{{Short description|American educator (1844–1904)}} {{Infobox person | name = Clara Conway | image = Clara Conway.jpg | alt = Conway sits in a chair, resting her chin on her left hand | caption = | birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1844|08|14}} | birth_place = New Orleans, Louisiana | death_date = {{Death date and age|1904|11|16|1844|08|14}} | death_place = Memphis, Tennessee | resting_place = Calvary Cemetery | other_names = | occupation = Schoolteacher, principal | years_active = | known_for = Clara Conway Institute | notable_works = | organization = The Nineteenth Century Club }}
'''Clara Conway''' (August 14, 1844 – November 16, 1904) was a Public School Teacher, School Administrator in the Memphis School district and an early woman's political activist. She founded the Clara Conway [https://www.newspapers.com/image/586923866/?terms=%22Clara%20Conway%20Institute%22&match=1 Institute] for Girls in Memphis, Tennessee and an application was granted for chartership 1 June 1885 and was a founding member of the Nineteenth Century Club in 1890.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title = Elite Women and the Reform Impulse in Memphis, 1875-1915|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z8B_pUwkseIC|publisher = Univ. of Tennessee Press|date = 1991-01-01|isbn = 9780870497049|first = Marsha|last = Wedell}}</ref>
== Early life == Clara Conway was born in New Orleans, Louisiana on August 14, 1844. She attended the St. Agnes Academy in Memphis, but received most of her education at home.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Early educators, Memphis City Schools|url = http://www.memphistechhigh.com/earlyeducators.html|website = www.memphistechhigh.com|access-date = 2016-01-06}}</ref> She moved to Memphis, Tennessee in 1864.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title = Memphis Music: Before the Blues|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R0YcQh9qczsC|publisher = Arcadia Publishing|date = 2007-01-01|isbn = 9780738544113|language = en|first = Tim|last = Sharp}}</ref>
She began her career at the age of twenty-one as a public school teacher. Developing a strong interest in providing women with a quality education, also, she was the first of many Tennessee woman to assist in the organization of teachers' institutes, and the first southern woman to attend the teachers' summer school in the North, when she took classes at the first session of Martha's Vineyard Summer Institute in Cottage City, Mass. in 1878.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title = A Woman of the Century: Fourteen Hundred-seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in All Walks of Life|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zXEEAAAAYAAJ|publisher = Moulton|date = 1893-01-01|language = en|first1 = Frances Elizabeth|last1 = Willard|first2 = Mary Ashton Rice|last2 = Livermore|isbn = 9780722217139}}</ref>
She later became the principal of the Alabama Street School and the Market Street School.<ref name=":0" /> In 1873, She was asked to become superintendent of public schools systems in Memphis as part of a political struggle to have female educators recognized for their merits. Clara did not get the position and female educators did not receive equal pay, but the controversial event was a critical moment connecting female empowerment to the larger community.<ref name=":3" />
Clara remained heavily involved in educational issues for women, speaking publicly at the National Educational Association in Madison, Wisconsin, on the needs of southern women in 1884 and 1886, and in 1887 she was elected a member of the National Council.<ref name=":4" />
== Political activism == Clara's brand of activism was loosely based on maternalism than much of women's political activism of the time period. Her activism was motivated by women's independence. Conway argued that a woman's duty is first and foremost to herself, not to her husband, which was a common viewpoint even among female activists.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title = Southern Women at the Seven Sister Colleges: Feminist Values and Social Activism, 1875-1915|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WZm-DmZh0w0C&q=Clara%2520Conway%2520activism&pg=PA163|publisher = University of Georgia Press|date = 2010-01-01|isbn = 9780820334684|first = Joan Marie|last = Johnson}}</ref>
In 1889, She and Nellie O'Donnell, a newly elected female school superintendent, traveled to Nashville to personally face sexist male legislators who had introduced bills prohibiting women from becoming superintendents. Scores of female educators and prominent citizens rallied to support the women, and the bill was defeated. Instead, a bill was passed confirming women's eligibility as school superintendents.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title = Tennessee Women: Their Lives and Times--Volume 2|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ojv6CQAAQBAJ|publisher = University of Georgia Press|date = 2015-07-01|isbn = 9780820337432|first1 = Beverly Greene|last1 = Bond|first2 = Sarah Wilkerson|last2 = Freeman}}</ref>
