{{Short description|Genus of lichen-forming fungi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Cladia aggregata 856324.jpg | image_caption = ''Cladia aggregata'' | taxon = Cladia | authority = Nyl. (1870) | type_species = ''Cladia aggregata'' | type_species_authority = (Sw.) Nyl. (1870) | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivisions = | synonyms_ref = <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/> | synonyms = *''Trichocladia'' {{au|Stirt. (1882)}} *''Clathrina'' {{au|Müll.Arg. (1883)}} *''Ramalinora'' {{au|Lumbsch (1995)}}<ref name="Lumbsch et al. 1995"/> }}
'''''Cladia''''' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Cladoniaceae. ''Cladia'' species have a crustose or {{lichengloss|squamulose}} (scaly) primary thallus and a fruticose, secondary thallus, often referred to as pseudopodetium. The type species of the genus, ''Cladia aggregata'', is widely distributed, occurring in South America, South Africa, Australasia and South-East Asia to southern Japan and India. Most of the other species are found in the Southern Hemisphere.
==Taxonomy== ''Cladia'' was circumscribed by Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1870 with ''Cladia aggregata'' as the type species.<ref name="Nylander 1870"/> Rex Filson created a separate family, the Cladiaceae, to contain the genus,<ref name="Filson 1981"/> but this is no longer used and the genus is classified in the family Cladoniaceae.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/> An updated phylogeny of the Cladoniaceae was published in 2018.<ref name="Stenroos et al. 2018"/>
Molecular phylogenetic evidence showed that the genera ''Heterodea'' and ''Ramalinora'' were nested within ''Cladina'',<ref name="Lumbsch et al. 2010"/><ref name="Parnmen et al. 2010"/> so they became synonyms in 2012. Because the name ''Heterodea'' predated ''Cladina'', the generic name ''Cladia'' was proposed for conservation against ''Heterodea'' to avoid several nomenclatural changes that would have been necessary.<ref name="Lumbsch, Ahti, & Parnmen 2010"/><ref name="Lumbsch, Ahti, & Parnmen 2010b"/> The proposal was accepted by both the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi and the General Committee.<ref name="Norvell 2011"/><ref name="Barrie 2011"/>
Later, ''Heterodea'' was resurrected,<ref name="Stenroos et al. 2018"/> along with the creation of ''Pulchrocladia''<ref name="Stenroos et al. 2018"/> and ''Rexia''<ref name="Stenroos et al. 2018"/> (now ''Rexiella''<ref name="Stenroos 2019"/>)
==Description== ''Cladia'' consists of fruticose lichens with typically a perforate pseudopodetia with an external cartilaginous layer. The apothecia are black or brown and have a persistent {{lichengloss|proper margin}} and a flat {{lichengloss|disc}}. The asci are eight-spored with a well-developed amyloid {{lichengloss|tholus}} with a darker-staining central tube. The pycnidia are immersed in grossly black to brown projections that are initially blunt and measure up to 0.5 mm long and eventually become needle-like and up to 1 mm long.<ref name="Kantvilas & Elix 1999"/>
==Ecology== Eight species of lichenicolous fungi are known to grow on ''Cladia'':<ref name="Zhurbenko & Pino-Bodas 2015"/> ''Echinothecium cladoniae'' Keissl. nom. nud. (on ''C. aggregata'' from Columbia; Etayo 2002), ''Lichenoconium echinosporum'' D. Hawksw. (on ''C. muelleri'' from Australia; Hawksworth 1977), ''Roselliniella heterodeae'' Matzer & Hafellner (on ''C. muelleri'' from Australia; Matzer & Hafellner 1990); ''Pyrenidium actinellum'' Nyl. agg. (on ''C. aggregata'' from Columbia; Etayo 2002); ''Endococcus cladiae'' Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas; ''Lichenopeltella soiliae'' Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas, and ''Lichenosticta hoegnabbae'' Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas.
