{{Short description|Chilean community in Australia}} {{Use Australian English|date=January 2017}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Chilean Australians <br/>''{{small|Chileno-australiano}}'' | flag = {{flagicon|Chile}}{{flagicon|Australia}} | image = Australia Chile Locator.png | pop = 37,608 (by ancestry, 2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ine.cl/docs/default-source/demografia-y-migracion/publicaciones-y-anuarios/migraci%C3%B3n-internacional/estimaci%C3%B3n-poblaci%C3%B3n-extranjera-en-chile-2018/estimaci%C3%B3n-poblaci%C3%B3n-extranjera-en-chile-2019-metodolog%C3%ADa.pdf?sfvrsn=5b145256_6|title=Estimación de personas extranjeras residentes habituales en Chile al 31 de diciembre 2019|language=es|publisher=[[National Statistics Institute (Chile)|National Statistics Institute]]|page=21|date=March 2020|access-date=25 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/docs/default-source/proyecciones-de-poblacion/cuadros-estadisticos/base-2017/ine_estimaciones-y-proyecciones-de-poblaci%C3%B3n-1992-2050_base-2017_tabulados.xlsx?sfvrsn=68eefb1_9|title=Estimaciones y proyecciones 1992–2050, país (base 2017)|language=es|access-date=25 April 2020}}</ref> | regions = [[Sydney]], [[Melbourne]], [[Brisbane]], [[Adelaide]] and [[Perth]]. | region2 = | pop1 = | pop2 = | langs = [[Australian English|English]] and [[Chilean Spanish|Spanish]]; others speak [[german language|German]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Mapudungun language|Mapudungun]], and [[rapa Nui language|Rapa Nui]] | rels = {{hlist|[[Roman Catholic]] (Predominantly) |[[Protestant]] |[[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] |[[Jewish]] }} | related-c = other [[Hispanic and Latin American Australians]], [[Spaniards]], [[Ethnic groups in Europe|other Europeans]], [[mapuche people|Mapuche]], [[rapa Nui people|Rapa Nui]] }} '''Chilean Australians''' ({{langx|es|chilenos australianos}}) are [[Australia]]ns of [[Chile]]an descent or Chileans who have obtained Australian citizenship. Chileans are the largest group of [[Hispanic and Latin American Australians|Hispanic American Australians]], as well as being the second largest group of Latin American Australians (behind [[Brazilian Australians]]) residing in the country. The biggest Chilean Australian communities are primarily found in [[Sydney]], [[Melbourne]] and [[Canberra]].<ref name="Jupp">{{cite book|last=Jupp|first=James|author-link=James Jupp|title=The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgoFxfSTfYAC&pg=PA195|access-date=23 November 2016|date=1 October 2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-80789-0|pages=195–7}}</ref>
== Demography ==
According to the 2006 Australian Census, 23,305 Australians were born in Chile<ref name="ABS Country of Birth">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=0&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=0&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=POLTD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Country%20of%20Birth%20of%20Person%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Birthplace&|title=20680 - Country of Birth of Person (full classification list) by Sex - Australia, 2006 census|format=XLS|work=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|access-date=27 May 2008}}{{Dead link|date=November 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> while 25,439 claimed Chilean ancestry, either alone or with another ancestry.<ref name="ABS Ancestry">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?breadcrumb=POLTD&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&subaction=-1&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&documentproductno=0&textversion=false&documenttype=Details&collection=Census&javascript=true&topic=Ancestry&action=404&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&order=1&period=2006&tabname=Details&areacode=0&navmapdisplayed=true&|title=20680 - Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex - Australia|format=XLS|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|work=2006 Census|access-date=19 May 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310121707/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/download?format=xls&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Ancestry%20%28full%20classification%20list%29%20by%20Sex&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&areacode=0|archive-date=10 March 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Australian 2001 Census reports that 63% of Chilean-born respondents nominated their leading ancestry as [[Spain|Spaniard]], while others nominated a [[Croats|Croatian]] (19%), [[Germans|German]] (8%), [[Italians|Italian]] (6%) or [[English people|English]] (4%) ancestry.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/7d12b0f6763c78caca257061001cc588/af5129cb50e07099ca2570eb0082e462!OpenDocument | title = 4102.0 - Australian Social Trends, 2003 : Population characteristics: Ancestry of Australia's population | date = 3 June 2003 |publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] | access-date = 2008-05-19|quote = On the other hand, people arriving in Australia from the same birthplace may have different ethnic and cultural affiliations. For example, the ancestries of East Timor-born people living in Australia were Chinese (61%), Timorese (40%) and Portuguese (10%). Of people born in New Zealand, 14% stated Maori as their ancestry, while English (52%) and New Zealander (21%) were the most common responses. As with those born in New Zealand and Australia, ancestries given by those born in some other countries often include a national ancestry and one associated with a colonial power. Thus, a large proportion of those born in Chile reported their ancestry as Chilean (63%), but Spanish was also relatively common (29%).}}</ref>
The largest Chilean Australian communities are in [[Sydney]] (10,909 residents, 2006 Census result)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=105&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=105&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=POTLD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Country%20of%20Birth%20of%20Person%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Birthplace&|title=20680-Country of Birth of Person (full classification list) by Sex - Sydney|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}{{dead link|date=March 2017}}</ref> and [[Melbourne]] (6,530).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=205&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=205&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=POTLD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Country%20of%20Birth%20of%20Person%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Birthplace&|title=20680-Country of Birth of Person (full classification list) by Sex - Melbourne|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics}}{{dead link|date=March 2017}}</ref>