In May 1890, She was among a group of strong female women that had the desire in educating girls to attain quality moral principles in the city of Memphis, she founded the Nineteenth Century Club, a women's club that aimed to improve the city's lifestyle and public services.<ref name=":2" />
== Clara Conway Institute == thumb|245x245px|The Clara Conway Institute in 1891 In 1878, Conway left to open a private high school for girls. The school began with only 50 pupils and one assistant, and the growth of its attendance was remarketable. Her idea was to teach the principles of absolute thoroughness and establish a system of education that would help girls, if conditions made self-support necessary become economically independent through a solid foundation of education.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> She believed that by acquiring an education, women could "take part in the work of the world and would be able to attain professional careers." She explained, "The stale, worn-out argument that higher education detracts from womanliness has lost its force... Everywhere one sees high bred women in careers. Independence is one of the highest attributes of womanhood.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> left|thumb|315x315px|The Conway Institute Class of 1891 By 1884, the school had expanded to 250 pupils, leading to the need for a permanent location, incorporation of the school's charter and its naming of the Clara Conway Institute after its founder.<ref name=":4" /> The Board of Trustees included some of the most influential businessmen in the city, and by 1888, the school had over 300 young women enrolled and 26 faculty members.<ref name=":3" /> The school became known for its progressive and innovative approach to education, and included a fine reference library, a gymnasium, a science lab, and a complete arts studio. Courses included voice, piano, theory, and public speaking.<ref name=":5" /> The school also operated a kindergarten program in Memphis, first established at the Market Street location, in 1872. She incorporated in to her school.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bond, Beverly G.|title=Memphis in black and white|date=2003|publisher=Arcadia|others=Sherman, Janann.|isbn=0-7385-2441-7|location=Charleston, S.C.|oclc=53149039}}</ref> The school became a major college preparatory school for young women. The school closed in 1893 over a disagreement between her ambitions and trustees needs.<ref name=":0" /> The financial backers thought she aimed too high for her graduates.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />
== Later life == After the closure of the school, Clara helped organize the General Federation of Women's Clubs, in Knoxville, a council of women, representing several different women's organizations, with the goal in mind of creating a woman's southern college that would be equal to the northern academic schools like Vassar or Wellesley.<ref name=":1" /> She spent the later years of her life teaching, speaking out for woman rights and campaigning for women's higher education at the local, state and national level until her untimely death in 1904.<ref name=":2" />
== Legacy == Clara Conway's influence on her students continued years after her death. One student described her as thus:
<blockquote>Once in a generation, there is born one who envisions conditions as they should be - a dreamer, innovator and influencer. Such as this, was Clara Conway... To most of us she sat Minerva-like upon a mystic throne - incomparably wise, brilliant and resourceful, impressing upon each one who passed within the space of her influence the importance of her motto. "Neglect not the gift that is within thee," or that other motto she loved so well, "Influence is responsibility."</blockquote>
The latter motto eventually was adopted by the Nineteenth Century Club that Clara helped found.<ref name=":3" />
After Clara's death in 1904, the Clara Conway Alumnae Association constructed the Clara Conway Memorial Pergola on the grounds of Overton Park in Memphis, Tennessee. One of the three original elements of Overton Park, the structure was destroyed in a 1936 storm.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bearden, William.|title=Overton Park|date=2004|publisher=Arcadia Pub|isbn=0-7385-1694-5|oclc=56619200}}</ref>
== References == {{reflist}}
==External links== *{{Find a Grave|87208472|Clara Conway}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Conway, Clara}} Category:1844 births Category:1904 deaths Category:Founders of American schools and colleges Category:Schoolteachers from Tennessee Category:19th-century American women educators Category:Activists from New Orleans Category:Civil rights activists from Louisiana Category:American school principals Category:Women school principals and headteachers Category:Clubwomen Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from A Woman of the Century Category:19th-century American educators Category:19th-century American philanthropists Category:American women human rights activists