{{short description|Species of bird}} {{speciesbox | name = Chestnut-sided warbler | image = Dendroica-pensylvanica-003.jpg<!-- Is that a summer female? --> | image_caption = Adult in summer plumage | image2 = Chestnut-sided warbler (71059).jpg | image2_caption = Nonbreeding plumage (female or immature male) | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2021 |title=''Setophaga pensylvanica'' |article-number=e.T22721664A137263338 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22721664A137263338.en}}</ref> | genus = Setophaga | species = pensylvanica | authority = (Linnaeus, 1766) | range_map = Dendroica pensylvanica map.svg | range_map_caption = {{leftlegend|#FFFF00|Breeding range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#0000FF|Wintering range|outline=gray}} | synonyms = *''Motacilla pensylvanica'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1766}} *''Dendroica pensylvanica'' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1766)}} }} [[File:Chestnut-sided Warbler-male.jpg|thumb|right|Male, Ottawa, Ontario]]
The '''chestnut-sided warbler''' ('''''Setophaga pensylvanica''''') is a New World warbler. They breed in eastern North America and in southern Canada westwards to the Canadian Prairies. They also breed in the Great Lakes region and in the eastern United States.
==Taxonomy== The chestnut-sided warbler was formally described in 1766 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the twelfth edition of his ''Systema Naturae'' under the binomial name ''Motacilla pensylvanica''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1766 | title=Systema naturae: per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=12th | volume=1, Part 1 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | page=333 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42946529 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1968 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=14 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=20 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14481221 }}</ref> Linnaeus based his account on the "Red-throated fly-catcher" that had been described and illustrated in 1760 by the English naturalist George Edwards in his book ''Gleanings of Natural History''. Edwards had received specimens from the American naturalist William Bartram that had been collected in Pennsylvania.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Edwards | first=George | author-link=George Edwards (naturalist) | year=1760 | title=Gleanings of Natural History, exhibiting figures of quadrupeds, birds, insects, plants &c... | language=English, French | volume=2 | location=London | publisher=Printed for the author, at the College of Physicians | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/57914948 | pages=193-194, Plate 301 }}</ref> The chestnut-sided warbler is now one of more than 30 species placed in the genus ''Setophaga'' that was introduced in 1827 by the English naturalist William Swainson.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=February 2025 | title=New World warblers, mitrospingid tanagers | work=IOC World Bird List Version 15.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/warblers/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=7 September 2025 }}</ref> The genus name ''Setophaga'' combines the Ancient Greek σης/''sēs'', σητος/''sētos'' meaning "moth" with -φαγος/''-phagos'' meaning "-eating".<ref>{{ cite web | last=Jobling | first=James A. | title=Setophaga | work=The Key to Scientific Names | url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/key-to-scientific-names/search?q=Setophaga | publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology | access-date=8 September 2025 }}</ref> The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.<ref name=ioc/>
''Setophaga icterocephala'' is a junior synonym of ''S. pennsylvanicus'', and is no longer used''.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Byers |first1=Bruce E. |last2=Richardson |first2=Michael |last3=Brauning |first3=Daniel W. |date=2020 |title=Chestnut-sided Warbler (Setophaga pensylvanica), version 1.0 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/chswar/cur/introduction |journal=Birds of the World |language=en |doi=10.2173/bow.chswar.01 |issn=2771-3105|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
