarchism and education|anarchist form of education]], free from [[coercion]] and [[dogma]]tism, in order to establish a self-governing society.{{Sfn|Suissa|2001|p=638}} The latter have participated in rebellions in which they [[expropriative anarchism|expropriated]] and [[collectivization|collectivised]] property, and replaced the state with a network of autonomous and federally-linked communes.{{Sfn|Ostergaard|2006|p=13}} The aim was to build a socialist society, without using the state, from the bottom-up.{{Sfn|Ostergaard|2006|p=13}}

Principles of social anarchism, such as decentralisation, anti-authoritarianism and mutual aid, later held a key influence on the [[new social movements]] of the late-20th century.{{Sfn|Morland|2004|pp=30-31}} It was particularly influential within the [[New Left]] and [[green politics]],{{Sfn|Busky|2000|pp=5-6}} with the [[green anarchism|green anarchist]] tendency of [[social ecology (Bookchin)|social ecology]] drawing directly from social anarchism.{{Sfnm|1a1=Franks|1y=2013|1pp=397-398|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2pp=692-693|3a1=Morland|3y=2004|3p=23|4a1=Morris|4y=2017|4pp=376-377}} Social anarchist strategies of direct action and spontaneity also formed the foundation of the [[black bloc]] tactic, which has become a staple of [[contemporary anarchism]].{{Sfn|Morland|2004|pp=32-33}} The social anarchist principle of prefiguration has also been shared by sections of anti-state Marxism, particularly that of [[autonomism]].{{Sfn|Franks|2018b|p=31}}

In the contemporary era, anarcho-communism and anarcho-syndicalism are the dominant tendencies of social anarchism.{{Sfn|Franks|2013|p=394}}

==Distinction from individualism== [[File:Murray_Bookchin_(cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The social anarchist [[Murray Bookchin]], who contrasted the tendency against [[individualist anarchism]] and claimed there to be an "unbridgeable chasm" that separated the two.]] Social anarchism is commonly distinguished from [[individualist anarchism]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Busky|1y=2000|1p=4|2a1=Franks|2y=2013|2pp=386-388|3a1=Jun|3y=2018|3p=51|4a1=Long|4y=2020|4p=28|5a1=Marshall|5y=2008|5p=6|6a1=McLaughlin|6y=2007|6pp=17-21, 25-26, 116|7a1=Ostergaard|7y=1991|7p=21|8a1=Ostergaard|8y=2006|8p=13|9a1=Suissa|9y=2001|9pp=629-630}} the latter of which favours [[Self-ownership|individual sovereignty]] and [[Private property|property]],{{Sfnm|1a1=Jun|1y=2018|1pp=51-52|2a1=Long|2y=2020|2pp=28-29|3a1=Marshall|3y=2008|3p=10|4a1=Ostergaard|4y=1991|4p=21|5a1=Ostergaard|5y=2006|5p=13}} and can even oppose all forms of [[social organization]] altogether.{{Sfn|Busky|2000|p=4}} While individualists worry that social anarchism could lead to [[tyranny of the majority]] and forced [[collaboration]], social anarchists criticise individualism for encouraging [[competition]] and [[Social alienation|atomizing]] individuals from each other.{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|p=6}} Individualism was heavily criticised by classical social anarchists,{{Sfnm|1a1=Franks|1y=2013|1p=388|2a1=Long|2y=2020|2p=29|3a1=Suissa|3y=2001|3pp=629-630}} such as Bakunin and Kropotkin, who held that the liberty of a few individuals was potentially harmful to the equality of all mankind.{{Sfnm|1a1=Franks|1y=2013|1p=388|2a1=Suissa|2y=2001|2pp=629-630}}

