{{short description|German developmental biologist and 1995 Nobel Prize winner (born 1942)}} {{Infobox scientist |name = Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard |image = Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard mg 4372.jpg |image_size = 250px |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|10|20|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Magdeburg]], [[Province of Saxony]], [[Free State of Prussia]], [[Nazi Germany]] |death_date = |death_place = |field = {{Plainlist| * [[Genetics]] * [[Embryology]]}} |work_institutions = {{Plainlist| * [[European Molecular Biology Laboratory]] * [[Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology|MPI for Developmental Biology]]}} |education = [[Goethe University Frankfurt]]<br />[[University of Tübingen]] (PhD) |doctoral_advisor = {{ill|Heinz Schaller|de}}<ref name="FlyMove">{{cite web | title=Christine Nüsslein-Volhard | website=Universität Münster | url=http://flymove.uni-muenster.de/nobelausstellung/CV/CVTxt.html | language=de | access-date=1 December 2020 | archive-date=27 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127155942/http://flymove.uni-muenster.de/nobelausstellung/CV/CVTxt.html | url-status=live }}</ref> |doctoral_students = |known_for = | thesis_url = http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/793770536 | thesis_title = Zur spezifischen Protein-Nukleinsäure-Wechselwirkung : die Bindung von RNS-Polymerase aus Escherichia coli an die Replikative-Form-DNS des Bakteriophagen fd und die Charakterisierung der Bindungsstellen | thesis_year = 1974 |prizes = {{Plainlist| * [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (1995) * [[Sir Hans Krebs Medal]] (1993) * [[Mendel Medal (genetics)|Mendel Medal]] (1992) * [[Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine]] (1992)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jeantet.ch/en/prix-louis-jeantet/laureats/1992-en/professeure-christiane-nusslein-volhard/|title=Professor Christiane NÜSSLEIN-VOLHARD &#124; Jeantet|date=October 1, 2017|access-date=October 18, 2018|archive-date=October 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012140826/https://www.jeantet.ch/en/prix-louis-jeantet/laureats/1992-en/professeure-christiane-nusslein-volhard/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]] (1991) * [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize]] (1986) * [[Rosenstiel Award]] (1989)}} | relatives = [[Franz Volhard]] (grandfather)), [[Benjamin List]] (nephew) |religion = | website = {{URL|http://www.eb.tuebingen.mpg.de/research/emeriti/research-group-colour-pattern-formation.html}} |footnotes = }} [[File:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard mg 4383.jpg|thumb|260px|Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard in 2007]] [[File:DrosophilaKutikula.jpg|thumb|260px|A preparation of the cuticle from a ''Drosophila'' embryo, similar to those examined by Nüsslein-Volhard. Note the bands of denticles on the left hand side (towards the head) of each segment.]]

'''Christiane (Janni) Nüsslein-Volhard''' ({{IPA|de|kʁɪsˈti̯anə ˈnʏslaɪ̯n ˈfɔlˌhaʁt|-|De-Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard.ogg}}; born 20 October 1942) is a German [[developmental biologist]] and a 1995 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] laureate. She is the only woman from Germany to have received a [[Nobel Prize]] in the sciences.{{efn|Two German women, [[Herta Müller]] and [[Nelly Sachs]], received the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]}}

