{{Short description|Species of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae}} {{Speciesbox |taxon = Cistus heterophyllus |image = Cistus heterophyllus0168.jpg |image_caption = ''Cistus heterophyllus'' subsp. ''carthaginensis'', [[Sierra minera de Cartagena]], Spain |authority = Desf.<ref name=TPL_kew-2723423/> }}
'''''Cistus heterophyllus''''' is a [[shrub]]by [[species]] of [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Cistaceae]].
==Description== ''Cistus heterophyllus'' grows up to {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} tall, forming an erect, much-branched [[shrub]]. Its leaves are elliptical to lanceolate in shape, usually {{convert|5|–|20|mm|in|abbr=on|1}} long, the upper surfaces being dark green with stellate and simple hairs, and the lower surfaces whitish with a coating of short hairs. The leaf margins are slightly turned under (revolute) and the veins are much more obvious on the underside. The leaves are of two kinds: the upper are without stalks ([[Petiole (botany)|petioles]]), the lower have short stalks. The flowers are arranged in [[Cyme (botany)|cymes]] of one to five individual flowers, each with five purplish-pink petals, usually with a yellow spot at the base. Like the leaves, the five [[sepal]]s have stellate hairs, plus some longer simple hairs. The fruit capsule is about {{convert|9|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} high containing angular brownish seeds.<ref name=Warb68/><ref name=Naturaleza/>
The two described subspecies differ in the distribution of hairs. In ''C. h.'' subsp. ''heterophyllus'', the young stems have both many stellate hairs and many longer simple hairs, and the leaves have scattered long simple hairs. In ''C. h.'' subsp. ''carthaginensis'', the young stems and leaves have fewer simple hairs. The outer two sepals of ''C. h.'' subsp. ''heterophyllus'' average about {{convert|10|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} long by {{convert|9|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} wide, whereas those of ''C. h.'' subsp. ''carthaginensis'' are smaller, averaging about {{convert|8.5|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} long by {{convert|6|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} wide. The petals of ''C. h.'' subsp. ''heterophyllus'' are about {{convert|20|–|30|mm|in|abbr=on|1}} long by {{convert|20|–|25|mm|in|abbr=on|1}} wide, making the flower diameter typically {{convert|40|–|50|mm|in|abbr=on|1}}. Although there is considerable variation and the size ranges overlap, the petals of ''C. h.'' subsp. ''carthaginensis'' may be as small as {{convert|12|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} long and {{convert|10|mm|in|abbr=on|2}} wide, making the flower diameter typically {{convert|30|–|40|mm|in|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=FerrFerr13/>
==Taxonomy and phylogeny== [[File:Cistus heterophyllus (Sweet 6).jpg|thumb|''Cistus heterophyllus'' from [[Robert Sweet (botanist)|Sweet's]] ''Cystineae''; probably subsp. ''heterophyllus'' as said to be "from Algeria"]] ''Cistus heterophyllus'' was first described by [[René Louiche Desfontaines]] in 1798.<ref name=TPL_kew-2723423/> The specific epithet ''heterophyllus'' means "with leaves of different shapes",<ref name=Hyam95/> the upper being unstalked, the lower shortly stalked.
Two subspecies are accepted:<ref name=TPL_kew-2723423/><ref name=PawlWeisViceEgea12/> * ''Cistus heterophyllus'' subsp. ''carthaginensis'' <small>(Pau) M.B.Crespo & Mateo</small> – mainland [[Spain]] * ''Cistus heterophyllus'' subsp. ''heterophyllus'' – north Africa
The two subspecies have been artificially crossed forming a hybrid subspecies called ''C. h.'' nothosubsp. ''marzoi''.<ref name=FerrFerr13/>
A 2011 [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic study]] placed ''C. heterophyllus'' in the purple and pink flowered clade (PPC) of ''Cistus'' species, in a subclade with ''[[Cistus albidus|C. albidus]]'' and ''[[Cistus creticus|C. creticus]]''.<ref name=CiveLeclDemoAgna11/>
{{cladogram |title=Species-level cladogram of ''Cistus'' species. |caption=Species-level cladogram of ''Cistus'' species, based on [[Chloroplast DNA|plastid]] and [[nuclear DNA]] sequences.<ref name=CiveLeclDemoAgna11 /><ref name=GuzmVarg09>{{cite journal |last1=Guzmán |first1=B. |last2=Vargas |first2=P. |date=2009 |title=Historical biogeography and character evolution of Cistaceae (Malvales) based on analysis of plastid rbcL and trnL-trnF sequences |journal=Organisms Diversity & Evolution |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=83–99 |doi=10.1016/j.ode.2009.01.001 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name=GuzmVarg05>{{citation |last1=Guzmán |first1=B. |last2=Vargas |first2=P. |year=2005 |title=Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of ''Cistus'' L. (Cistaceae) based on ITS, trnL-trnF, and matK sequences |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=644–660 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.026 |name-list-style=amp |pmid=16055353}}</ref><ref name=GuzmLled09>{{cite journal |last1=Guzman |first1=B. |last2=Lledo |first2=M.D. |last3=Vargas |first3=P. |year=2009 |title=Adaptive Radiation in Mediterranean ''Cistus'' (Cistaceae) |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=7 |article-number=e6362 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0006362 |name-list-style=amp |pmid=19668338 |pmc=2719431|bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.6362G |doi-access=free }}</ref> |align=center |clades={{Cladogram of Cistus species}} }}