The chestnut-sided warbler used to be in the genus ''Dendroica''; however, it was merged with the genus ''Setophaga'' in 2011.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/128/3/600-613/5148618 |access-date=2024-10-09 |journal=The Auk |doi=10.1525/auk.2011.128.3.600 |title=Fifty-Second Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union ''check-list of North American Birds'' |date=2011 |last1=Chesser |first1=R. Terry |last2=Banks |first2=Richard C. |last3=Barker |first3=F. Keith |last4=Cicero |first4=Carla |last5=Dunn |first5=Jon L. |last6=Kratter |first6=Andrew W. |last7=Lovette |first7=Irby J. |last8=Rasmussen |first8=Pamela C. |last9=Remsen |first9=J. V. |last10=Rising |first10=James D. |last11=Stotz |first11=Douglas F. |last12=Winker |first12=Kevin |volume=128 |issue=3 |pages=600–613 |bibcode=2011Auk...128..600C }}</ref> The change resulted with ''Setophaga'' having the most species in the family of New World warblers.<ref name=":0" />
==Description== thumb|upright|right|Adult male, summer (top)<br/>Young male (center)<br/>Adult, winter (below) right|thumb|South Padre Island - Texas thumb|right| juv m or non breeding f - Selva Verde Lodge, Costa Rica This species is a moderately-sized New World warbler. Despite having very different plumage, it is thought to be closely related to the widespread yellow warbler. In total, this species measures from {{convert|10|to|14|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and spans {{convert|16|to|21|cm|in|abbr=on}} across the wings. Body weight ranges from {{convert|8|to|13.1|g|oz|abbr=on}}. Among standard measurements, the wing chord is {{convert|5.7|to|6.8|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the tail is {{convert|4.2|to|5.8|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the bill is {{convert|0.9|to|1|cm|in|abbr=on}} and the tarsus is {{convert|1.7|to|1.9|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Curson|first1=Jon|last2=Quinn|first2=David|last3=Beadle|first3=David|title=New World Warblers|location=London|year=1994|publisher=Christopher Helm|isbn=0-7136-3932-6}}</ref>
In the summer, male chestnut-sided warblers are unmistakable in appearance. They display dark-streaked gray backs, white faces, black eyestripes and yellow crowns. Their underparts are white, with chestnut flanks, and they also have two white wing bars. The adult females resemble washed-out versions of the summer male, and in particular, the females lack the strong head pattern, and also have little to no chestnut coloring on their flanks.
Non-breeding birds of both sexes have bright yellow-green crowns, white eye-rings on a grey face, and unstreaked underparts. They also have unstreaked pale grey breasts. Their wing bars are always present in their plumages.
==Distribution and habitat== The chestnut-sided warbler breeds in Eastern North America, from Saskatchewan to the Maritimes.<ref name=":2" /> Although an observation of a male in breeding plumage was recorded as far West as British Columbia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=RW |date=2015 |title=Earliest Confirmed Records of Chestnut-sided Warbler (Setophaga pensylvanica) for British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest |url=http://www.wildlifebc.org/pdfs/Chestnut-sidedWarblerBCWeb.pdf |journal=Biodiversity Centre for Wildlife Studies |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=78–81}}</ref> They are usually found south of the 50°N, with the north-west Georgia as the most southern extent of their breeding range.<ref name=":2" />
They overwinter in Central America to northern Colombia,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Strewe |first1=Ralf |last2=Navarro |first2=Cristobal |year=2004 |title=New and noteworthy records of birds from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta region, north-eastern Colombia |journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club |volume=124 |issue=1 |pages=38–51 |url=http://www.alpec.org/Articulo%20BBOC/Strewe%20&%20Navarro%202004%20BBOC%20124%20(1).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051231225615/http://www.alpec.org/Articulo%20BBOC/Strewe%20%26%20Navarro%202004%20BBOC%20124%20%281%29.pdf |archive-date=2005-12-31 }}</ref> with a confirmed sighting<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/35297948 | title=Chestnut-sided Warbler (Setophaga pensylvanica) | date=4 November 2019 }}</ref> from as far south as Ecuador. While they mainly spend their non-breeding period in Central America, with the highest numbers in Costa Rica, the chestnut-sided warbler does winter in southern parts of Mexico and some north-western parts of South America.<ref name=":1" />