==Chemistry== The type species, ''Cladia aggregata'', is highly variable morphologically and has extensive chemical variation.<ref name="Ahti 2000"/> Kantvilas and Elix (1999) revised the ''C. aggregata'' complex in Tasmania and identified six chemotypes in ''C. aggregata'' sensu stricto.<ref name="Kantvilas & Elix 1999"/> Similarly, five chemotypes were found in specimens from the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, Brazil. In both studies, most of them contained barbatic acid and 4-O-demethylbarbatic acid.<ref name="Charnei & Eliasaro 2013"/> Barbatic acid is cytotoxic, and kills the worms of ''Schistosoma mansoni'' in in vitro studies. This is the causative agent of Schistosomiasis.<ref name="Silva et al. 2020"/>
==Species== Revisions of ''Cladia'' published in 2012 and 2013 included 23 species in the genus.<ref name="Parnmen & Lumbsch 2012"/><ref name="Parnmen et al. 2013"/> {{As of|2023|December}}, Species Fungorum accepts 20 species in ''Cladia'':<ref name="CoL-Species Fungorum"/> *''Cladia aggregata'' {{au|(Sw.) Nyl. (1870)}} *''Cladia asiatica'' {{au|J.Abreu, Barcenas-Peña, Poengs., Xin Yu Wang, Jen P.Huang, Lumbsch & Grewe (2026)}}<ref name="de Abreu et al. 2026"/> – East Asia *''Cladia blanchonii'' {{au|Parnmen & Lumbsch (2013)}}<ref name="Parnmen & Lumbsch 2012"/> – Australia, New Zealand *''Cladia cryptica'' {{au|Parnmen & Lumbsch (2013)}}<ref name="Parnmen & Lumbsch 2012"/> *''Cladia deformis'' {{au|Kantvilas & Elix (2000)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Elix 1999"/> *''Cladia dumicola'' {{au|Kantvilas & Elix (2000)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Elix 1999"/> *''Cladia glaucolivida'' {{au|(Müll.Arg.) Parnmen & Lumbsch (2012)}}<ref name="Parnmen & Lumbsch 2012"/> *''Cladia globosa'' {{au|Ahti (2000)}}<ref name="Ahti 2000"/> *''Cladia gorgonea'' {{au|(Eschw.) Parnmen & Lumbsch (2013)}} *''Cladia inflata'' {{au|(F.Wilson) D.J.Galloway (1977)}} *''Cladia moniliformis'' {{au|Kantvilas & Elix (1987)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Elix 1987"/> *''Cladia mutabilis'' {{au|Kantvilas & Elix (2000)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Elix 1999"/> *''Cladia neocaledonica'' {{au|(Räsänen) Parnmen & Lumbsch (2013)}} *''Cladia occulta'' {{au|Kantvilas (2012)}}<ref name="Kantvilas et al. 2012"/> – Tasmania *''Cladia oreophila'' {{au|Kantvilas & Elix (2000)}}<ref name="Kantvilas & Elix 1999"/> *''Cladia schizopora'' {{au|(Nyl.) Nyl. (1888)}} *''Cladia tasmanica'' {{au|Parnmen & Lumbsch (2013)}}<ref name="Parnmen & Lumbsch 2012"/> *''Cladia terebrata'' {{au|(Laurer) Parnmen & Lumbsch (2013)}} *''Cladia xanthocarpa'' {{au|Elix & P.M.McCarthy (2018)}}<ref name="Elix & McCarthy 2018"/> – Australia
==References== <references>
<ref name="Ahti 2000">{{cite journal |last=Ahti |first=Teuvo |year=2000 |title=Cladoniaceae |journal=Flora Neotropica |series=Flora Neotropica Monograph |volume=78 |pages=1–362 |jstor=4393890 |publisher=New York Botanical Garden Press}}</ref>
<ref name="Barrie 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Barrie |first1=F. |year=2011 |title=Report of the General Committee: 11 |journal=Taxon |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=1211–1214 |doi=10.1002/tax.604026 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Charnei & Eliasaro 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Charnei |first1=Ana Marcia |last2=Eliasaro |first2=Sionara |title=Notes on the chemical variation of the lichenized Ascomycota ''Cladia aggregata'' (Cladoniaceae) in the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, Brazil |journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica |volume=27 |issue=3 |year=2013 |pages=624–625 |doi=10.1590/S0102-33062013000300020 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="CoL-Species Fungorum">{{cite web |title=''Cladia'' |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3QC4 |work=Catalogue of Life |author=Species Fungorum |access-date=18 December 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="de Abreu et al. 2026">{{cite journal |last1=de Abreu |first1=John |last2=Barcenas-Peña |first2=Alejandrina |last3=Poengsungnoen |first3=Vasun |last4=Wang |first4=Xinyu |last5=Huang |first5=Jen-Pan |last6=Lumbsch |first6=Helge Thorsten |last7=Grewe |first7=Felix |title=High-throughput sequencing supports strong geographical patterns in the ''Cladia aggregata'' complex (Ascomycota, Lecanorales) and identifies the Asian clade as an independent species |journal=Journal of Fungi |volume=12 |issue=2 |year=2026 |doi=10.3390/jof12020090 |doi-access=free |article-number=90}}</ref>