Nüsslein-Volhard earned her PhD in 1974 from the [[University of Tübingen]], where she studied [[protein-DNA interaction]]. She won the [[Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]] in 1991 and the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1995, together with [[Eric F. Wieschaus|Eric Wieschaus]] and [[Edward B. Lewis]], for their research on the [[Genetics|genetic]] control of [[embryo]]nic [[Developmental biology|development]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiology.org/ibiomagazine/eric-wieschaus-and-christiane-nusselin-volhard.html|title=Eric Wieschaus and Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard: "Collaborating to Find Developmental Genes"|website=ibiology.org|access-date=2015-09-09|archive-date=2017-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706061516/https://www.ibiology.org/ibiomagazine/eric-wieschaus-and-christiane-nusselin-volhard.html}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnv-stiftung.de/|title=CNV Stiftung – Startseite|website=www.cnv-stiftung.de|access-date=2006-10-09|archive-date=2017-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801210044/http://www.cnv-stiftung.de/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and education== Nüsslein-Volhard was born in [[Magdeburg]] on 20 October 1942, the second of five children to Rolf Volhard, an architect, and Brigitte Haas Volhard, a nursery school teacher.<ref name="WIB">{{Cite web |last=Lara Marks |title=A biography of Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard |url=http://www.whatisbiotechnology.org/index.php/people/summary/Nusslein-Volhard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327214708/http://www.whatisbiotechnology.org/index.php/people/summary/Nusslein-Volhard |archive-date=2018-03-27 |publication-date=February 2018 }}</ref> She has four siblings: three sisters and one brother. She grew up and went to school in south [[Frankfurt]],<ref name="WIB"/> where she was exposed to art and music and thus was "trained in looking at things and recognizing things".<ref name="cell press">{{Cite web |last=Kathy Weston |date=December 8, 2017 |title=An interview with Nobel Laureate Janni Nüsslein-Volhard |url=http://crosstalk.cell.com/blog/an-interview-with-nobel-laureate-janni-nusslein-volhard |access-date=2021-10-12 |publisher=Cell Press |archive-date=2021-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022221230/http://crosstalk.cell.com/blog/an-interview-with-nobel-laureate-janni-nusslein-volhard |url-status=live }}[http://crosstalk.cell.com/blog/an-interview-with-nobel-laureate-janni-nusslein-volhard An interview with Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009172208/http://crosstalk.cell.com/blog/an-interview-with-nobel-laureate-janni-nusslein-volhard |date=2018-10-09 }}, 2017</ref> Her great-grandfather was the chemist [[Jacob Volhard]], and her grandfather was the known [[internist]] [[Franz Volhard]]. She is also the aunt of the Nobel laureate in chemistry [[Benjamin List]].<ref name=tagblatt>{{cite news |title=Nobelpreis für Nüsslein-Volhards Neffen |url=https://www.tagblatt.de/Nachrichten/Nobelpreis-fuer-Nuesslein-Volhards-Neffen-519710.html |newspaper=Tagblatt.de |access-date=6 October 2021 |archive-date=6 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006144433/https://www.tagblatt.de/Nachrichten/Nobelpreis-fuer-Nuesslein-Volhards-Neffen-519710.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the [[Abitur]] in 1962, she briefly considered pursuing medicine, but dropped the idea after doing a month-long nursing course in a hospital. Instead, she opted to study biology at [[Goethe University Frankfurt]].<ref name="WIB"/> In 1964 Nüsslein-Volhard left Frankfurt for the [[University of Tübingen]], to start a new course in biochemistry. She originally wanted to do [[behavioral biology]], "but then somehow I ended up in biochemistry (...) and molecular genetics because at the time this was the most modern aspect, and I was ambitious — I wanted to go where the leaders were. The old-fashioned botanists and zoologists were such dull people— there was nothing interesting there."<ref name="cell press" />

She received a diploma in biochemistry in 1969<ref name="WIB"/> and earned a [[PhD]] in 1974 for research into [[protein–DNA interaction]]s and the binding of [[RNA polymerase]] in ''[[Escherichia coli]]''.<ref name=nusselnphd>{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Christiane |last=Nüsslein-Volhard |title=Zur spezifischen Protein-Nukleinsäure-Wechselwirkung: die Bindung von RNS-Polymerase aus Escherichia coli an die Replikative-Form-DNS des Bakteriophagen fd und die Charakterisierung der Bindungsstellen |publisher=University of Tübingen |date=1974 |oclc=793770536}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1995/nusslein-volhard-lecture.html|title=Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard – Nobel Lecture: The Identification of Genes Controlling Development in Flies and Fishes|website=nobelprize.org|access-date=2004-10-25|archive-date=2006-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425173833/http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1995/nusslein-volhard-lecture.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career== In 1975, Nüsslein-Volhard became a postdoctoral researcher in [[Walter Gehring]]´s laboratory at the [[Biozentrum University of Basel|Biozentrum, University of Basel]]. She was a specialist in the developmental biology of ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' (fruit fly) supported by a long-term fellowship from the [[European Molecular Biology Organization]] (EMBO). In 1977, she continued in the laboratory of [[Klaus Sander]] at [[University of Freiburg]], who was an expert in embryonic patterning. In 1978, she set up her own lab in the newly founded [[European Molecular Biology Laboratory]] in Heidelberg with [[Eric Wieschaus]], whom she had met in Basel. Over the next three years they examined about 20,000 mutated fly families, collected about 600 mutants with an altered body pattern and found that out of the approximately 5,000 essential genes only 120 were essential for early development. In October 1980, they published the mere 15 genes controlling the segmented pattern of the Drosophila larva.<ref name="WIB"/>