The chestnut-sided warbler has benefited from the clearing of mature forests in their breeding ranges. They make use of the abundant second growth habitats, forests after clearcuttings and/or fires.<ref> {{cite book |last= Greenberg |first= Russell |title= The winter exploitation systems of bay-breasted and chestnut-sided warblers in Panama |series= Zoology |volume= 116 |date=March 1984 |publisher= University of California Press |location= Berkeley, California |isbn= 0-520-09670-3 |page= 6}}</ref> Their numbers increase as soon as a year after clear-cuts, peaking seven to eight years after the disturbance.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last1=Byers |first1=Bruce |last2=Richardson |first2=Michael |last3=Brauning |first3=Daniel |date=2020 |title=Chestnut-sided Warbler Setophaga pensylvanica |url=https://birdsoftheworld-org.proxy3.library.mcgill.ca/bow/species/chswar |website=Birds of the World by Cornell Lab}}</ref>
In the tropics where they winter, the species occurs mostly in mature tropical rainforests where they tend to stick to the mid- to upper- canopy. They are known to use coffee plantations and riparian zones in Costa Rica.<ref name=":1" />
=== Migration === These birds are Neotropical migrants, and are very rare vagrants to western Europe. Their breeding season starts in May in North America, and they start their fall migration as early as late August to as late as late September. the chestnut-sided warbler migrates east of the Rocky Mountains, through Bahama, the Greater Antilles and eastern Mexico. The chestnut-sided warbler departs their wintering grounds sometime in April. They tend to stick to migrating through parts of Mexico and east of the Rocky Mountains with few passing by the Caribbean during the spring migration. Males arrive on the breeding grounds a few days to a week before the females.<ref name=":1" />
== Behavior and ecology== === Vocalizations === The songs are high whistled lines often described as ''pleased, pleased, pleased to MEECHA''. This accented song is used primarily to attract a female and decrease in frequency once nesting is well under way. Males also sing unaccented songs (without the ''MEECHA'' at the end) and these are used mostly in territory defense and aggressive encounters with other males.<ref name=":3" /> Some versions of the unaccented songs are not as commonly used in general, but rather reserved for aggressive contexts. While it does guarantee that the bird will attack, it does represent an escalation to an intruder.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Byers |first=Bruce E. |date=2017-03-01 |title=Chestnut-sided warblers use rare song types in extreme aggressive contexts |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003347217300088 |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=125 |pages=33–39 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.01.007 |bibcode=2017AnBeh.125...33B |issn=0003-3472|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some males sing only unaccented songs, and they are less successful at securing mates than males that sing both songs. Their calls are harsh ''chip''s. Despite the fact that songs for courtship do not vary across small distances, songs for aggression are highly localized, a possible explanation being that female Chestnut-Sided Warblers disperse over long distances.<ref name=":3">{{cite book|last1=Kroodsma|first1=Donald|title=The Singing Life of Birds|date=April 25, 2017|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-618-84076-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/singinglifeofbir0000kroo/page/496 496]|url=https://archive.org/details/singinglifeofbir0000kroo/page/496}}</ref> [[File:Chestnut-sided Warbler, Middlesex County, US-MA, US imported from iNaturalist photo 157760673.jpg|thumb|Eating rough prominent caterpillar]]
=== Food and feeding === Chestnut-sided warblers are primarily insectivorous.<ref name=":4" /> They feed primarily on lepidopteran and dipteran larvae, and will sometimes eat spiders, seeds, and fruits.<ref name=":1" /> They forage actively in shrubs and small trees, and sometimes will attempt to catch insects in mid-air. Most foraging consists of gleaning insects from foliage. They will include berries in their winter diets, such as those of ''Cymbopetalum mayanum''; such trees can be used to attract wintering birds into gardens and parks.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal|last=Foster|first= Mercedes S.|year=2007|title= The potential of fruiting trees to enhance converted habitats for migrating birds in southern Mexico|journal=Bird Conservation International|volume=17|issue=1|pages=45–61|doi=10.1017/S0959270906000554|doi-access=free|bibcode= 2007BirCI..17...45F}}</ref> Chestnut-sided warblers forage alone.<ref name=":1" />