==Distribution== ''Cistus heterophyllus'' has a disjoint distribution. ''C. h.'' subsp. ''heterophyllus'' is native to western North Africa, along the coastal Mediterranean region from the Spanish island of [[Peñón de Alhucemas]] and [[Targuist]] in [[Morocco]] to [[Algiers]].<ref name=FerrFerr13/> ''C. h.'' subsp. ''carthaginensis'' is found only in two locations in mainland Spain: near [[La Pobla de Vallbona]] in [[Province of Valencia|Valencia]] and in the [[Calblanque Regional Park]] in [[Province of Murcia|Murcia]].<ref name=PawlWeisViceEgea12/>
==Conservation== ''Cistus heterophyllus'' subsp. ''carthaginensis'' is listed as [[critically endangered]] (CR) in the [[IUCN Red List]].<ref name=IUCN/> Fewer than 30 individuals were known in 2011 (only one at the Valencian site) and some appear to be hybrids with ''[[Cistus albidus]]''.<ref name=PawlWeisViceEgea12/> The subspecies is threatened by fires and human disturbance. Seeds have been stored in seedbanks, and attempts are being made to increase plants in cultivation, both from seed and in vitro.<ref name=IUCN/>
==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=CiveLeclDemoAgna11>{{Citation |last1=Civeyrel |first1=Laure |last2=Leclercq |first2=Julie |last3=Demoly |first3=Jean-Pierre |last4=Agnan |first4=Yannick |last5=Quèbre |first5=Nicolas |last6=Pélissier |first6=Céline |last7=Otto |first7=Thierry |year=2011 |title=Molecular systematics, character evolution, and pollen morphology of ''Cistus'' and ''Halimium'' (Cistaceae) |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=295 |issue=1–4 |pages=23–54 |doi=10.1007/s00606-011-0458-7 |s2cid=21995828 |name-list-style=amp |hdl=2078.1/219851 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name=FerrFerr13>{{Citation |last1=Ferrer-Gallego |first1=P. Pablo |last2=Ferrando |first2=Inmaculada |year=2013 |title=''Cistus heterophyllus'' nothosubsp. ''marzoi'', nsubsp. nova (Cistaceae) |journal=Bouteloua |volume=16 |pages=27–33 |language=Spanish |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259294773 |access-date=2015-03-11 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>
<ref name=Hyam95>{{Citation |last1=Hyam |first1=R. |last2=Pankhurst |first2=R.J. |year=1995 |title=Plants and their names: a concise dictionary |publication-place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-866189-4 |name-list-style=amp }}, p. 237</ref>
<ref name=IUCN>{{citation |last1=Güemes |first1=J. |last2=Francisco Jiménez |first2=J. |last3=Sánchez-Gómez |first3=P. |last4=Carrión Vilches |first4=M.Á. |date=2006 |title=''Cistus heterophyllus'' subsp. ''carthaginensis'' |website=[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]], Version 2014.3 |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/61679/0 |access-date=2013-03-11 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>
<ref name=Naturaleza>{{citation |title=Jara de Cartagena. ''Cistus heterophyllus'' subsp. ''carthaginensis'' [Cistaceae] |website=Naturaleza – Región de Murcia Digital |url=http://www.regmurcia.com/servlet/s.Sl?sit=c,365,m,1050&r=ReP-14268-DETALLE_REPORTAJES |access-date=2015-03-10 |language=Spanish }}</ref>
<ref name=PawlWeisViceEgea12>{{Citation |last1=Pawluczyk |first1=Marta |last2=Weiss |first2=Julia |last3=Vicente-Colomer |first3=María José |last4=Egea-Cortines |first4=Marcos |year=2012 |title=Two alleles of rpoB and rpoC1 distinguish an endemic European population from ''Cistus heterophyllus'' and its putative hybrid (''C.'' × ''clausonis'') with ''C. albidus'' |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=298 |issue=2 |pages=409–419 |doi=10.1007/s00606-011-0554-8 |s2cid=15479834 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>
<ref name=TPL_kew-2723423>{{citation |title=''Cistus heterophyllus'' |work=The Plant List |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2723423 |access-date=2015-03-02}}</ref>
<ref name=Warb68>{{Citation |last=Warburg |first=E.F. |year=1968 |editor-last=Tutin |editor-first=T.G. |editor2-last=Heywood |editor2-first=V.H. |editor3-last=Burges |editor3-first=N.A. |editor4-last=Valentine |editor4-first=D.H. |editor5-last=Walters |editor5-first=S.M. |editor6-last=Webb |editor6-first=D.A. |contribution=Cistus heterophyllus |title=Flora Europaea, Volume 2: Rosaceae to Umbelliferae |page=283 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-06662-4 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> }}
==External links== {{Commons category|Cistus heterophyllus}} * {{citation|last=Page |first=R.G. |date=n.d. |orig-date=2002 onwards |title=''Cistus heterophyllus'' Desf. |website=The Cistus & Halimium Website |url=http://www.cistuspage.org.uk//Cistus%20heterophyllus.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090626/http://www.cistuspage.org.uk//Cistus%20heterophyllus.htm |access-date=2015-03-09 |archive-date=2015-04-02 }}
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[[Category:Cistus|heterophyllus]]