{{Short description|British psychology researcher (1943–2017)}} {{Use British English|date=September 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}} {{Infobox scientist |name = Christopher Richard Brand |image = |image_size = |caption = |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1943|06|01}} |birth_place = [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]], United Kingdom |death_date = {{death date and age|2017|5|28|1943|06|1|df=y}}<ref name=death /> |citizenship = British |field = [[Psychometrics]] |work_institution = formerly [[University of Edinburgh]] |alma_mater = [[University of Oxford]] |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = [[Inspection time]] as a correlate of intelligence, <br> ''[[The g Factor: General Intelligence and Its Implications]]'' |prizes = }}
'''Christopher Richard Brand''' (1 June 1943 – 28 May 2017) was a British [[psychology|psychological]] and [[psychometrics|psychometric]] researcher who gained media attention for his controversial statements on [[race and intelligence]] and [[paedophilia]].<ref name="holden1997">{{cite journal | last1 = Holden | first1 = Constance | year = 1997 | title = Controversial Academic Gets the Axe | journal = Science | volume = 277| issue = 5329 | page = 1045 | doi = 10.1126/science.277.5329.1045a | s2cid = 151285074 }}</ref>
Brand was a proponent of [[IQ]] testing and the [[general intelligence factor]], and was "a major influence in the spread of influence of [[inspection time]] as a theoretically interesting correlate of psychometric intelligence," according to [[Ian Deary]] and Pauline Smith.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Deary, I. |author2=Smith, P. |date=2 February 2004 | title = The International Handbook of Intelligence | chapter = Intelligence Research and Assessment in the United Kingdom | editor = Robert Sternberg | pages = 14–15 | publisher = Cambridge University Press }}</ref>
==Life and career==
Brand was born in Preston, England on 1 June 1943. He went to [[Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys]], and was a graduate of [[The Queen's College, Oxford]], and a 1968–1970 Fellow of [[Nuffield College]], Oxford. He was a lecturer at [[University of Edinburgh]], from 1970 to 1997, teaching in personality, psychopathology and philosophical problems and researching in factorial psychology. In the 1980s he served on the United Kingdom's [[Council for National Academic Awards]]. His 1996 book ''The g Factor'' garnered considerable media attention with its claim that inherited [[general intelligence]] was like psychological money. Brand wrote that general intelligence is an important factor in determining life outcomes for those with lower scores. He attributed socio-economic differences among people of African descent to differences in general intelligence.
Brand was a Fellow of the [[Galton Institute]]. From 2000 to 2004, Brand was a research consultant to the [[Project Prevention|CRACK]] program based in [[Baltimore]], Maryland, which pays drug-addicted mothers $200 to be sterilised.<ref name="newsrecord2003">Editorial staff (4 August 2003). The guise of caring. ''[[Greensboro News & Record]]''</ref> He wrote articles for ''[[American Renaissance (magazine)|American Renaissance]]'' and ''[[The Occidental Quarterly]]''. He also wrote a blog, IQ & PC. His review of Buchanan's ''Playing with Fire'' was published in the journal ''[[Intelligence (journal)|Intelligence]]'' in 2011.<ref name="brand2011">Brand, Chris (2011). "Psychology's Ulysses wins through". ''Intelligence'', Volume 39, Issue 1, January–February 2011, pp. 74–75, {{doi|10.1016/j.intell.2010.09.006}}</ref>
Brand had three children. He married his third wife in 2001. He died on 28 May 2017.<ref name=death>{{cite journal|volume=122|pages=206–207|date=1 February 2018|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.011|last1=Egan|first1=Vincent|title=Obituary of Chris Brand (1st June 1943–28th May, 2017)|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|last2=Brand|first2=Natalia|last3=Brand|first3=Tom}}</ref>
==Published positions==
===Race and IQ=== Brand's discussions of [[race and intelligence]] attracted controversy because of his support for the hypothesis that average IQ differences between racial and ethnic groups are at least partly genetic in origin,<ref name="younge1996" /> a view that is now considered discredited by mainstream science.