In 1981, Nüsslein-Volhard moved to the [[Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society]] in Tübingen. From 1984 until her retirement in 2014, she was the director of the [[Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology]] in Tübingen and also led its genetics department. After 1984, she launched work on the [[developmental biology]] of vertebrates, using the zebrafish ([[Danio rerio]]) as her research model.<ref name="WIB"/>

In 2001, she became a member of the ''Nationaler Ethikrat'' (National Ethics Council of Germany) for the [[Ethics|ethical]] assessment of new developments in the [[life sciences]] and their influence on the individual and society. Her primer for the lay-reader, ''Coming to Life: How Genes Drive Development'', was published in April 2006.

In 2004, she started the Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Foundation (''Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Stiftung'') which aids promising young female German scientists with children. The foundation's main focus is to facilitate childcare as a supplement to existing stipends and day care.<ref name=":0" /> ===Research=== {{cleanup|section|reason=copy edit needed, undue weight on Drosophila work, poor referencing|date=October 2021}} During the late 1970's and early 1980's, little was known about the genetic and molecular mechanisms by which multicellular organisms [[Developmental biology|develop]] from single cells to morphologically complex forms during [[embryogenesis]]. Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus identified genes involved in embryonic development by a series of [[Genetic screen|genetic screens]], generating random [[mutations]] in fruit flies using [[ethyl methanesulfonate]]. Some of these mutations affected genes involved in the development of the embryo. They took advantage of the [[Segmentation (biology)|segmented]] form of ''Drosophila'' larvae to address the logic of the genes controlling development. They looked at the pattern of segments and denticles in each mutant under the microscope, and were therefore able to work out that particular genes were involved in different processes during development based on their differing mutant phenotypes (such as fewer segments, gaps in the normal segment pattern, and alterations in the patterns of denticles on the segments). Many of these genes were given descriptive names based on the appearance of the mutant larvae, such as [[Hedgehog signaling pathway|''hedgehog'']], ''[[gurken]]'' (German: "cucumbers"), and ''[[Krüppel]]'' ("cripple").<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nüsslein-Volhard |first1=Christiane |last2=Roth |first2=Siegfried |title=Ciba Foundation Symposium 144 - Cellular Basis of Morphogenesis |chapter=Axis Determination in Insect Embryos |date=2007-09-28 |series=Novartis Foundation Symposia |volume=144 |pages=37–64 |doi=10.1002/9780470513798.ch4 |pmid=2673683 |isbn=978-0-471-92306-0 |issn=1935-4657}}</ref> Later, researchers Pavel Tomancak, Amy Beaton, et al., identified exactly which gene had been affected by each mutation, thereby identifying a set of genes crucial for [[Drosophila embryogenesis]].

The subsequent study of these mutants and their interactions led to important new insights into early ''Drosophila'' development, especially the mechanisms that underlie the step-wise development of body segments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Franke |first1=Franziska Anni |last2=Mayer |first2=Georg |date=2014-12-03 |title=Controversies Surrounding Segments and Parasegments in Onychophora: Insights from the Expression Patterns of Four "Segment Polarity Genes" in the Peripatopsid Euperipatoides rowelli |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=12 |article-number=e114383 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0114383 |pmid=25470738 |pmc=4255022 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...9k4383F |issn=1932-6203 |doi-access=free }}</ref> These experiments are not only distinguished by their sheer scale (with the methods available at the time, they involved an enormous workload), but more importantly by their significance for organisms other than fruit flies.