<ref name="Elix & McCarthy 2018">{{cite journal|author-link1=John Alan Elix |last1=Elix |first1=John A. |last2=McCarthy |first2=Patrick M. |year=2018 |title=Ten new lichen species (Ascomycota) from Australia |journal=Australasian Lichenology |volume=82 |pages=20–59 |doi=10.7751/telopea11598 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Parnmen & Lumbsch 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Parnmen |first1=Sittiporn |last2=Lumbsch |first2=H. Thorsten |title=New combinations in the genus ''Cladia'' |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=44 |issue=2 |year=2012 |pages=297–298 |doi=10.1017/S0024282911000715}}</ref>
<ref name="Filson 1981">{{cite journal|author-link1=Rex Bertram Filson |last1=Filson |first1=R.B. |title=A revision of the lichen genus ''Cladia'' Nyl. |journal=Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory |year=1981 |volume=49 |pages=1–75}}</ref>
<ref name="Kantvilas et al. 2012">{{cite journal |author-link1=Gintaras Kantvilas|last1=Kantvilas |first1=G. |last2=Jarman |first2=S.J. |last3=McCaffrey |first3=N. |year=2012 |title=A contribution to the flora of the Meredith Range, north-west Tasmania |journal=Kanunnah |volume=5 |pages=127–140 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277013616}}</ref>
<ref name="Kantvilas & Elix 1987">{{cite journal |author-link1=Gintaras Kantvilas|last1=Kantvilas |first1=G. |author-link2=John Alan Elix|last2=Elix |first2=J.A. |year=1987 |title=A new species of ''Cladia'' (lichenized Ascomycotina) from Tasmania |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=29 |pages=199–205 |doi=10.5962/p.418962 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Kantvilas & Elix 1999">{{cite journal |author-link1=Gintaras Kantvilas |last1=Kantvilas |first1=Gintaras|author-link2=John Alan Elix |last2=Elix |first2=John A. |title=Studies on the lichen genus ''Cladina'' Nyl. in Tasmania: the ''C. aggregata'' complex |journal=Muelleria |year=1999 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=135–162 |doi=10.5962/p.198394 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279181731|doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Lumbsch et al. 1995">{{cite journal |last1=Lumbsch |first1=H.T. |last2=Rambold |first2=G.|author-link3=John Alan Elix |last3=Elix |first3=J.A. |year=1995 |title=''Ramalinora'' (Ramalinaceae) – a new lichen genus from Australia |journal=Australian Systematic Botany |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=521–530 |doi=10.1071/SB9950521}}</ref>
<ref name="Lumbsch et al. 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Lumbsch |first1=H. Thorsten |last2=Parnmen |first2=Sittiporn |last3=Rangsiruji |first3=Achariya |author-link4=John Alan Elix|last4=Elix |first4=J. |title=Phenotypic disparity and adaptive radiation in the genus ''Cladia'' (Lecanorales, Ascomycota) |journal=Australian Systematic Botany |year=2010 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=239–247 |doi=10.1071/SB10010}}</ref>
<ref name="Lumbsch, Ahti, & Parnmen 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Lumbsch |first1=H. T. |last2=Ahti |first2=T. |last3=Parmen |first3=S. |title=(1926) Proposal to conserve ''Cladia'' against ''Heterodea'' (Ascomycota) |journal=Taxon |year=2010 |volume=59 |issue=2 |page=643 |doi=10.1002/tax.592032 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Lumbsch, Ahti, & Parnmen 2010b">{{cite journal |last1=Lumbsch |first1=H.T. |last2=Ahti |first2=T. |last3=Parmen |first3=S. |title=Proposal 1926: To conserve ''Cladia'' against ''Heterodea'' (Ascomycota) |journal=Mycotaxon |year=2010 |volume=111 |pages=509–511 }}</ref>
