{{Short description|Genus of orchids}} {{Italic title}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Wasp orchids | image = Chiloglottis reflexa.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Chiloglottis reflexa]]'' <br /> the short-clubbed wasp orchid | display_parents = 3 | taxon = Chiloglottis | authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]], 1810 | type_species = ''[[Chiloglottis diphylla]]'' | type_species_authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]] | synonyms_ref = <ref name="karen"/> | synonyms = *''Simpliglottis'' <small>Szlach.</small> *''× Chilosimpliglottis'' <small>Jeanes</small> *''Myrmechila'' <small>D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.</small> }}
'''''Chiloglottis''''', commonly known as '''wasp orchids''', '''ant orchids''' or '''bird orchids''',<ref name="Jones" /> is a [[genus]] of about 25 species of [[flowering plant]]s in the orchid family, [[Orchidaceae]] and is found in eastern [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]]. Wasp orchids are [[Terrestrial plant|terrestrial]] [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]] which grow in colonies of genetically identical plants. They usually have two leaves at the base of the plant and a single [[Resupination|resupinate]] ("upside-down") flower. The [[Labellum (botany)|labellum]] is more or less diamond-shaped and has [[Labellum (botany)|calli]] resembling the body of a wingless female wasp.<ref name="Jones">{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=David L.|title=A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories|date=2006|publisher=New Holland|location=Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.|isbn=1877069124|page =138}}</ref><ref name="AOR">{{cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=David L.|title=Contributions to Tasmanian Orchidology|journal=Australian Orchid Research|date=1998|volume=3|page=62}}</ref>[[File:Chiloglottis formicifera (labelled).001.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Labelled image of ''[[Chiloglottis formicifera]]'']]
==Taxonomy and naming== The genus ''Chiloglottis'' was first formally described in 1810 by [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]]. Brown described ''[[Chiloglottis diphylla]]'' at the same time, making it the [[type species]].<ref name=APNI>{{cite web|title=''Chiloglottis''|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/471488|publisher=APNI|access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="R.Br.">{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Robert|title=Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et insulae Van-Diemen, exhibens characteres plantarum quas annis 1802-1805|date=1810|location=London|pages=322–323|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21871#page/190/mode/1up|access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref>
[[David L. Jones (botanist)|David Jones]] has transferred some species, especially those commonly known as "bird orchids" (''Simpliglottis'') and "ant orchids" (''Myrmechila'') to other [[Genus|genera]], but the change has not been widely accepted.<ref name="RBGS">{{cite web|title=''Chiloglottis''|url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=gn&name=Chiloglottis|publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Sydney|access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref>
==Distribution== This genus of orchids is [[Indigenous (ecology)|native]] to [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] (including [[Chatham Island]] and the [[Antipodes Islands]]).<ref name="karen">[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=38964 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref><ref name="Jones" />
==Ecology== The flowers of wasp, ant and bird orchids are pollinated by sexual deception ([[pseudocopulation]]) of [[Thynnidae|thynnine]] [[wasp]]s, except for ''[[Chiloglottis cornuta|C. cornuta]]'' which is [[Self-pollination|self-pollinating]]. A key feature is that each species of orchid is pollinated by a different species of wasp.<ref name="Bower" />
