{{Short description|Genus of amphibians}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Bufo marinus from Australia.JPG | image_caption = Cane toad (''Rhinella marina'') | taxon = Rhinella | authority = Fitzinger, 1826 | type_species = ''Rhinella proboscidea'' | type_species_authority = Spix, 1824 | synonyms = * ''Chaunus'' {{small|Wagler, 1828}} * ''Rhamphophryne'' {{small|Trueb, 1971}} | subdivision_ranks = | subdivision = 95 species; see table }}
'''''Rhinella''''', commonly known as '''South American toads''', '''beaked toads''' or '''Rio Viejo toads''', is a genus of true toads native to Neotropical parts of Mexico, Central and South America. Additionally, the cane toad has been Introduced to Australia, the Caribbean, the Philippines and elsewhere.
Originally, all species of the genus ''Rhinella'' were included in the genus ''Bufo'', then they were split into the genera '''''Chaunus''''' and '''''Rhamphophryne'''''. However, ''Chaunus'' and ''Rhamphophryne'' are now considered synonyms of ''Rhinella''.<ref>{{aut|Chaparro, Juan Carlos, Jennifer B. Pramuk and Andrew G. Gluesenkamp}}. 2007. A new species of arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from a cloud forest of southeastern Peru. ''Herpetologica''. '''63''' (2): 203-212.</ref>
==Etymology== * ''Rhinella'' means 'little nose', from ''rhino-'' ({{lang|grc|ῥῑνο-}}), the combining form of the Ancient Greek ''{{Transliteration|grc|rhis}}'' ({{lang|grc|ῥίς}}, 'nose') and the Latin diminutive suffix ''-ella''.<ref name=Dodd>{{cite book|last=Dodd|first=C. Kenneth|title=Frogs of the United States and Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Hwfz9P9gS0C&pg=PR20|volume=1|year=2013|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-1-4214-0633-6|page=20}}</ref> * ''Chaunus'' is the Latinised form of the Ancient Greek ''{{Transliteration|grc|chaûnos}}'' ({{lang|grc|χαῦνος}}, 'porous, spongy').<ref>{{cite book|last=d'Orbigny|first=Charles|title=Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5TAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA433|volume=3|year=1845|publisher=Bureau Principal de l'Éditeurs|language=fr|page=433}}</ref><ref>{{LSJ|xau%3Dnos|χαῦνος|ref}}</ref> * ''Rhamphophryne'', meaning "beaked toad", is from ''{{Transliteration|grc|rhamphos}}'' ({{lang|grc|ῥάµϕος}}, 'beak')<ref>{{OED|rhamphoid}}</ref> and ''{{Transliteration|grc|phrunē}}'' ({{lang|grc|φρύνη}}, 'toad').<ref name=Dodd/>
==Species== There are about 94 living species recognised in the genus ''Rhinella'':<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Rhinella|title=Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826 {{!}} Amphibian Species of the World|website=research.amnh.org|access-date=2019-10-26}}</ref> {|style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #999999; " |-style="background:#CCCC99; text-align: center; " !Image!!Binomial name and author!! Common name !! Distribution |- |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" |120px || ''Rhinella abei'' {{small|(Baldissera, Caramaschi & Haddad, 2004)}} || || southeastern Brazil (eastern Paraná, eastern Santa Catarina and northern Rio Grande do Sul) |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |120px || ''Rhinella achalensis'' {{small|(Cei, 1972)}} || Cordoba toad || northern Argentina (Córdoba and San Luis provinces) |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" |120px ||''Rhinella achavali'' {{small|(Maneyro, Arrieta, & de Sá, 2004)}} || ||Uruguay and southernmost Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella acrolopha'' {{small|(Trueb, 1971)}} || Cerro Mali beaked toad || Serranía del Darién in eastern Panama |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella acutirostris'' {{small|(Spix, 1824)}} || || Brazil, Colombia, Panama and Venezuela |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | 120px ||''Rhinella alata'' {{small|(Thominot, 1884)}} || || Western Panama through Chocoan western Colombia to northwestern Ecuador |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella amabilis'' {{small|(Pramuk and Kadivar, 2003)}} || || Loja Province, Ecuador |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella angeli'' {{small|(Rojas, Peña, Ávila, Carvalho, Perez, Farias, Gordo & Hrbek, 2022)}} || || Peru |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella amboroensis'' {{small|(Harvey & Smith, 1993)}} || Cochabamba toad ||Bolivia (Cochabamba Department) |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella arborescandens'' {{small|(Duellman & Schulte, 1992)}} || Mendoza Pass toad || Peru (Mendoza, northern Cordillera Central, in the Amazonas Region) |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |120px ||''Rhinella arenarum'' {{small|(Hensel, 1867)}} || Common toad; Argentine toad || Argentina from the Chubut Province northward, Bolivia east of the Andes |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella arequipensis'' {{small|(Vellard, 1959)}} || Rio Chili toad ||Peru |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | 120px ||''Rhinella arunco'' {{small|(Molina, 1782)}} || Arunco; Concepcion toad || Chile |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella atacamensis'' {{small|(Cei, 1962)}} || Vallenar toad; Atacama toad ||Chile between Paposo (Antofagasta Region) and Las Chilcas (Valparaíso Region) |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella azarai'' {{small|(Gallardo, 1965)}} || ||Paraguay |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" |120px ||''Rhinella beebei'' {{small|(Gallardo, 1965)}} || Rivero's Toad ||Colombia east of the Andes and Venezuela north of the Orinoco to French Guiana; Trinidad |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella bergi'' {{small|(Céspedez, 2000)}} || || Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella bernardoi'' {{small|Sanabria, Quiroga, Arias, and Cortez, 2010}} || ||Argentina |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella casconi'' {{small|Roberto, Brito, and Thomé, 2014}} || ||Brazil (Ceará) |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella castaneotica'' {{small|(Caldwell, 1991)}} || Para toad || Bolivia (Pando), Brazil (Amazonas, Pará, and Rondônia), Colombia (Amazonas, Caquetá, and Putumayo) and eastern Peru |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella centralis'' {{small|Narvaes and Rodrigues, 2009}} || || Panama (Chiriquí) |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella ceratophrys'' {{small|(Boulenger, 1882)}} || Horned toad ||Colombia, southern Venezuela (Cerro Neblina and Cerro Marahuaca), eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru (Loreto), Brazil |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |120px ||''Rhinella cerradensis'' {{small|Maciel, Brandão, Campos, and Sebben, 2007}} || || Brazil (Piauí, Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal), Argentina (Corrientes) |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella chavin'' {{small|(Lehr, Köhler, Aguilar & Ponce, 2001)}} || ||Peru (Huánuco) |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella chrysophora'' {{small|(McCranie, Wilson & Williams, 1989)}} || Rio Viejo toad ||Honduras |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella chullachaki'' {{small|(Castillo-Urbina, Glaw, Aguilar-Puntriano, Vences, and Köhler 2021)}} || || Peru (Huánuco) |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella cristinae'' {{small|(Vélez-Rodriguez & Ruiz-Carranza, 2002)}} || ||Colombia(La Pedrera, Amazonas Province) |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | 120px ||''Rhinella crucifer'' {{small|(Wied-Neuwied, 1821)}} || Striped toad || eastern Brazil between the states of Ceará in the north and Rio de Janeiro |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |120px ||''Rhinella dapsilis'' {{small|(Myers & Carvalho, 1945)}} || Bom Jardim toad || Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" |120px ||''Rhinella diptycha'' {{small|(Cope, 1862)}} || Cope's toad; cururu toad ||Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, eastern Bolivia, and eastern and southern Brazil |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella dorbignyi'' {{small|(Duméril & Bibron, 1841)}} || Dorbigny's toad ||northeastern Argentina, Uruguay and southeastern Brazil |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella exostosica'' {{Small|Ferrão, Lima, Ron, dos Santos & Hanken, 2020}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ferrão|first1=Miquéias|last2=Lima|first2=Albertina Pimentel|last3=Ron|first3=Santiago|last4=Santos|first4=Sueny Paloma dos|last5=Hanken|first5=James|date=2020-12-28|title=New Species of Leaf-litter Toad of the Rhinella margaritifera Species Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from Amazonia|journal=Copeia|volume=108|issue=4|pages=967–986|doi=10.1643/CH2020043|issn=0045-8511|doi-access=free}}</ref> || ||Bolivia (Beni and Pando Departments), Brazil (Rondônia) and Peru (Departments of Ucayali and Madre de Dios) |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |120px ||''Rhinella fernandezae'' {{small|(Gallardo, 1957)}} || Bella Vista toad || Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | 120px ||''Rhinella festae'' {{small|(Peracca, 1904)}} || Valle Santiago beaked toad || Ecuador and Peru |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella fissipes'' {{small|(Boulenger, 1903)}} || Carabaya toad || Bolivia and Peru |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella gallardoi'' {{small|(Carrizo, 1992)}} || Gallardo's toad || Argentina |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella gildae'' {{small|Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Bastos, and Pombal, 2015}} || || Brazil |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella gnustae'' {{small|(Gallardo, 1967)}} || Rio Grande toad || Argentina |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |120px ||''Rhinella granulosa'' {{small|(Spix, 1824)}} || Common lesser toad ||Brazil |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella henseli'' {{small|(Lutz, 1934)}} || ||Brazil |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |120px ||''Rhinella hoogmoedi'' {{small|(Caramaschi & Pombal, 2006)}} || ||Brazil |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | 120px ||''Rhinella horribilis'' {{small|(Wiegmann, 1833)}} || Cane toad || north-western South America |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella humboldti'' {{small|(Gallardo, 1965)}} || Rivero's toad ||Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and the Guianas |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" |120px ||''Rhinella icterica'' {{small|(Spix, 1824)}} || Yellow Cururu toad ||northeastern Argentina (Misiones Province), southern Brazil and eastern Paraguay |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella inca'' {{small|(Stejneger, 1913)}} || Inca toad ||Peru |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella inopina'' {{small|Vaz-Silva, Valdujo, and Pombal, 2012}} || ||Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella iserni'' {{small|(Jiménez de la Espada, 1875)}} || Rio Perene toad ||Peru |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" |120px ||''Rhinella jimi'' {{small|(Stevaux, 2002)}} ||Cururu toad ||Brazil (between Bujaru in northeastern Pará and Maranhão in the north, south to Bahia and Vitória, Espírito Santo) |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella justinianoi'' {{small|(Harvey & Smith, 1994)}} || El Chape toad || Bolivia |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella kuka'' {{small|(Köhler, Vences, Padial, Plewnia & Lötters 2023)}} || || Bolivia |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella leptoscelis'' {{small|(Boulenger, 1912)}} || ||Peru |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |120px ||''Rhinella lescurei'' {{small|Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc and Velez-Rodriguez, 2007}} || ||French Guiana, Suriname |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | 120px ||''Rhinella lilyrodriguezae'' {{small|Cusi, Moravec, Lehr, and Gvoždík, 2017}} || Lily Rodriguez's beaked toad ||Peru |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella limensis'' {{small|(Werner, 1901)}} || Peru Coast toad || Peru |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella lindae'' {{small|(Rivero & Castaño, 1990)}} || Murri beaked toad || Colombia |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''{{extinct}}Rhinella loba'' {{small|Pérez-Ben, Gómez & Báez, 2019}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pérez-Ben|first1=Celeste M.|last2=Gómez|first2=Raúl O.|last3=Báez|first3=Ana M.|date=2019-04-04|title=A new Pliocene true toad (Anura: Bufonidae): first record of an extinct species from South America|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=39|language=en|article-number=e1576183|doi=10.1080/02724634.2019.1576183|s2cid=133110392|issn=0272-4634}}</ref> || ||Argentina |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" |120x120px ||''Rhinella macrorhina'' {{small|(Trueb, 1971)}} || Santa Rita beaked toad || Colombia |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella magnussoni'' {{small|Lima, Menin, and Araújo, 2007}} || || Brazil |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | frameless|120x120px||''Rhinella major'' {{small|(Müller and Hellmich, 1936)}} || ||Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia and in Brazil |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | 120px ||''Rhinella manu'' {{small|Chaparro, Pramuk, and Gluesenkamp, 2007}} || ||Peru |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | 120px ||''Rhinella margaritifera'' {{small|(Laurenti, 1768)}} || South American common toad || Panama, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |120px ||''Rhinella marina'' {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}} || Cane toad ||South and mainland Central America |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | 120px ||''Rhinella martyi'' {{small|Fouquet, Gaucher, Blanc and Velez-Rodriguez, 2007}} || ||Suriname |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella merianae'' {{small|(Gallardo, 1965)}} || || Venezuela (Bolívar), Suriname, Guyana, Brazil |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | 120px ||''Rhinella mirandaribeiroi'' {{small|(Gallardo, 1965)}} || ||Brazil(Bahia, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, and Piaui), Bolivia (Santa Cruz) |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella multiverrucosa'' {{small|(Lehr, Pramuk & Lundberg, 2005)}} || || Peru (Pasco) |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella nattereri'' {{small|(Bokermann, 1967)}} || ||Venezuela (Bolivar), Guyana |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella nesiotes'' {{small|(Duellman & Toft, 1979)}} || Laguna toad ||Peru |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella nicefori'' {{small|(Cochran & Goin, 1970)}} || Colombian beaked toad || Colombia (Antioquia) |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella ocellata'' {{small|(Günther, 1858)}} || Ocellated toad ||Brazil |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | 120px ||''Rhinella ornata'' {{small|Spix, 1824}} || ||Brazil |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella paraguas'' {{small|Grant and Bolívar-Garcías, 2014}} || ||Colombia (Chocó) |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella paraguayensis'' {{small|Ávila, Pansonato, and Strüssmann, 2010}} || ||Paraguay |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella parecis'' {{small|Ávila, Morais, Perez, Pansonato, Carvalho, Rojas, Gordo & Farias, 2020}} || ||Brazil |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella pleuroptera'' {{small|Schmidt, 1857}} || ||Peru |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | 120px ||''Rhinella poeppigii'' {{small|(Tschudi, 1845)}} || Gray toad ||Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | 120px ||''Rhinella proboscidea'' {{small|(Spix, 1824)}} || Beaked toad || Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella pygmaea'' {{small|(Myers & Carvalho, 1952)}} || Rio Parahyba toad ||Brazil |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella quechua'' {{small|(Gallardo, 1961)}} || Incachaca toad ||Bolivia |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |120px ||''Rhinella roqueana'' {{small|(Melin, 1941)}} || ||northern Peru, eastern Ecuador (Pastaza), Amazonian Colombia (Amazonas and Caquetá Departments), Brazil |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella rostrata'' {{small|(Noble, 1920)}} || Mesopotamia beaked toad || Colombia (Antioquia) |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |120px ||''Rhinella rubescens'' {{small|(Lutz, 1925)}} || ||Brazil |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella rubropunctata'' {{small|(Guichenot, 1848)}} || Rusty toad || Chile and Argentina |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella ruizi'' {{small|(Grant, 2000)}} || || Colombia (Antioquia) |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella rumbolli'' {{small|(Carrizo, 1992)}} || Salta toad || Bolivia |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |120px ||''Rhinella scitula'' {{small|(Caramaschi & de Niemeyer, 2003)}} || ||Paraguay (Amambay and Concepción Departments), Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul) |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella sclerocephala'' {{small|(Mijares-Urrutia & Arends-R., 2001)}} || ||Venezuela |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella sebbeni'' {{small|Vaz-Silva, Maciel, Bastos, and Pombal, 2015}} || ||Brazil |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella spinulosa'' {{small|(Wiegmann, 1834)}} || Warty toad; Huanuco toad || Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella stanlaii'' {{small|(Lötters & Köhler, 2000)}} || || Bolivia (Cochabamba, La Paz and Santa Cruz) |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" |120px ||''Rhinella sternosignata'' {{small|(Günther, 1858)}} || Falcon toad ||Colombia and Venezuela |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella tacana'' {{small|(Padial, Reichle, McDiarmid, & De la Riva, 2006)}} || ||Bolivia (La Paz) |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella tenrec'' {{small|(Lynch & Renjifo, 1990)}} || Antioquia Beaked Toad ||Colombia |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella teotoniensis'' {{small|(Ferrão, Souza, Colatreli, Hanken & Lima, 2022)}} || Teotonio Falls Leaf-litter Toad ||Bolivia, Brazil |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella truebae'' {{small|(Lynch & Renjifo, 1990)}} || Trueb's Beaked Toad ||Colombia |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella unapensis'' {{small|Rojas, Peña, Ávila, Carvalho, Perez, Farias, Gordo & Hrbek, 2022)}} || ||Peru |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella vellardi'' {{small|(Leviton & Duellman, 1978)}} || Alto Maranon toad ||Peru |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella veraguensis'' {{small|(Schmidt, 1857)}} || Veragua toad ||Bolivia and southeastern Peru |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ||''Rhinella veredas'' {{small|(Brandão, Maciel, and Sebben, 2007)}} || ||Brazil(Piauí and Bahia) |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ||''Rhinella yanachaga'' {{small|Lehr, Pramuk, Hedges, and Córdova, 2007}} || || Peru (Pasco) |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | 120px ||''Rhinella yunga'' {{small|(Mordavec, Lehr, 2014)}} || || Peru (Yungas) |}
==Notes== {{Reflist}}
==References== * {{aut|Frost, Darrel}} (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'' '''297''': 1–371.
==External links== * {{Wikispecies-inline|Rhinella}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2363065}}
Category:Rhinella Category:Amphibian genera Category:Amphibians of Central America Category:Amphibians of South America Category:Taxa named by Leopold Fitzinger