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last=Evans |first=Gavin |date=2 March 2018 |title=The unwelcome revival of 'race science' |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/02/the-unwelcome-revival-of-race-science |url-status=live |access-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220023319/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/02/the-unwelcome-revival-of-race-science |archive-date=20 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="VoxConsensus2">{{cite web |last1=Turkheimer |first1=Eric |last2=Harden |first2=Kathryn Paige |last3=Nisbett |first3=Richard E. |date=15 June 2017 |title=There's still no good reason to believe black-white IQ differences are due to genes |url=https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/6/15/15797120/race-black-white-iq-response-critics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504055356/https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/6/15/15797120/race-black-white-iq-response-critics |archive-date=4 May 2021 |access-date=29 April 2021 |website=Vox |publisher=Vox Media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=25 May 2017 |title=Intelligence research should not be held back by its past |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2017.22021 |journal=Nature |volume=545 |issue=7655 |pages=385–386 |doi=10.1038/nature.2017.22021 |pmid=28541341 |bibcode=2017Natur.545R.385. |quote=Historical measurements of skull volume and brain weight were done to advance claims of the racial superiority of white people. More recently, the (genuine but closing) gap between the average IQ scores of groups of black and white people in the United States has been falsely attributed to genetic differences between the races.}}</ref>
Brand referred to himself as a "[[race realist]]" and has been described as a "[[Scientific racism|scientific racist]]."<ref name="wynne-jones1996">Wynne-Jones, Ros (18 August 1996). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/scientific-racist-must-not-be-gagged-say-opponents-1310195.html 'Scientific racist' must not be gagged, say opponents.] ''[[The Independent]]''</ref><ref name="younge1996">Younge, Gary (26 May 1996). Race scientists – the colour of intelligence. ''[[New Straits Times]]'' Reprinted as [http://www.mg.co.za/printformat/single/1996-10-18-the-scientists-who-are-proud-to-be-racists The scientists who are proud to be racists.] ''[[Mail & Guardian]]''</ref>
===Race, IQ and women=== Brand's controversial views generated headlines in April 1996, when he was quoted in the ''Independent on Sunday'' recommending that "low-IQ girls" be "encouraged to have sex with higher-IQ boys" rather than with their more usual low-IQ companions (which would result in [[dysgenics|genetic deterioration]]). "There are plenty of intelligent African men for black girls to be having sex with,"<ref name="wynne-jones1996b">Wynne-Jones, Ros (14 April 1996). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/stupid-blacks-book-row-1304717.html 'Stupid blacks' book row.] ''[[The Independent]]''</ref> he said, but added that blacks probably needed to allow [[polygamy]].<ref name="thes1997">Editorial staff (9 May 1997). [http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=100913§ioncode=26 The personal views of a 'scientific racist.'] ''[[Times Higher Education]]''</ref>
Brand also wrote that "women are inclined to deceitful [[promiscuity]]" and that [[Sigmund Freud]] was therefore right to ascribe weaker [[super ego|super-egos]] to women than to men. His 1996 book ''[[The g Factor: General Intelligence and Its Implications]]'' led to accusations of [[scientific racism]] and [[sexism]], and his university lectures were protested and closed by the [[Anti-Nazi League]] of [[Edinburgh]]. Brand's book was subsequently withdrawn by publisher [[John Wiley & Sons]].<ref>Eysenck, Hans (26 April 1996). [http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=93434§ioncode=26 The colour of Intelligence.] ''Times Higher Education''</ref> It was then published free on the web by Douance.<ref name="brand1996">Brand CR (1996). ''[http://www.douance.org/qi/brandbook.htm The G Factor: General Intelligence and Its Implications (free online text).]'' originally John Wiley & Sons Inc., {{ISBN|978-0-471-96070-6}}</ref>
===Paedophilia=== In October 1996 Brand came to the defence of [[Nobel Prize|Nobel laureate]] [[Daniel Carleton Gajdusek]] who had been charged with [[child sex abuse]]. Brand argued that sex with a consenting partner over the age of 12 was not harmful so long as both partners had an above-average IQ.<ref>[http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=106530§ioncode=26 'Racist' Brand loses dismissal appeal], Olga Wojtas, ''Times Higher Education'', 27 March 1998, retrieved 22 December 2009</ref><ref name="the-fall-racist">[http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=106773§ioncode=26 Key factors in the fall of a 'scientific racist'], Olga Wotjas, ''Times Higher Education'', 10 April 1998, retrieved 22 December 2009</ref>
The proceedings were initiated in 1996 after the dean of social sciences complained.<ref name="the-fall-racist"/> Edinburgh University's Chaplain, a supporter of the Anti-Nazi League, had taken Brand's e-mailed reflections on pederasty to the Scottish press. Edinburgh's Student newspaper's frontpage banner headline was "FIRST IT WAS BLACKS, THEN IT WAS WOMEN, NOW IT'S KIDS".