However, this distinction is also contested,{{Sfn|Franks|2013|pp=386-388}} as anarchism itself is often seen as a synthesis of [[Individualism#Liberalism|liberal individualism]] and [[Egalitarianism#Social_egalitarianism|social egalitarianism]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Franks|1y=2013|1pp=386-388|2a1=Jun|2y=2018|2p=52|3a1=Ostergaard|3y=2006|3p=13}} Some social anarchists, such as [[Emma Goldman]] and [[Herbert Read]], were even directly inspired by the individualist philosophy of [[Max Stirner]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Marshall|1y=2008|1p=221|2a1=McLaughlin|2y=2007|2pp=162, 166-167}} Social anarchism generally attempts to reconcile individual freedoms with the freedom of others, in order to maximise the freedom of everyone and allow for individuality to flourish.{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|p=651}} Individualists and social anarchists have even been able to cooperate by upholding "communal individuality", emphasising both individual freedom and community strength.{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|p=6}} Some social anarchists have argued that the divisions between them and the individualists can be overcome, by emphasising their shared commitment to anti-capitalism and anti-authoritarianism.{{Sfn|Franks|2013|p=393}} But others draw the line at forms of individualism that uphold hierarchical power relations.{{Sfn|Franks|2013|pp=393-394}}

In his 1995 book, ''Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism'', [[Murray Bookchin]] defined social anarchism in contrast to what he called "lifestyle anarchism".{{Sfnm|1a1=Davis|1y=2018|1pp=51-52|2a1=Firth|2y=2018|2pp=500-501|3a1=McLaughlin|3y=2007|3p=165|4a1=Morland|4y=2004|4p=24}} According to Bookchin, it was impossible for the two tendencies to coexist, claiming there to be an "unbridgeable chasm" that separated them from each other.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davis|1y=2018|1p=53|2a1=Marshall|2y=2008|2p=694}} Bookchin held social anarchism to be the only genuine form of anarchism, considering individualism to be inherently oppressive.{{Sfn|Franks|2013|p=388}} But his separation of the two tendencies has been criticised and even rejected entirely by other anarchists.{{Sfn|Marshall|2008|pp=692-693}} His analysis has been criticised as "reductive" and "undialectical", due to his failure to recognise the many connections and interrelations between the two tendencies.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davis|1y=2018|1pp=53-54|2a1=Long|2y=2020|2p=35}}

Although sometimes considered a form of individualist anarchism,{{Sfnm|1a1=Busky|1y=2000|1p=4|2a1=Long|2y=2020|2pp=30-31|3a1=Ostergaard|3y=1991|3p=21|4a1=Ostergaard|4y=2006|4p=13}} [[anarcho-capitalism]] is typically rejected as a legitimate [[anarchist school of thought]] by most anarchists, who uphold [[anti-capitalism]] as a central principle.{{Sfnm|1a1=Davis|1y=2018|1p=64|2a1=Franks|2y=2013|2p=393|3a1=Franks|3y=2018a|3pp=558-559|4a1=Long|4y=2017|4pp=286-287|5a1=Long|5y=2020|5pp=30-31|6a1=Marshall|6y=2008|6p=650}} The two have engaged in a contested debate over the term "[[libertarianism|libertarian]]", which was initially a synonym for the "[[Left-libertarianism|left-libertarian]]" social anarchism but was later also claimed by "[[Right-libertarianism|right-libertarian]]" anarcho-capitalists, with each rejecting the "libertarian" credentials of the other.{{Sfn|Long|2020|pp=30-31}} In contrast, social anarchists accept [[Individualist anarchism in the United States|American individualist anarchists]] like [[Benjamin Tucker]] and [[Lysander Spooner]] as genuine, due in part to their opposition to capitalism.{{Sfnm|1a1=Long|1y=2017|1pp=287-290|2a1=Long|2y=2020|2pp=31-33}} In turn, modern anti-capitalist individualists like formerly [[Kevin Carson]] have drawn inspiration from social anarchism, while retaining their [[market anarchism|pro-market views]].{{Sfn|Long|2017|p=292}} Libertarian scholar Roderick T. Long has thus suggested that left-wing market anarchists could use their position to [[Mediation|mediate]] between social anarchists and anarcho-capitalists, arguing for an [[Ecumenism|ecumenical view]] of anarchism and libertarianism.{{Sfn|Long|2020|pp=33-35}}