=== Breeding === It is thought that chestnut-sided warblers started reproducing in their first year. Since the males arrive first on the breeding grounds, they will establish their territory. However, it appears that females decide where to build their nest.<ref name=":1" /> Their nests are placed in a low bush, which is usually located in young deciduous woodland or scrub. Females build the nest into a small cup woven of bark strips, weed stems, grasses, and plant down. The nest is usually placed in a small crotch of a shrub or vertical tangle of vines no more than {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the ground.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Chestnut-sided_Warbler/lifehistory|title=Chestnut-sided Warbler Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology}}</ref> This species is frequently parasitized by brown-headed cowbirds (''Molothrus ater''). These birds lay 3–5 eggs that are creamy white or greenish with brown speckles in color. Usually, couples will only have one clutch; however, they might have a second clutch if the first one fails.<ref name=":1" />
Researchers have noted agonistic behavior between male chestnut-sided warblers and golden-winged warblers (''Vermivora chrysoptera'') during the breeding season in the southern Appalachians. Interestingly, aggressive behavior was not a guarantee if males of both species came across each other.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=John A. |last2=Siefferman |first2=Lynn |date=2014 |title=Agonistic behaviors between Chestnut-sided ( Setophaga pensylvanica ) and Golden-winged ( Vermivora chrysoptera ) warblers are unlikely a result of plumage misidentification |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1676/14-028.1 |journal=The Wilson Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=126 |issue=4 |pages=708–716 |doi=10.1676/14-028.1 |issn=1559-4491|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
== Hybridization == On May 25, 2014, the Long Point Bird Observatory (Ontario, Canada) recorded a new hybrid: a chestnut-sided warbler hybrid with a magnolia warbler (''Setophaga magnolia''). The individual was caught in a mist-net at the Long Point's research station Old Cut. Genetic and morphological evidence points to the mother being a chestnut-sided warbler and the father being a magnolia warbler.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Burrell |first1=Kenneth G. D. |last2=Skevington |first2=Jeffrey H. |last3=Kelso |first3=Scott |last4=Burrell |first4=Mike V. A. |last5=Leclair |first5=Dayna L. |last6=Mackenzie |first6=Stuart A. |date=2016 |title=A previously undocumented hybrid New World Warbler ( Setophaga pensylvanica x S. magnolia ) captured at Long Point, Ontario |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1676/1559-4491-128.3.624 |journal=The Wilson Journal of Ornithology |language=en |volume=128 |issue=3 |pages=624–628 |doi=10.1676/1559-4491-128.3.624 |issn=1559-4491|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
A Brewster's warbler with two small brown spots on its throat was documented in Pennsylvania in 2018. Brewster's warblers are a hybrid of golden-winged warbler (''Vermivora chrysoptera'') and blue-winged warbler (''Vermivora cyanoptera''). The chestnut spots and its class pointed to the individual having a chestnut-sided warbler parent, making it a three-species hybrid. It was later confirmed through genetic tests that the father was a chestnut-sided warbler, and the mother was a Brewster's warbler.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Toews |first1=David P. L. |last2=Streby |first2=Henry M. |last3=Burket |first3=Lowell |last4=Taylor |first4=Scott A. |date=2018 |title=A wood-warbler produced through both interspecific and intergeneric hybridization |journal=Biology Letters |volume=14 |issue=11 | article-number=20180557 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2018.0557 |pmid=30404868 |pmc=6283930 }}</ref> The extremely rare hybrid was named Burket's warbler after the person who first made the observation of the individual.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Daley |first2=Jason |title=This Rare Warbler Is Three Species in One |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/rare-bird-three-species-one-180970781/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Smithsonian |language=en}}</ref>
