{{Short description|Species of butterfly}} {{Speciesbox | name = Tawny rajah | image = Tawny Rajah (Charaxes bernardus), Vietnam.jpg | image_caption = Upperside | image2 = Tawny rajah (Charaxes bernardus hierax) male underside Vientiane.jpg | image2_caption = Underside of male<br>''C. b. hierax'' | taxon = Charaxes bernardus | authority = (Fabricius), 1793 }}
'''''Charaxes bernardus''''', the '''tawny rajah''', is a butterfly that belongs to the rajahs and nawabs group, that is, the Charaxinae group of the brush-footed butterflies family. This species can be found in India, China, Indomalaya, and onwards to Indonesia.<ref name=funet>[http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/charaxinae/charaxes/index.html#bernardus ''Charaxes bernardus''] at Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms''</ref>
==Description== ''Charaxes bernardus'' has a wingspan of about {{convert|7|-|9|cm}}. The upperside of wings is reddish brown or pale brown-orange, with dark brown/black speckles at the wings tips and small black marks at the margin of the hindwings. On the underside of the wings there are irregular wavy or tawny brown speckles and whitish zigzag bands. Males and females are very similar in appearance.<ref name=fa>{{Cite web |url=http://butterflyclub.greenpower.org.hk/7.14butterflycare/butterflycare/eng/Commonbutterflies.html |title=Butterflies Club |access-date=2014-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115623/http://butterflyclub.greenpower.org.hk/7.14butterflycare/butterflycare/eng/Commonbutterflies.html |archive-date=2014-08-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=fb>[http://potokito-myshot.blogspot.it/2012/03/tawny-rajah-butterfly-charaxes.html Gallery of Bengkulu]</ref>
==Habits== It has been recorded as a migrant in South India and is known to mud-puddle.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mathew |first1=G. |last2=Binoy |first2=C.F. |year=2002 |title=Migration of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in the New Amarambalam Reserve Forest of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve |journal=Zoos' Print Journal |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=844–847 |doi=10.11609/jott.zpj.17.8.844-7 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Food plants== Known food plants of this species include: ''Aglaia lawii'',<ref>Kunte, K. 2006. Additions to the known larval host plants of Indian butterflies. ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society'' 103(1):119-121</ref> ''Aglaia roxburghiana'' (Meliaceae), ''Cinnamomum camphora'', ''Litsea glutinosa'', ''Litsea populifolia'' (Lauraceae), ''Sapium sebiferum'' (Euphorbiaceae), ''Adenanthera pavonina'', ''Paraserianthes falcataria'' (= ''Falcataria moluccana''), ''Tamarindus indica'' (Leguminosae), and ''Acronychia penduculata'' (Rutaceae).<ref>[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/hostplants/search/list.dsml?searchPageURL=index.dsml&Familyqtype=starts+with&Family=&PFamilyqtype=starts+with&PFamily=&Genusqtype=starts+with&Genus=Charaxes&PGenusqtype=starts+with&PGenus=&Speciesqtype=starts+with&Species=bernardus&PSpeciesqtype=starts+with&PSpecies=&Country=&sort=Family nhm.ac.uk Caterpillar Host-Plant Database]</ref>
==Subspecies== *''Charaxes bernardus bernardus'' – present in China and Hong Kong *''Charaxes bernardus acolus'' Fruhstorfer – eastern Sumatra *''Charaxes bernardus agna'' Moore, 1878 – in Thailand and Burma *''Charaxes bernardus ajax'' Fawcett, 1897 – western Sumatra *''Charaxes bernardus bajula'' Staudinger, 1889 – Palawan *''Charaxes bernardus baliensis'' Joicey & Talbot, 1922 – Bali *''Charaxes bernardus basilisae'' Schröder & Treadaway, 1982 – Philippines *''Charaxes bernardus baya'' (Moore, 1857) – Java and Bali *''Charaxes bernardus crepax'' Fruhstorfer, 1914 – Malaysia and Singapore *''Charaxes bernardus cybistia'' Fruhstorfer *''Charaxes bernardus enganicus'' Fruhstorfer, 1904 *''Charaxes bernardus hainanus'' Gu, 1994 – Hainan *''Charaxes bernardus hemana'' Butler, 1870 – Nepal *''Charaxes bernardus hierax'' C. & R. Felder, [1867] – Assam, Cambodia and southern Yunnan. *''Charaxes bernardus hindia'' Butler, 1872 *''Charaxes bernardus kangeanensis'' Hanafusa, 1990<ref name = Hanafusa>Hanafusa, 1990: Ten new subspecies of Indonesian butterflies (Lep. Papilionidae, Satyridae, Nymphalidae). ''Futao'' '''4''': 12-15. </ref> *''Charaxes bernardus mahawedi'' Fruhstorfer – northern Indochina *''Charaxes bernardus mirabilis'' Hanafusa, 1989<ref name = Hanafusa/> *''Charaxes bernardus mitschkei'' Lathy, 1913 – Nias *''Charaxes bernardus phlegontis'' Fruhstorfer *''Charaxes bernardus repetitus'' Butler, 1896 – Borneo *''Charaxes bernardus siporanus'' Hanafusa, 1992<ref name = Hana>Hanafusa, H. 1992: Three new Nymphalid butterflies from Indonesia. ''Futao'' '''9''': 1-3.</ref> *''Charaxes bernardus siporaensis'' (Hanafusa, 1992)<ref name = Hana/> *''Charaxes bernardus varenius'' Fruhstorfer<ref name = funet/>
<gallery> File:Charaxespolyxena.jpg|''C. b. phlegontis'' File:Open wing position of Charaxes bernardus Fabricius, 1793 – Tawny Rajah (2).jpg|''C. b. hierax'' (upperside) File:Nymphalidae - Charaxes bernardus hierax.JPG|''C. b. hierax'' (underside) File:Charaxes bernardus mahawedi.jpg|''C. b. mahawedi'' File:Tawny Rajah Malaysia.jpg|Gua Tempurung, Malaysia </gallery>
==See also== {{commons category|Charaxes bernardus}} *Charaxinae *Nymphalidae *List of butterflies of India *List of butterflies of India (Nymphalidae)
==Notes== {{Reflist}}
==References==<!-- Journal of Tropical Ecology (2006) 22:25–33. doi:10.1017/S0266467405002750 --> * {{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=W.H. |authorlink=William Harry Evans |title=The Identification of Indian Butterflies |edition=2nd |location=Mumbai, India |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society |year=1932 }} * {{cite book |last=Gaonkar |first=Harish |authorlink=Harish Gaonkar |title=Butterflies of the Western Ghats, India (including Sri Lanka) - A Biodiversity Assessment of a Threatened Mountain System |publisher=Centre for Ecological Sciences |location=Bangalore, India |year=1996 }} * {{cite book |last1=Gay |first1=Thomas |last2=Kehimkar |first2=Isaac David |last3=Punetha |first3=Jagdish Chandra |title=Common Butterflies of India |series=Nature Guides |publisher= World Wide Fund for Nature-India by Oxford University Press |location=Bombay, India |year=1992 |isbn=978-0195631647 }} * {{cite book |last=Haribal |first=Meena |title=The Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and Their Natural History |location=Gangtok, Sikkim, India |publisher=Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation |year=1992 }} * {{cite book |last=Kunte |first=Krushnamegh |title=Butterflies of Peninsular India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuPPjOMcu_4C |series=India, A Lifescape |location=Hyderabad, India |publisher=Universities Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-8173713545 }} * {{cite book|last=Wynter-Blyth |first=Mark Alexander |authorlink=Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth |title=Butterflies of the Indian Region |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEkgAQAAMAAJ |year=1957 |location=Bombay, India |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society |isbn=978-8170192329 }}
==External links== *[http://www.barcodinglife.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=164933 ''Charaxes bernardus'' images] at Consortium for the Barcode of Life *[http://www.barcodinglife.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=481197 ''Charaxes bernardus crepax'' images] at BOLD
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2715965}}
Category:Butterflies of Malaysia Category:Butterflies of Indochina Bernardus Category:Lepidoptera of Sumatra Category:Butterflies described in 1793 Category:Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius Category:Butterflies of Singapore Category:Butterflies of Java Category:Butterflies of Borneo Category:Lepidoptera of India Category:Lepidoptera of the Philippines