Her findings led to important realizations about evolution – for example, that [[protostomes]] and [[deuterostomes]] are likely to have had a relatively well-developed [[common ancestor]] with a much more complex body plan than had been conventionally thought.

Additionally, they greatly increased our understanding of the regulation of [[Transcription (genetics)|transcription]], as well as cell fate during development.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Nüsslein-Volhard is associated with the discovery of ''[[Toll (gene)|Toll]]'', which led to the identification of [[toll-like receptor]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Toll To Be Paid at the Gateway to the Vessel Wall |journal=Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=1085–1087 |doi=10.1161/01.ATV.0000168894.43759.47 |pmid=15923538 |date=June 2005 |last1=Hansson |first1=G. K. |last2=Edfeldt |first2=K. |doi-access=free }}</ref>

{{As of|2023}}, Nüsslein-Volhard has an [[h-index]] of 104 according to [[Scopus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7005403321|title=Scopus preview – Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane N. – Author details – Scopus|website=www.scopus.com|access-date=28 February 2023|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227142057/https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7005403321|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life== Nüsslein-Volhard married in the mid-1960s while studying at the [[Goethe University Frankfurt]], but divorced soon afterward and did not have any children.<ref name="WIB"/> She lives in [[Bebenhausen]], Germany.<ref>{{cite news |last=Müssigmann |first=Lena |date=19 October 2017 |title=Am Wochenende ist sie nicht mehr im Büro |url=http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/christiane-nuesslein-volhard-nobelpreistraegerin-wird-75-a-1173715.html |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |location=Hamburg |language=de |access-date=5 October 2018 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829145510/http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/christiane-nuesslein-volhard-nobelpreistraegerin-wird-75-a-1173715.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She has said that she loves to sing, play the flute and do chamber music.<ref name="cell press" /> She published a cookbook in 2006.<ref name="Nüsslein-Volhard 2006 p. ">{{cite book | last=Nüsslein-Volhard | first=Christiane | title=Mein Kochbuch | publisher=Insel Verlag | publication-place=Frankfurt am Main Leipzig | date=2006 | isbn=978-3-458-06880-8 | language=de | page=}}</ref>