Brand was fired from his 27-year position at [[Edinburgh University]] a year later in 1997 after hearings.<ref name="ward1997">Ward, Lucy (9 August 1997). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/lecturer-sacked-for-saying-child-sex-harmless-1244412.html Lecturer sacked for saying child sex "harmless."] ''[[The Independent]]''</ref><ref name="hinde1997">Hinde, Julia (15 August 1997). [http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=103189§ioncode=26 Branded an outcast.] ''Times Higher Education''</ref> The university said this was for conduct that "brought the university into disrepute".
Brand appealed and sued the university for [[unfair dismissal]], and received £12,000 (in those days the maximum obtainable from an [[employment tribunal]]) in an out-of-court settlement.<ref name="rudbeck2002">Rudbeck, Clare (30 May 2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090623074420/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/higher/free-to-speak-out-652763.html Free to speak out?] ''[[The Independent]]''</ref> His case became a [[cause célèbre]] among advocates of [[academic freedom]]. [[Marek Kohn]] cited the Brand incident in a defence of intellectual freedom on the Internet.<ref name="kohn1996">Kohn, Marek (19 May 1996). [https://web.archive.org/web/20121110172813/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/technofile-1348189.html Technofile.] ''[[The Independent]]''</ref> Others, however, including a former Brand student, considered academic freedom a privilege that carried with it an expectation of "social responsibility".<ref name="swain2008">Swain, Harriet (3 January 2008). [http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=210052§ioncode=26 Dealing with controversial colleagues.] ''Times Higher Education''</ref>
Eric Barendt (University College London), in the chapter "The Chris Brand Case" in his 2010 book ''Academic Freedom'', said Brand should have tried harder to get on with his colleagues<ref>Eric Barendt, ''Academic Freedom and the Law: A Comparative Study'', Hart Publishing, 2010.</ref> – who Brand replied were "Jew-leftie-commie[s]".<ref>[https://gfactor.blogspot.com/2011_01_01_archive.html#346200036249465903 LEFTISTS LOVE THEIR CHAINS]</ref>
==Selected publications== {{refbegin}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Brand | first1 = C. R. | date = Feb 1972 | title = Relations between emotional and social behaviour: a questionnaire study of individual differences | journal = [[British Journal of Clinical Psychology]] | volume = 11 | issue = 1| pages = 10–9 | pmid = 5024653 | doi = 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1972.tb00773.x }} *{{cite journal | last1 = Brand | first1 = C. R. | date = March 1981 | title = New IQ test? | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 290 | issue = 5802| page = 82 | pmid = 7207601 | doi = 10.1038/290082a0 | bibcode = 1981Natur.290Q..82B | doi-access = free }} *Brand, C. R., Deary I. J. (1982). "Intelligence and 'inspection time'". In Eysenck H. J. (ed.), ''A Model for Intelligence,'' pp. 133–148. Springer-Verlag, {{ISBN|978-0-387-11676-1}} *Brand, C. R. (1984). "Personality dimensions: an overview of modern trait psychology". In ''Psychology Survey 5'', British Psychological Society. George Allen & Unwin, {{ISBN|978-0-901715-27-2}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Brand | first1 = C. R. | year = 1989 | title = The "big five" dimensions of personality? Evidence from ipsative, adjectival self-attributions | journal = [[Personality and Individual Differences]] | volume = 10 | issue = 11 | pages = 1165–1171 | doi = 10.1016/0191-8869(89)90080-9 }} *{{cite journal | last1 = Brand | first1 = C. R. | last2 = Freshwater | first2 = S | year = 1989 | title = Has there been a "massive" rise in IQ levels in the West? Evidence from Scottish children" | journal = [[Irish Journal