A Chilean government study conducted by the ''Chilean National Institute of Statistics'' in 2003-04 and published in 2005 found that 33,626 first and second generation Chileans were living in Australia. This figure was gathered by combining the population reported in the 2001 Australian Census and the National Registry for Chileans living abroad.<ref>{{in lang|es}} https://web.archive.org/web/20060213213457/http://www.gobiernodechile.cl/chilenos_exterior/registro_chilenos_exterior.pdf</ref><ref>{{in lang|es}}https://web.archive.org/web/20090416055506/http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20050816/pags/20050816125322.html</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Luz Rivera|first=Carmen|url=http://www.chile.com/tpl/articulo/detalle/ver.tpl?cod_articulo%3D68730|title=Radiografía a los Chilenos en el Mundo|trans-title=Radiograph of Chileans in the World|language=es|publisher=Chile.com|access-date=6 March 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622010408/http://www.chile.com/tpl/articulo/detalle/ver.tpl?cod_articulo=68730|archive-date=22 June 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> One estimate of Chilean-Australians (including those born in Chile and those of Chilean descent) is approximately 40,000, another 2006 estimate is as high as 45,000.<ref name=immigration>{{cite web|url=http://www.embachile-australia.com/en/community/migration.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070503051218/http://www2.embachile-australia.com/en/community/migration.html|archive-date=2007-05-03|title=Chilean Immigration|work=Embassy of Chile in Australia|date=2 June 2006|access-date=19 May 2008}}</ref>
==History and cultural background== [[Image:Nick Carle against Fulham.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Nick Carle]]]] [[Image:Ramón Freire(2).jpg|thumb|150px|[[Ramón Freire]]]] In 1837, two Chileans arrived in Sydney, the first on record in Australia. One was former Chilean [[President of Chile|president]] [[Ramón Freire]], exiled from Chile after attempting to re-take power in a coup. He did not settle in Australia, however, and eventually returned to his homeland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730051444/http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=8|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 July 2008|title=Origins: History of immigration from Chile|publisher=Museum Victoria Australia|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref>
Chilean migration to Australia occurred at different times from the late 19th century and throughout the 20th century. A large wave of Chileans arrived to Australia in the 1850s after the [[California gold rush]] they had [[Chileans in the California gold rush|participated in]]. In Australia Chileans joined the [[Australian gold rushes]] that begun in 1851. Along with the Chileans came also mining technologies they had introduced to California such as the [[Chilean mill]] which became common in Australian mining.<ref name=nuevom>{{Cite journal |title=Trabajadores y técnicas mineras andinas en las fiebres del oro del mundo en el siglo XIX |journal=Nuevo Mundo |last=Herrera Canales |first=Inés |url=https://journals.openedition.org/nuevomundo/67746 |language=es |doi=10.4000/nuevomundo.67746|year=2015}}</ref> Not all Chileans stayed and there are estimates of 350 Chileans leaving Australia in the early 1860s to join the gold rush in New Zealand.<ref name=nuevom/>
The first Labour <!-- The spelling was later changed to "Labor" but at the time he was PM, "Labour" was the spelling used so it is the appropriate spelling here -->Party [[Prime Minister of Australia]], and the first leader of a social democratic party to become a national head of government, [[Chris Watson]], was born in [[Valparaíso]], [[Chile]] the son of a Chilean citizen of German descent.<ref>{{cite book|first=Bede|last=Nairn|url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/watson-john-christian-chris-9003/text15849|title=Australian Dictionary of Biography|chapter=Watson, John Christian (Chris) (1867–1941|year=1990|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|volume=12|via=Australian Dictionary of Biography|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref>
Migration studies demonstrate that late 20th century Chilean migration to Australia occurred in three distinguishable waves.<ref name="immigration"/>
In the 1960s, especially between the years 1968-70, around 1,500-2,000 Chileans arrived in Australia as a consequence of the economic recession produced during the government of [[Eduardo Frei Montalva]], and the high level of unemployment at the termination of his administration. The majority of these people were middle class and well educated, and their migration can be seen to have an [[economic migrant|economic basis]]. [[Image:FJ DUARTE (2006).jpg|thumb|140px|[[F. J. Duarte|Frank Duarte]]]]
The second significant group to arrive was likely motivated by the presidential [[Chilean presidential election, 1970|election of Salvador Allende]] in 1970. Allende was the world's first democratically elected [[Marxist]] President of any nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A716591|title=11 September, 1973 - The Day Democracy Died in Chile|publisher=bbc.co.uk|date=12 April 2002|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021030063935/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A716591|archive-date=30 October 2002}}</ref> His ascension to the presidency provoked a high level of uncertainty amongst the wealthy, given his stated platform of [[nationalisation]] of mining, industry, and services. The political and economic unrest that followed prompted many Chileans to flee the threat of political and social instability. This group was, again, overwhelmingly middle class, with sufficient resources (education and finance) to establish themselves as small business operators within Australia. By 1971, 3,760 Chilean-born people were registered in Australia. {{CN|date=March 2016}} In this group arrived laser physicist and author [[F. J. Duarte|Frank Duarte]] who became the first South American to graduate with a Ph.D. from an Australian university, and leader of the [[Macquarie science reform movement]].