<ref name="Norvell 2011">{{cite journal |last=Norvell |first=L.L. |title=Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 16 |journal=Taxon |year=2011 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=223–226 |doi=10.1002/tax.601023 |jstor=41059839 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Nylander 1870">{{cite book |last1=Nylander |first1=William |year=1870 |title=Recognitio Monographica Ramalinarum |page=69 |location=Caen |publisher=Impr. de P. Le Blanc-Hardel |language=fr}}</ref>
<ref name="Parnmen et al. 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Parnmen |first1=Sittiporm |last2=Rangsiruji |first2=Achariya |last3=Mongkolsuk |first3=Pachara |last4=Boonpragob |first4=Kansri|author-link5=John Alan Elix |last5=Elix |first5=John A. |last6=Lumbsch |first6=H. Thorsten |title=Morphological disparity in Cladoniaceae: The foliose genus ''Heterodea'' evolved from fruticose ''Cladia'' species (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycota) |journal=Taxon |year=2010 |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=841–849 |doi=10.1002/tax.593013}}</ref>
<ref name="Parnmen et al. 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Parnmen |first1=Sittiporn |last2=Leavitt |first2=Steven D. |last3=Rangsiruji |first3=Achariya |last4=Lumbsch |first4=H. Thorsten |title=Identification of species in the ''Cladia aggregata'' group using DNA barcoding (Ascomycota: Lecanorales) |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=115 |issue=1 |year=2013 |page=1 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.115.1.1}}</ref>
<ref name="Silva et al. 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=H.A.M.F. |last2=Aires |first2=A.L. |last3=Soares |first3=C.L.R. |last4=Sá |first4=J.L.F. |last5=Martins |first5=M.C.B. |last6=Albuquerque |first6=M.C.P.A. |last7=Silva |first7=T.G. |last8=Brayner |first8=F.A. |last9=Alves |first9=L.C. |last10=Melo |first10=A.M.M.A. |last11=Silva |first11=N.H. |title=Barbatic acid from ''Cladia aggregata'' (lichen): Cytotoxicity and in vitro schistosomicidal evaluation and ultrastructural analysis against adult worms of ''Schistosoma mansoni'' |journal=Toxicology in Vitro |volume=65 |year=2020 |article-number=104771 |doi=10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104771 |pmid=31935486}}</ref>
<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web |title=Synonymy: ''Cladia'' Nyl. |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=1072 |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=18 December 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="Stenroos et al. 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Stenroos |first1=Soili |last2=Pino-Bodas |first2=Raquel |last3=Hyvönen |first3=Jaakko |last4=Lumbsch |first4=Helge Thorsten |last5=Ahti |first5=Teuvo |title=Phylogeny of the family Cladoniaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota) based on sequences of multiple loci |journal=Cladistics |volume=35 |issue=4 |year=2018 |pages=351–384 |doi=10.1111/cla.12363|pmid=34633698 |hdl=10261/247495 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Stenroos 2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Stenroos |first1=Soili |last2=Pino-Bodas |first2=Raquel |last3=Ahti |first3=Teuvo |year=2019 |title=''Rexiella'', a new name for ''Rexia'' S. Stenroos, Pino-Bodas & Ahti (2018), non ''Rexia'' D. A. Casamatta, S. R. Gomez & J. R. Johansen (2006) |journal=Cladistics |volume=35 |issue=5 |page=603 |doi=10.1111/cla.12401 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
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<ref name="Zhurbenko & Pino-Bodas 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Zhurbenko |first1=Mikhail P. |last2=Pino-Bodas |first2=Raquel |title=New lichenicolous fungi growing on ''Cladia'' in New Zealand |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=47 |issue=6 |year=2015 |pages=395–402 |doi=10.1017/S002428291500033X}}</ref>
</references>
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5124923}}
Category:Cladia Category:Lichen genera Category:Lecanorales genera Category:Taxa named by William Nylander (botanist) Category:Taxa described in 1870