{{short description|Defunct Greece-based shipping company}} {{Infobox company | name = Chandris Line | logo = Chandrisposter.jpg | logo_size = 200px | logo_caption = Chandris Line Poster (1960s) announced his new flagship ''RHMS Australis'' | image = | fate = Dissolved | successor = Celebrity Cruises (Royal Caribbean International) | foundation = 1960 | founder = Antonios Chandris | defunct = 1996 | location = Athens, Greece | area_served = Worldwide | key_people = | industry = Passenger Transportation<br>Cruises | products = | services = | owner = | num_employees = | divisions = | subsid = Celebrity Cruises }} '''Chandris Line''' was a Greek shipping company founded in 1960 by Antonios Chandris to operate ocean liners between Greece and Australia.<ref name="Plowman 5">Plowman (2006–1). pp. 5–6.</ref> Initially the company also traded under the names ''Greek Australian Line'', ''National Greek Australian Line'' and ''Europe-Australia Line''.<ref name="Maber">Maber. pp. 297–299.</ref>
Following a period of expansion, in 1974 Chandris Line merged with '''Chandris Cruises'''<ref name="Plowman 5" />—a separate company founded in 1960 by Antonios Chandris' brother Dimitri Chandris to operate cruises in the Mediterranean<ref name="Plowman 126">Plowman (2006–1). p. 126.</ref>—to form '''Chandris Line Chandris Cruises'''. After 1977 the company concentrated solely on cruising and was rebranded Chandris Cruises.<ref name="Plowman 5" /> In 1985 Chandris Cruises acquired Fantasy Cruises, and subsequently their North American operations were rebranded as '''Chandris Fantasy Cruises'''.<ref name="Plowman 187">Plowman (2006–1). p. 187.</ref> The company ceased trading in 1996.<ref name="Plowman 214">Plowman (2006–1). p. 214.</ref> The funnels of all of their ships were emblazoned with the Greek letter chi, the first letter of the name Chandris in Greek (Χανδρή). The chi acted as a logo for both Chandris and their subsidiary and ultimate successor, Celebrity Cruises.
==History==
===1960–1974===
====Chandris Line====
In 1959 Antonios J. Chandris, son of the Greek freight shipping company owner John D. Chandris, decided to establish a new passenger shipping company to carry migrants from Europe to Australia.<ref name="Plowman 16">Plowman (2006–1). pp. 16–27.</ref> Together with his brother Dimitri Chandris, Antonios Chandris had previously been involved in Charlton Steam Shipping Company's failed migrant service in the 1940s,<ref name="Plowman 10">Plowman (2006–1). pp. 10–15.</ref> but now wanted to attempt entering the migrant trade again. In October 1959 Antonios Chandris purchased {{RMS|Bloemfontein Castle}} from Union-Castle Line for £1.5 million as the first ship of the new Chandris Line. Following delivery to Chandris Line on 19 November 1959 the ''Bloemfontein Castle'' was renamed ''Patris'' and rebuilt with increased passenger capacity for migrant service.<ref name="Maber" /><ref name="Plowman 16" /> Antonios Chandris made two contracts to increase the profitability of the ship: with the Intergovernmental Committee on European Migration to carry assisted migrants from Europe to Australia; and with the Greek Government to carry mail from Greece to Australia. As a result, the ''Patris'' gained the right to use the Royal Hellenic Mail Ship (RHMS) ship prefix, therefore becoming known as {{RHMS|Patris}}. Following rebuilding the ''Patris'' first departed Piraeus with Captain Zannis X.Xenios, on 14 December 1959, arriving in Fremantle, Australia on 2 January 1960 and her final Australian destination, Sydney on 9 January.<ref name="Plowman 16" /><ref name="NineMSN">NineMSN</ref> Initially the ''Patris’s'' operator was marketed as Greek-Australian Line, later National Greek-Australian Line.<ref name="Maber" /> [[File:House flag of the Chandris Line.svg|thumb|left|House flag with Greek letter chi, which was branded onto the funnels of all Chandris ships. In Greek, the name Chandris begins with a chi (Χανδρή).]] The ''Patris'' proved highly popular on the Greece—Australia service, and in 1960 Chandris Line began looking for a second ship.<ref name="Miller">Miller. pp. 181–184.</ref> In November 1960 Chandris Line chartered the {{SS|Bretagne|1951|2}} from Société Générale de Transports Maritimes. During the Northern Hemisphere summer seasons of 1961 and 1962 the ship was chartered to Caribbean Cruise Line for cruises out of New York City, spending the rest of the year in liner service between the United Kingdom and Australia. In April 1962 the ''Bretagne'' was renamed {{RHMS|Brittany}}, but she was destroyed by a fire while in drydock in April 1963.<ref name="Maber" /><ref name="NineMSN" /><ref name="Plowman 30">Plowman (2006–1). pp. 30–40.</ref> The ''Brittany''{{'}}s UK-Australia version was marketed as Europe-Australia Line.<ref name="Maber" />