The third distinguishable wave of [[immigration to Australia]] was the greatest in number by far, and was characterised in large part by Chileans fleeing their homeland as a consequence of political events following the [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|1973 military coup]] and subsequent [[Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)|military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet]]. This wave of Chilean migrants was quite homogeneous, comprised in the majority by skilled workers, and at times, their families. In this regard the middle class was represented only in the minority. Political elitists and intellectuals from the left were also small in numbers, due to their preference for [[Eastern Europe]] and [[socialist]] nations in the Hispanic world. Former president of Chile [[Michelle Bachelet]] briefly lived in Australia with family already present in the country after the coup of 1973 later moving to [[East Germany]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/11/AR2006031101381.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Bachelet Sworn In As Chile's President|first=Monte|last=Reel|date=12 March 2006|access-date=28 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/11/america/web.1211profile.php|title=Breaking News, World News & Multimedia|publisher=International Herald Tribune|agency=Associated Press|date=11 December 2005|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513111435/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/11/america/web.1211profile.php|archive-date=13 May 2006}}</ref> Augusto Pinochet's [[Chile under Pinochet|dictatorship]] over Chile lasted until 1990. During his regime more than 500,000 Chileans fled the country,<ref>{{cite web|first1=Cristián|last1=Doña|first2=Amanda|last2=Levinson|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/chile-moving-towards-migration-policy/|title=Chile: Moving Towards a Migration Policy|publisher=Migration Policy Institution|date=1 February 2004|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref> 21,029 of whom sought sanctuary in Australia. However, several thousand have and are still returning to Chile from all over the world as the economic boom of the country has prospered the nation.{{cn|date=March 2016}} Moreover, since the latter part of the 1980s, many Chileans who had worked for the military government have also emigrated to Australia, leading to a degree of tension with and periodic denunciations from other Chilean Australians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-03-25/adriana-rivas-sydney-woman-wanted-for-extradition-chile/5342476|title = Chile hopes to extradite Sydney nanny implicated in Pinochet-era torture allegations|website = [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date = 25 March 2014}}</ref>
== Notable Chilean Australians ==
* [[Nick Carle]] * [[Angelo Costanzo]] * [[F. J. Duarte]] * [[Pia Miller]] * [[Rodrigo Palomino]] * [[Jose Romero (Australian rules footballer)|Jose Romero]] * [[Rodrigo Vargas (soccer, born 1978)|Rodrigo Vargas]] * [[Sergio Villagra]] * [[Chris Watson]] * [[Tim Kelly (footballer)|Tim Kelly]] * [[Michael Lira]]
== See also == {{Portal|Australia|Chile}} * [[Australia–Chile relations]] * [[European Australians]] * [[Europeans in Oceania]] * [[Hispanic and Latin American Australians]] * [[Immigration to Australia]]
==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * {{cite web | url = http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/chileans | title = Chileans | access-date = 4 October 2015 | author = Veronica Quinteros | date = 2011 | work=[[Dictionary of Sydney]]}} (Chileans in Sydney) [[Creative Commons license|CC-By-SA]] {{Chilean diaspora}} {{Ethnic groups in Australia}}
[[Category:Australian people of Chilean descent|*]] [[Category:South American diaspora in Australia|Chile]] [[Category:Chilean diaspora|Australia]] [[Category:Australia–Chile relations]]