Chru language

Chru (Vietnamese: Cru, Kru, Chrau Hma, also known as Chu, Chu Ru, Churu, Cho Ru, Choru) is a Chamic language of Vietnam spoken by the Churu people in southern Lâm Đồng Province (especially in Đơn Dương District) and in Ninh Thuận Province.

Like the other Chamic languages spoken in Vietnam (Cham, Jarai, Rade and Roglai), use of Chru is declining as native speakers are generally bilingual in Vietnamese, which is used for most official or public settings, like schools.

Phonology

Consonant inventory

The following table lists the consonants of Chru.^[1]

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! colspan="2" | ! Labial ! Apical ! Alveolo-
palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! colspan="2" | Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! rowspan="2" | Plosive ! voiceless | p | t | tɕ | k |rowspan="2"| ʔ |- ! voiced | b | d | dʑ | ɡ |- ! colspan="2" | Fricative | | | ɕ | | h |- ! colspan="2" | Approximant | w | | j | | |}

There exist post-aspirated consonants [ph], [th], [kh], but these behave as sequences of stop plus [h]. For example, from the word phaː ('to plane') the nominal pənhaː ('a plane') can be derived by infixation of -n-.

Vowel inventory

The vowel inventory is given in the following table. All vowels but [eː, o, oː] exist in nasalized form.^[1]

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

! ! Front ! Central ! Back |- ! High | i | | u |- ! Upper Mid | e | ə | o |- ! Lower Mid | ɛ | | ɔ |- ! Low | colspan="3" | a |}

The vowel [eː] is always followed by [ŋ].

Phonotactics

Words consist of up to two pre-syllables, and a main syllable. A full example is pətərbləʔ ('to turn over'). The vowels in the pre-syllables are always [ə] after a consonant and [a] otherwise.^[1]

Grammar

Syntax

Like many other languages of Southeast Asia, including Vietnamese, Chru is an analytic (or isolating) language without morphological marking of case, gender, number, or tense. In its typological profile it reflects extensive language contact effects, as it more closely resembles a Mon-Khmer language with monosyllabic roots and impoverished morphology rather than a canonical Austronesian language with bisyllabic roots and derivational morphology (Grant 2005). It has subject-verb-object (SVO) word order.

Negation

Chru uses a pre-verbal negative particle, 'buh /ʔbuh/ as a simple negative in declarative sentences:

An optional clause-final negative particle, ou, may also be used, particularly in negative questions and negative responses to questions:

References

1. ^ Fuller, Eugene (1977). "Chru phonemes". Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics No. 4: Chamic Studies. Pacific Linguistics Series A No. 48. Thomas, D.; Lee, E.; Nguyen, D. L. (eds.). Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-A48. hdl:1885/145081

See also

• Chrau language