== Awards and honors== {{div col}} *1986: [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize]] of the [[German Research Foundation]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Liste der Leibniz-Preisträgerinnen und Preisträger 1986 – 2018 |url=https://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/gefoerderte_projekte/preistraeger/gwl-preis/leibniz_preistraeger_86_18.pdf |work=www.dfg.de |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211212/http://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/gefoerderte_projekte/preistraeger/gwl-preis/leibniz_preistraeger_86_18.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> *1986: Franz Vogt Award of the [[University of Giessen]] * 1991: [[Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=1991 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award |url=http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/show/genetic-basis-of-early-embryonic-development/ |work=www.laskerfoundation.org |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211523/http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/show/genetic-basis-of-early-embryonic-development/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * 1991: [[Keith R. Porter Lecture]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Keith R. Porter Lecture Award |url=https://www.ascb.org/keith-r-porter-lecture-award/ |work=www.ascb.org |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211227/https://www.ascb.org/keith-r-porter-lecture-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * 1992: [[Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. Prize]]<ref>{{cite journal |date=2018 |title=Laureates General Motors Cancer Research Awards PDF |journal=Cancer Research |volume=59 |issue=7_Supplement |pages=1673s |url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/59/7_Supplement/1673s.full.pdf |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-date=20 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820202346/http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/59/7_Supplement/1673s.full.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * 1992: [[Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine]]<ref name="auto"/> * 1992: [[Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize]] from [[Columbia University]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Horwitz Prize Awardees |url=https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/research/louisa-gross-horwitz-prize/horwitz-prize-awardees |work=www.cuimc.columbia.edu |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-date=23 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223215900/https://www.cuimc.columbia.edu/research/louisa-gross-horwitz-prize/horwitz-prize-awardees |url-status=live }}</ref> * 1992: [[Otto Warburg Medal]] of the German Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Previous award winners |url=http://www.otto-warburg-medaille.org/index.php/previous-award-winners.html |work=www.otto-warburg-medaille.org |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104134840/http://otto-warburg-medaille.org/index.php/previous-award-winners.html |archive-date=4 November 2016 }}</ref> * 1992: [[Otto Bayer Award]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Curriculum Vitae |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1995/nusslein-volhard/cv/ |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125170913/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1995/nusslein-volhard/cv/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * 1993: [[Sir Hans Krebs Medal]] from the [[Federation of European Biochemical Societies]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=FORTY YEARS OF FEBS – A memoir |url=https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17090/1/FEBS_Memoir_2004-3.pdf |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-date=3 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103213550/https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17090/1/FEBS_Memoir_2004-3.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * 1993: [[Ernst Schering Prize]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard: Ernst Schering Prize 1993 |url=https://scheringstiftung.de/en/programm/lebenswissenschaften/preise/ernst-schering-preis/ernst-schering-preis-1993/ |work=scheringstiftung.de |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211437/https://scheringstiftung.de/en/programm/lebenswissenschaften/preise/ernst-schering-preis/ernst-schering-preis-1993/ |archive-date=9 October 2018 }}</ref> * 1994: [[Merit Cross of the Federal Republic of Germany]] * 1995: [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1995/summary/ |work=www.nobelprize.org |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624230833/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1995/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * 1996: [[Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg]] * 1997: [[Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts]]<ref name="Pour">{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Pour le Mérite: Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard |url=http://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/sites/default/files/vita/nuesslein-volhard-vita.pdf |work=www.orden-pourlemerite.de |access-date=5 October 2018 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102123217/http://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/sites/default/files/vita/nuesslein-volhard-vita.pdf }}</ref> * 2005: [[Grand Merit Cross with Star and Sash of the Federal Republic of Germany]] (''Großes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern und Schulterband'')<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Who's Who: Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard |url=http://www.whoswho.de/bio/christiane-nuesslein-volhard.html |work=www.whoswho.de |access-date=5 October 2018 |archive-date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010011037/http://www.whoswho.de/bio/christiane-nuesslein-volhard.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * 2007: German Founder Award of the Federation of German Foundations * 2009: [[Austrian Decoration for Science and Art]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf | title = Reply to a parliamentary question | language = de | page = 1918 | access-date = 10 December 2012 | archive-date = 3 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190403020217/https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> * 2013–2021: Chancellor of the order [[Pour le mérite|Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts]]<ref name="Pour" /> * 2014: [[Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art]]<ref>{{cite web |date=26 November 2014 |title=Bayerischer Maximiliansorden für Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard |url=https://tuebingen.mpg.de/detail/bayerischer-maximiliansorden-fuer-christiane-nuesslein-volhard/ |work=tuebingen.mpg.de |location=Tübingen |publisher=Max Planck Institut |language=de |access-date=5 December 2019 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102152353/https://tuebingen.mpg.de/detail/bayerischer-maximiliansorden-fuer-christiane-nuesslein-volhard/ }}</ref> * 2019: [[Schiller Prize of the City of Marbach]]<ref name="Tübingen 2019">{{cite web | title=Der Schillerpreis der Stadt Marbach am Neckar 2019 wird Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard verliehen | website=Max-Planck-Campus Tübingen | date=8 April 2019 | url=https://tue.mpg.de/detail/der-schillerpreis-der-stadt-marbach-am-neckar-2019-wird-christiane-nuesslein-volhard-verliehen/ | language=de | access-date=21 July 2021 | archive-date=21 July 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721073035/https://tue.mpg.de/detail/der-schillerpreis-der-stadt-marbach-am-neckar-2019-wird-christiane-nuesslein-volhard-verliehen/ }}</ref> * The asteroid [[15811 Nüsslein-Volhard]] is named in her honour<ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Minor Planet Names |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-29925-7 |page=828 |chapter=(15811) Nüsslein-Volhard|year=2007 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_9194 }}</ref> {{div col end}}