of Psychology]] | volume = 10 | issue = 3| pages = 388–393 | doi = 10.1080/03033910.1989.10557756 }} *{{cite journal | last1 = Brand | first1 = C. R. | last2 = Caryl | first2 = P. G. | last3 = Deary | first3 = I. J. | last4 = Egan | first4 = V. | last5 = Pagliari | first5 = H. C. | date = March 1991 | title = Is intelligence illusory? | journal = [[The Lancet]] | volume = 337 | issue = 8742| pages = 678–9 | pmid = 1672021 | doi = 10.1016/0140-6736(91)92500-2 | s2cid = 40541346 }} *{{cite journal | last1 = Brand | first1 = C. R. | date = October 1992 | title = Sizing-up the brain | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 359 | issue = 6398| page = 768 | pmid = 1436046 | doi = 10.1038/359768a0 | bibcode = 1992Natur.359..768B | doi-access = free }} *Brand, C. R. (1994). "How many dimensions of personality? The 'Big 5', the 'Gigantic 3' or the 'Comprehensive 6'?" ''[[Psychologica Belgica]]'', 1994, vol. 34, no 4. *Brand, C. R. (1994). Open to experience-closed to intelligence: Why the 'Big Five' are really the 'Comprehensive Six.' ''[[European Journal of Personality]]'' Volume 8, Issue 4, pp. 299–310, November 1994 {{doi|10.1002/per.2410080407}} *Brand, C. R. (1994). Intelligence and Inspection Time: An Ontogenetic Relationship? ''The biology of human intelligence: proceedings of the twentieth annual symposium of the Eugenics Society London'', Nafferton Books, {{ISBN|978-0-905484-45-7}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Brand | first1 = C. R. | date = Oct 1996 | title = The importance of intelligence in western societies | journal = [[Journal of Biosocial Science]] | volume = 28 | issue = 4| pages = 387–404 | pmid = 8973000 | doi = 10.1017/s0021932000022495 | s2cid = 39696290 }} *Brand, C. R. (1996). ''The g Factor: General Intelligence and Its Implications''. John Wiley & Sons Inc., {{ISBN|978-0-471-96070-6}} *Brand, C. R. (1997). "Hans Eysenck's personality dimensions: Their number and nature". In H. Nyborg (ed.), ''The Scientific Study of Human Nature: Tribute to Hans J. Eysenck at eighty'', (pp. 17–35). Pergamon, {{ISBN|978-0-08-042787-4}} *Brand, C. R., Constales, D. (1997). "Why ignore the g factor? Historical considerations". In Nyborg, H. (ed.), ''The Scientific Study of General Intelligence: Tribute to Arthur Jensen.'' Pergamon, {{ISBN|978-0-08-043793-4}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Kane | first1 = H. D. | last2 = Oakland | first2 = T. D. | last3 = Brand | first3 = C. R. | year = 2006 | title = Differentiation at Higher Levels of Cognitive Ability: Evidence From the United States | journal = [[The Journal of Genetic Psychology]] | volume = 167 | issue = 3| pages = 327–341 | doi = 10.3200/GNTP.167.3.327-341 | pmid = 17278419 | s2cid = 43192646 }} {{refend}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links == *[https://gfactor.blogspot.com/ IQ & PC – By Chris Brand]: Personal website *[http://www.douance.org/qi/brandbook.htm Download of ''The g Factor – General Intelligence and its Implications''] via douance.org *[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886917305032 Obituary] in ''[[Personality and Individual Differences]]'' {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brand, Chris}} [[Category:1943 births]] [[Category:2017 deaths]] [[Category:Academics of the University of Edinburgh]] [[Category:Alumni of the Queen's College, Oxford]] [[Category:Fellows of Nuffield College, Oxford]] [[Category:Differential psychologists]] [[Category:Intelligence researchers]] [[Category:People involved in race and intelligence controversies]] [[Category:People educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys]] [[Category:Scientists from Preston, Lancashire]] [[Category:Psychometricians]] [[Category:British psychologists]] [[Category:British eugenicists]] [[Category:British white supremacists]] [[Category:Proponents of scientific racism]]