Billy Weber uploaded his observation of a chestnut-sided warbler and black-throated blue warbler (''Setophaga caerulescens'') hybrid to ebird in 2019. The hybrid, located in Pennsylvania, visually looked like a male black-throated blue warbler with brown sides.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chestnut-sided x Black-throated Blue Warbler (hybrid) - eBird |url=https://ebird.org/ebird/species/x00483 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=eBird |language=en}}</ref>
The chestnut-sided warbler might have hybridized on two other accounts. the Handbook on Avian Hybrids of the World highlights a black-and-white warbler (''Mniotilta varia'') hybrid and a blackburnian warbler (''Setophaga fusca'') hybrid who might have had a chestnut-sided warbler parent. However, other species were also suggested to have contributed to creating the hybrids, and no genetic tests were performed to confirm one way or another.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McCarthy |first=Eugene M. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm60349039 |title=Handbook of avian hybrids of the world |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-518323-8 |location=Oxford; New York |oclc=ocm60349039}}</ref> {{listen | filename=Setophaga pensylvanica - Chestnut-sided Warbler - XC101584.ogg | title=Song | description=Chestnut-sided warbler singing at Bear Head Lake State Park in Minnesota }}
==Population== This bird's numbers have increased as second growth forest became more common in the east in the late 19th century; their numbers have declined slightly since then. The [https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/bird-surveys/landbird/north-american-breeding/overview.html Breeding Bird Survey BBS] in New England has shown an overall decrease in population from 1966 to 2015, but an increase in Pennsylvania. Local population trends are most likely tied to habitat changes.<ref name=":1" />
==References==<!-- WilsonBull18:47 (compare to current Ohio checklist http://www.ohiobirds.org/publications/OBRClist.pdf) --> {{Reflist}}
==External links== {{Commons category|Setophaga pensylvanica}} {{Wikispecies|Dendroica pensylvanica}} * {{InternetBirdCollection|chestnut-sided-warbler-dendroica-pensylvanica|Chestnut-sided warbler}} * [https://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i6590id.html Chestnut-sided warbler - ''Dendroica Pensylvanica''] - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter * [https://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Chestnut-sided_Warbler.html Chestnut-sided warbler species account] - Cornell Lab of Ornithology * {{VIREO|chestnut-sided+warbler|Chestnut-sided warbler}} * [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dendroica_pensylvanica.html Chestnut-sided warbler] at ''Animal Diversity Web''
<!-- ==Further reading== ===Thesis===
* Byers BE. Ph.D. (1995). ''Development, variation, and use of two song categories by chestnut-sided warblers''. University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States, Massachusetts. * Greenberg RS. Ph.D. (1981). ''THE WINTER EXPLOITATION SYSTEMS OF BAY-BREASTED AND CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLERS IN PANAMA''. University of California, Berkeley, United States, California. * Hamady MA. Ph.D. (2000). ''An ecosystem approach to assessing the effects of forest heterogeneity and disturbance on birds of the northern hardwood forest in Michigan's Upper Peninsula''. Michigan State University, United States, Michigan. * King DI. Ph.D. (1999). ''Ecology of mature-forest and early-successional-shrubland birds in managed temperate deciduous forests''. University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States, Massachusetts. * Kingsley AL. M.Sc. (1998). ''Response of birds and vegetation to the first cut of the uniform shelterwood silvicultural system in the white pine forests of Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario''. Trent University (Canada), Canada. * Mahony NA. M.Sc. (1995). ''A comparison of the breeding success of black-capped chickadees and chestnut-sided warblers in healthy and declining sugar maple forests in Central Ontario''. Trent University (Canada), Canada. * Woodcock JM. M.Sc. (1997). ''Effects of manual, mechanical, and aerial herbicide conifer release on songbird numbers in regenerating spruce plantations in northwestern Ontario''. Lakehead University (Canada), Canada.