== See also == * [[:Category:Social anarchists|Social anarchists]] (category)

== References == {{reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==  {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book|last=Adams|first=Ian|year=2001|orig-year=1993|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalideolog0000adam/|chapter=Anarchism|title=Political Ideology Today|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|pages=120–126|isbn=0-7190-6020-6}} * {{cite book|chapter=Defining Democratic Socialism|title=Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3joQKjDtn4wC|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0275968861|first=Donald F.|last=Busky|pages=1–14}} * {{cite book|last=Davis|first=Laurence|chapter=Individual and Community|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=47–90|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_3|s2cid=150149495 }} * {{cite book|last=Firth|first=Rhiannon|chapter=Utopianism and Intentional Communities|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=491–510|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_28|s2cid=149636440 |chapter-url=http://repository.essex.ac.uk/22595/1/ACCEPTED%20CORRECTED%20Rhiannon%20Firth%20Utopian%20Communities%20-%20ED.pdf }} * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Franks|first=Benjamin|date=August 2013|editor-last1=Freeden|editor-first1=Michael|editor-last2=Stears|editor-first2=Marc|title=Anarchism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pages=385–404|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0001|isbn=978-0-19-958597-7 }} * {{cite book|last=Franks|first=Benjamin|chapter=Anarchism and Ethics|editor-last1=Adams|editor-first1=Matthew S.|editor-last2=Levy|editor-first2=Carl|year=2018a|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism|location=London|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-3319756196|pages=549–570|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_31|s2cid=149845918 }} * {{cite book|last=Franks|first=Benjamin |chapter=Prefiguration |editor-last1=Franks |editor-first1=Benjamin |editor-last2=Jun |editor-first2=Nathan |editor-last3=Williams |editor-first3=Leonard |year=2018b |title=Anarchism: A Conceptual Approach |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-92565-6 |lccn=2017044519 |pages=28–43}}   * {{cite journal |last1=Harrell |first1=Willie J. Jr. |title="I am an Anarchist": The Social Anarchism of Lucy E. Parsons |journal=Journal of International Women's Studies |date=2012 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |url=https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol13/iss1/1 |access-date=21 June 2023 |issn=1539-8706 |oclc=8093224507}} * {{cite book|last=Jun|first=Nathan |chapter=Freedom |editor-last1=Franks |editor-first1=Benjamin |editor-last2=Jun |editor-first2=Nathan |editor-last3=Williams |editor-first3=Leonard |year=2018 |title=Anarchism: A Conceptual Approach |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-92565-6 |lccn=2017044519 |pages=44–59}}  * {{cite book|last=Long|first=Roderick T.|year=2017|chapter=Anarchism and Libertarianism|editor-last=Jun|editor-first=Nathan J.|title=Brill's Companion to Anarchism and Philosophy|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=285–317|isbn=978-90-04-35689-4|doi=10.1163/9789004356894_012}} * {{cite book|last=Long|first=Roderick T.|year=2020|chapter=The Anarchist Landscape|editor-first1=Gary|editor-last1=Chartier|editor-first2=Chad|editor-last2=Van Schoelandt|title=The Routledge Handbook of Anarchy and Anarchist Thought|pages=28–38 |location=[[New York City|New York]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781315185255|doi=10.4324/9781315185255-2|s2cid=228898569 }}  * {{cite book|first=Peter H.