=== Honorary degrees === Nüsslein-Volhard has been awarded [[honorary degree]]s by the following Universities: [[Yale]], [[Harvard]], [[Princeton University|Princeton]], [[Rockefeller University|Rockefeller]], [[Utrecht University|Utrecht]], [[University College London]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] (June 2005), [[Sheffield University|Sheffield]], [[University of St Andrews|St Andrews]] (June 2011), [[Freiburg University|Freiburg]], [[Munich]] and [[University of Bath|Bath]] (July 2012).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mpg.de/459869/ |title=Prof. Dr. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Curriculum Vitae |date=2019 |website=mpg.de |publisher=Max Planck Society |location=Munich |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129081343/https://www.mpg.de/459869/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mpg" />

* 1991: Honorary doctorate from the [[University of Utrecht]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Curriculum Vitae |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1995/nusslein-volhard/cv/ |work=nobelprize.org |location=Stockholm |publisher=Nobel Media AB |access-date=5 December 2019 |archive-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205075155/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1995/nusslein-volhard/cv/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * 1991: Honorary doctorate from [[Princeton University]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Honorary Degree Recipients, 1748–2001 |url=http://rbsc.princeton.edu/mudd-dbs/honoraries?qname=honorary&LNAME=&FNAME=&YEAR=1991 |work=rbsc.princeton.edu/ |access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref> * 1993: Honorary doctorate from the [[University of Freiburg]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Fakultät für Biologie |url=https://www.uniarchiv.uni-freiburg.de/bestaende/provenienzgerechte-bestaende/fakultaeten/b0085 |work=www.uniarchiv.uni-freiburg.de |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211719/https://www.uniarchiv.uni-freiburg.de/bestaende/provenienzgerechte-bestaende/fakultaeten/b0085 |url-status=live }}</ref> * 1993: Honorary doctorate from [[Harvard University]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Honorary Degrees |url=https://www.harvard.edu/on-campus/commencement/honorary-degrees |work=www.harvard.edu |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-date=4 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104152828/https://www.harvard.edu/on-campus/commencement/honorary-degrees |url-status=live }}</ref> * 2001: Honorary doctorate from [[Rockefeller University]] * 2002: Honorary doctorate from [[University College London]] * 2005: Honorary doctorate from [[University of Oxford]] * 2007: Honorary doctorate from [[Weizmann Institute of Science]] * 2008: Mercator Professorship, [[University of Duisburg-Essen]] * 2011: Honorary doctorate from the [[University of St Andrews]] * 2012: Honorary doctorate from the [[University of Bath]]<ref name="mpg">{{cite web |url=https://tuebingen.mpg.de/en/detail/university-of-bath-confers-honorary-doctorate-to-christiane-nuesslein-volhard/ |title=University of Bath confers honorary doctorate to Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard |date=2019 |website=tuebingen.mpg.de |publisher=Max Planck Institut Tübingen |location=Tübingen |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162846/https://tuebingen.mpg.de/en/detail/university-of-bath-confers-honorary-doctorate-to-christiane-nuesslein-volhard/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Memberships === * 1989: Founding member of the [[Academia Europaea]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Academia Europaea membership page |url=https://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard_Christiane |work=www.ae-info.org |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211302/https://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard_Christiane |url-status=live }}</ref> * 1989: Corresponding member of the [[Heidelberg Academy of Sciences]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard HAS membership page |url=https://www.haw.uni-heidelberg.de/akademie/mitglied.de.html?id=150-7 |work=www.haw.uni-heidelberg.de |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009212122/https://www.haw.uni-heidelberg.de/akademie/mitglied.de.html?id=150-7 |url-status=live }}</ref> * 1990: Corresponding member of North Rhine-Westphalia Academy for Sciences and Arts * [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1990|1990: Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS)]],<ref name=royal>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004211843/https://royalsociety.org/people/christiane-nusslein-volhard-12013/|archive-date=2015-10-04|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/christiane-nusslein-volhard-12013/|title=Dr Christiane Nusslein-Volhard ForMemRS|publisher=[[Royal Society]]|location=London}}</ref><ref name=frs>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060617/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/|archive-date=2015-03-16|url=https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/|publisher=[[Royal Society]]|location=London|title=Fellows of the Royal Society}}</ref><ref name=frs2>{{cite web|title=Fellowship of the Royal Society 1660–2015 |url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1RVVZY00MZNrK2YCTTzVrbTFH2t3RxoAZah128gQR-NM/pubhtml |publisher=Royal Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015185820/https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1RVVZY00MZNrK2YCTTzVrbTFH2t3RxoAZah128gQR-NM/pubhtml |archive-date=2015-10-15 }}</ref> London * 1990: Member of the [[National Academy of Sciences]], Washington<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard NAS membership page |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/1332.html |work=www.nasonline.org |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211637/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/1332.html |url-status=live }}</ref> * 1991: Member of the [[German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Leopoldina membership page |url=https://www.leopoldina.org/mitglieder/mitgliederverzeichnis/member/460/ |work=www.leopoldina.org |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009211341/https://www.leopoldina.org/mitglieder/mitgliederverzeichnis/member/460/ |url-status=live }}</ref> *1992: Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Christiane Nusslein-Volhard|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/christiane-nusslein-volhard|access-date=2021-12-20|website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|language=en|archive-date=2021-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220161959/https://www.amacad.org/person/christiane-nusslein-volhard|url-status=live}}</ref> *1995: Member of the [[American Philosophical Society]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-12-20|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> * 2001–2006: Member of the National Ethics Council of the Federal Government ([[German Ethics Council]]) * Member of the [[French Academy of Sciences]] * Member of the Scientific Committee of the Ingrid zu Solms Foundation * Member of the [[European Molecular Biology Organization]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2018 |title=EMBO Members: Nobel Laureates |url=http://www.embo.org/members/nobel-laureates |work=www.embo.org |access-date=5 October 2018 |archive-date=16 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816090108/http://www.embo.org/members/nobel-laureates |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also== * [[Timeline of women in science]]