Male wasps are attracted by wind-borne [[pheromone]]s released by glands on the [[sepal]]s of the flowers. They usually land on the [[Labellum (botany)|labellum]], on another part of the plant or nearby and then walk or fly to the labellum. They crawl over the labellum, searching for the female wasp. They then attempt to lift and fly away with the dummy female but this action brings them into contact with the [[Column (botany)|column]]. If the insect has [[Pollinium|pollinia]] from another orchid on its back, the contained [[pollen]] will attach to the sticky [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]]. Alternatively, if there are no pollinia on its back, the insect may move backward, receive a coat of glue from the flower's [[rostellum]], then push open the [[Stamen#Morphology and terminology|anther]] and removing any pollinia present, which adhere to the insect's [[Thorax (insect anatomy)|thorax]].<ref name="Jones" /><ref name="Bower">{{cite journal|last1=Bower|first1=Colin|title=The Wasp, Ant and Bird Orchids of the ''Chiloglottis'' Alliance|journal=The Orchadian|date=2007|volume=15|issue=9|pages=401–416}}</ref>
==List of species== The following is a list of ''Chiloglottis'' species accepted by [[Plants of the World Online]] as at July 2024:<ref name="POWO list">{{cite web |title=''Chiloglottis'' |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:29025-1#children |publisher=Plants of the World Online |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=35em}} *''[[Chiloglottis anaticeps]]'' <small>D.L.Jones</small> (1991) - duck's-head wasp orchid, bird orchid (N.S.W.) *''[[Chiloglottis bifaria]]'' <small>D.L.Jones</small> (2018) (N.S.W.) *''[[Chiloglottis chlorantha]]'' <small>D.L.Jones</small> (1991) - Wollongong bird orchid (N.S.W.) *''[[Chiloglottis cornuta]]'' <small>Hook.f.</small> (1844) - green bird orchid (N.S.W., Vic., S.A., Tas., N.Z.) *''[[Chiloglottis curviclavia]]'' <small>D.L.Jones</small> (2018) (N.S.W.) *''[[Chiloglottis diphylla]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> (1810) - common wasp orchid (N.S.W., Qld.) *''[[Chiloglottis formicifera]]'' <small>Fitzg.</small> (1877) - common ant orchid (N.S.W.) *''[[Chiloglottis grammata]]'' <small>G.W.Carr</small> (1991) - small bird orchid (Tas.) *''[[Chiloglottis gunnii]]'' <small>Lindl.</small> (1840) - tall bird orchid (Tas.) *''[[Chiloglottis jeanesii]]'' <small>D.L.Jones</small> (1997) - mountain bird orchid (Vic.) *''[[Chiloglottis longiclavata]]'' <small>D.L.Jones</small> (1991) - northern wasp orchid (Qld.) *''[[Chiloglottis palachila]]'' <small>D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.</small> (1991) - spade-lipped wasp orchid (N.S.W.) *''[[Chiloglottis × pescottiana]]'' <small>R.S.Rogers</small> (1918) - bronze bird orchid (N.S.W., Vic.) *''[[Chiloglottis platyptera]]'' <small>D.L.Jones</small> (1991) - winged ant orchid, Barrington Tops ant orchid (N.S.W.) *''[[Chiloglottis pluricallata]]'' <small>D.L.Jones</small> (1991) - clustered bird orchid (N.S.W.) *''[[Chiloglottis reflexa]]'' <small>(Labill.) Druce</small> (1917) - short-clubbed wasp orchid (N.S.W., Vic.) *''[[Chiloglottis seminuda]]'' <small>D.L.Jones</small> (1991) - turtle orchid (N.S.W., Vic.) *''[[Chiloglottis sphaerula]]'' <small>D.L.Jones</small> (2006) (N.S.W.) *''[[Chiloglottis sphyrnoides]]'' <small>D.L.Jones</small> (1991) - forest wasp orchid (N.S.W., Qld.) *''[[Chiloglottis sylvestris]]'' <small>D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.</small> (1987) - small wasp orchid (N.S.W., Qld.) *''[[Chiloglottis trapeziformis]]'' <small>Fitzg.</small> (1877) - broad-lip bird orchid, diamond ant orchid, dainty bird-orchid (N.S.W., Qld., Vic., S.A., Tas.) *''[[Chiloglottis triceratops]]'' <small>D.L.Jones</small> (1998) - three-horned bird orchid (Tas.) *''[[Chiloglottis trilabra]]'' <small>Fitzg.</small> (1883) - long-clubbed wasp orchid (N.S.W., Vic.) *''[[Chiloglottis trullata]]'' <small>D.L.Jones</small> (1991) - triangular orchid (Qld.) *''[[Chiloglottis truncata]]'' <small>D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem.</small> (1987) - small ant orchid (Qld.) *''[[Chiloglottis turfosa]]'' <small>D.L.Jones,</small> (1991) - bog bird orchid (N.S.W., A.C.T.) *''[[Chiloglottis valida]]'' <small>D.L.Jones,</small> (1991) - large bird orchid, common bird orchid (N.S.W., A.C.T.) {{div col end}}
==References== {{Reflist|30em}}
==External links== * {{Commons-inline|2=''Chiloglottis''}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q429883}} {{Authority control}}
[[Category:Chiloglottis| ]] [[Category:Diurideae genera]] [[Category:Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)]]