|last = Marshall|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|title=[[Demanding the Impossible|Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism]]|year=2008|orig-year=1992|location=[[London]]|publisher=[[Harper Perennial]]|isbn=978-0-00-686245-1|oclc=218212571}}  * {{cite book | last = McLaughlin | first = Paul | title = Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kkj5i3CeGbQC | publisher = [[Ashgate Publishing]] | location = Aldershot | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-7546-6196-2 |lccn=2007007973}}  * {{cite book|last=Morland|first=David|year=1997|title=Demanding the Impossible? Human Nature and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Social Anarchism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p7LaAAAAMAAJ|publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell]]|isbn=0-304-33685-8|lccn=97-1672}} * {{cite book|last=Morland|first=David|chapter=Anti-capitalism and poststructuralist anarchism|title=Changing Anarchism: Anarchist Theory and Practice in a Global Age|url=https://archive.org/details/changinganarchis00bowe|url-access=limited|editor-last1=Bowen|editor-first1=James|editor-last2=Purkis|editor-first2=Jon|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|year=2004|isbn=0-7190-6694-8|pages=23–38}} * {{cite book|last=Morris|first=Brian|year=2017|chapter=Anarchism and Environmental Philosophy|editor-last=Jun|editor-first=Nathan J.|title=Brill's Companion to Anarchism and Philosophy|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|pages=369–400|isbn=978-90-04-35689-4|doi=10.1163/9789004356894_015}} * {{cite encyclopedia|last=Ostergaard|first=Geoffrey|year=1991|orig-year=1983|title=Anarchism|encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Marxist Thought|edition=2nd|editor-first=Tom|editor-last=Bottomore|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell Publishing]]|pages=21–23|lccn=91-17658|isbn=0-631-16481-2}} * {{cite encyclopedia|author-link=Geoffrey Ostergaard|last=Ostergaard|first=Geoffrey|editor-first=William|editor-last=Outhwaite|year=2006|orig-year=1993|title=Anarchism|encyclopedia=The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought|edition=2|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell Publishing]]|pages=12–14|doi=10.1002/9780470999028.ch1|isbn=9780470999028}} * {{cite book|last=Spafford|first=Jesse|year=2020|chapter= Social Anarchism and the Rejection of Private Property|editor-first1=Gary|editor-last1=Chartier|editor-first2=Chad|editor-last2=Van Schoelandt|title=The Routledge Handbook of Anarchy and Anarchist Thought|pages=327–341 |location=[[New York City|New York]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781315185255|doi=10.4324/9781315185255-23|s2cid=228898569 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Spafford |first1=Jesse |title=Social Anarchism and the Rejection of Moral Tyranny |date=October 2023 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-anarchism-and-the-rejection-of-moral-tyranny/6B0E38604D6CE88BCBF699D7D2805E89 |isbn=978-1-00-937544-3 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |df=mdy-all }}  * {{cite journal|last=Suissa|first=Judith|year=2001|title=Anarchism, Utopias and Philosophy of Education|journal=Journal of Philosophy of Education|volume=35|issue=4|pages=627–646|doi=10.1111/1467-9752.00249}} * {{cite book|last=Thagard|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Thagard|year=2000|chapter=Ethics and Politics|title=Coherence in Thought and Action|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Px0vctI8eGQC&pg=PA153|pages=149–154|lccn=00-035503|isbn=0-262-20131-3}} {{refend}}

== Further reading == * {{cite book|last=Baldelli|first=Giovanni|year=2010|orig-year=1971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pEO5ZAKW5AC |title=Social Anarchism|publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]]|lccn=2009030191|isbn=978-0-202-36339-4|access-date=31 March 2019}} * {{Cite book|last=Bookchin|first=Murray|author-link=Murray Bookchin|year=1995|url=https://libcom.org/article/social-anarchism-or-lifestyle-anarchism-unbridgeable-chasm-murray-bookchin|title=Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm|publisher=[[AK Press]]}} * {{cite book|last=Shantz|first=Jeff|chapter=Introduction|editor-last=Ehrlich|editor-first=Howard J.|year=2013|title=The Best of Social Anarchism|location=[[Tucson, Arizona]]|publisher=See Sharp Press|isbn=9781937276461}}

== External links == * {{Wikiquote inline}} * {{Commons category-inline}}

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