==Notes== {{notelist}}

==References== {{reflist|35em}}

==External links== {{Commons}} {{Scholia|author}} *{{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture on 8 December 1995 ''The Identification of Genes Controlling Development in Flies and Fishes''

{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1976-2000}} {{1995 Nobel Prize winners}} {{genarch}} {{FRS 1990}} {{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nusslein-Volhard, Christiane}} [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:German biochemists]] [[Category:German geneticists]] [[Category:German physiologists]] [[Category:German embryologists]] [[Category:Women embryologists]] [[Category:German women biochemists]] [[Category:German women biologists]] [[Category:Women geneticists]] [[Category:Women medical researchers]] [[Category:Women physiologists]] [[Category:Women Nobel laureates]] [[Category:German Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]] [[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization]] [[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] [[Category:Fellows of the AACR Academy]] [[Category:Foreign members of the Royal Society]] [[Category:Max Planck Society people]] [[Category:Members of Academia Europaea]] [[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners]] [[Category:Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]] [[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]] [[Category:Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research]] [[Category:Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg]] [[Category:Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art]] [[Category:Goethe University Frankfurt alumni]] [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Duisburg-Essen]] [[Category:University of Tübingen alumni]] [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Tübingen]] [[Category:Scientists from Magdeburg]] [[Category:20th-century German women scientists]] [[Category:21st-century German women scientists]] [[Category:20th-century German biologists]] [[Category:20th-century German chemists]] [[Category:20th-century women biochemists]] [[Category:21st-century German biologists]] [[Category:21st-century German chemists]] [[Category:21st-century women biochemists]] [[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]] [[Category:Max Planck Institute directors]] [[Category:German fellows of the Royal Society]]