===Articles===
* Andrew PJ, Erica N & Dennis RV. (2004). ''EFFECTS OF SELECTION CUTTING ON BIRD COMMUNITIES IN CONTIGUOUS EASTERN HARDWOOD FORESTS''. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol '''68''', no 1. p. 51. * Brooks MA, Harrigan BC, Johnson KM, Lowe DE, Lowery JP, McGlothlin JW, Sasso MM, Smith SA & Cristol DA. (2001). ''Revisit schedule does not affect results of point counts''. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol '''72''', no 3. pp. 404–411. * Bruce EB. (2007). ''Extrapair paternity in chestnut-sided warblers is correlated with consistent vocal performance''. Behavioral Ecology. vol '''18''', no 1. p. 130. * Bruce EB & David IK. (2000). ''Singing by female Chestnut-sided Warblers''. The Wilson Bulletin. vol '''112''', no 4. p. 547. * Bruce EB, Herman LM, Jr., Ian RKS & David FW. (2004). ''EXTRAPAIR PATERNITY INCREASES VARIABILITY IN MALE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS IN THE CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER (DENDROICA PENSYLVANICA), A SOCIALLY MONOGAMOUS SONGBIRD''. The Auk. vol '''121''', no 3. p. 788. * Burris JM & Haney AW. (2005). ''Bird communities after blowdown in a late-successional Great Lakes spruce-fir forest''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''117''', no 4. pp. 341–352. * Byers BE. (1995). ''Song types, repertoires and song variability in a population of chestnut-sided warblers''. Condor. vol '''97''', no 2. pp. 390–401. * Byers BE. (1996). ''Geographic variation of song form within and among chestnut-sided warbler populations''. Auk. vol '''113''', no 2. pp. 288–299. * Byers BE. (1996). ''Messages encoded in the songs of chestnut-sided warblers''. Animal Behaviour. vol '''52''', no 4. pp. 691–705. * Byers BE & King DI. (2000). ''Singing by female Chestnut-sided Warblers''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''112''', no 4. pp. 547–550. * Byers BE & Kroodsma DE. (1992). ''Development of two song categories by chestnut-sided warblers''. Animal Behaviour. vol '''44''', no 5. pp. 799–810. * Byers BE, Mays HL, Jr., Stewart IRK & Westneat DF. (2004). ''Extrapair paternity increases variability in male reproductive success in the chestnut-sided warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica), a socially monogamous songbird''. Auk. vol '''121''', no 3. pp. 788–795. * David IK & Bruce EB. (2002). ''An evaluation of powerline rights-of-way as habitat for early-successional shrubland birds''. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol '''30''', no 3. p. 868. * David IK, Richard MD & Curtice RG. (2001). ''Plumage coloration and reproductive success in male Chestnut-sided Warblers''. The Wilson Bulletin. vol '''113''', no 2. p. 239. * Doyon F, Gagnon D & Giroux J-F. (2005). ''Effects of strip and single-tree selection cutting on birds and their habitat in a Southwestern Quebec northern hardwood forest''. Forest Ecology & Management. vol '''209''', no 1-2. pp. 101–115. * Freedman B, Beauchamp C, McLaren IA & Tingley SI. (1981). ''Forestry Management Practices and Populations of Breeding Birds in a Hardwood Forest in Nova-Scotia Canada''. 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Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. vol '''20''', no 3. pp. 117–123. --> <!--see a good RangeMap/maps, lists, etc at: "www.natureserve.org"(then 'InfoNatura')...the categories shown for the species on the rangemap are: "Passage Migrant", Vagrant (dots), Breeding Resident, and "Non-Breeding Resident", (no Permanent Resident regions) -->
{{Taxonbar|from=Q27075922}}
chestnut-sided warbler Category:Native birds of the Canadian Prairies Category:Native birds of Eastern Canada Category:Native birds of the Northeastern United States Category:Birds of Appalachia (United States) chestnut-sided warbler Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Category:Meso-American wintering birds Category:Least concern biota of the United States Category:Least concern biota of North America