In September 1963 Chandris Line acquired the Matson Line ship {{SS|Lurline|1932|2}} as a replacement for the ''Brittany''. Renamed {{RHMS|Ellinis}}, the ship entered service with Chandris Line on the United Kingdom—Mediterranean—Australia -route in December 1963.<ref name="Maber" /><ref name="Plowman-2 134">Plowman (2006–2). p. 134.</ref> A second United States -built liner joined the Chandris Line fleet in November 1964 when {{SS|America||2}} was purchased from the United States Lines. Following rebuilding she entered service with Chandris Line in August 1965 as {{RHMS|Australis}}, joining ''Ellinis'' on the UK-Australia service.<ref name="Maber" /><ref name="Plowman-2 138">Plowman (2006–2). p. 138.</ref> The ''Australis'' particularly proved to be an extremely popular ship on the run from United Kingdom to Australia, usually operating at full capacity.<ref name="Miller" /> Chandris Line expanded further in 1965 when they acquired National Hellenic American Line and their sole ship, {{SS|Queen Frederica||2}}, from Home Lines. Although the ''Queen Frederica'' was a relatively old ship, Antonios Chandris considered her to be well suited for the North American cruise market. During the summer months she was used for cruising out of New York, while during the winters she was used in Piraeus—New York and Piraeus—Australia liner services.<ref name="Plowman 69">Plowman (2006–1). pp. 69–72.</ref> For some time the ''Queen Frederica'' was marketed as a Chandris Lines/National Hellenic American Line ship.<ref name="Boyle Malolo">Boyle</ref> The ''Queen Frederica''{{'}}s cruise service from New York proved short, as new legislation came in effect in the US at the end of 1967, aimed at improving safety standards on cruise ships. Bringing the ''Queen Frederica'' in-line with the new requirements would have been extremely costly, and as a result she was withdrawn from the North American cruise service in September 1967. As a replacement Chandris Line acquired the former Union-Castle liner {{RMS|Kenya Castle}}, which was renamed {{RHMS|Amerikanis}} and entered cruise service for Chandris Line in August 1968.<ref name="Plowman 74">Plowman (2006–1). pp. 74–79.</ref>
In 1970 Matson Line offered another of their ships—the second 1932-built ''Lurline'', originally named ''Monterey'' and a sister ship to the ''Ellinis''—for sale in 1970, Chandris Line were quick to purchase the ship.<ref name="Miller" /> Given a large-scale refit in which particular attention was given to dual usage of the ship in both liner and cruise services, the former ''Lurline'' emerged in February 1971 as {{RHMS|Britanis}}, joining ''Ellinis'' and ''Australis'' on the UK—Australia liner service.<ref name="Miller" />
''Patris'', which had served without interruption on the Greece—Australia service from 1959, was assigned to a new service in 1972 due to declining passenger numbers, offering a much-shortedned liner service from Singapore to Australia, alongside occasional cruises from Australian ports.<ref name="Miller" /> A similar fate befell ''Ellinis'' in 1973, when she was taken off the declining UK-Australia liner service and reassigned for cruising on European waters.<ref name="Miller" />
====Chandris Cruises====
===1974–1996: Chandris Cruises===
With the number of liner passengers between Europe and Australia dwindling, the ''Britanis'' was taken off liner service and rerouted to full-time cruising in 1975. During the same year the north Australian city of Darwin had been almost completely destroyed in a storm, and ''Patris'' found employment as a temporary accommodation ship for the residents of the destroyed city. This occupation lasted for only a year, after which a radically new use was found for the ship: she was converted into a ro-ro car/passenger ferry and used on services linking Ancona in Italy to Patras and Piraeus in Greece. In 1979 ''Patris'' was sold to Karageorgis Lines who retained her in the same service.<ref name="Miller" />
The Chandris liner service to Australia was closed down in late 1977 when ''Australis'' arrived in Australia as the last ship carrying government-sponsored migrant. From there on all migrant transport was handled by airplanes.<ref name="Miller" />
''Ellinis'' was taken out of service in 1980 and laid up at Perama Bay. She remained laid up for several years, being used as a source of spare parts for her sister ship ''Britanis''.<ref name="Miller" /> In 1988 Chandris founded a subsidiary, Celebrity Cruises, transferring the ex-Italian liner ''Galileo'' to this new line. Celebrity prospered, with four newbuilt cruise ships entering service for them during the remaining Chandris years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/Celebrity.html|title=Celebrity Cruises Ship Postcards|work=simplonpc.co.uk}}</ref> Soon the popularity of Chandris grew tremendously low, with more focused needed on Celebrity, so it was decided to dissolve all other assets. After almost 37 years, Chandris Lines began to stop all operations in 1996, this plan ending with the phasing out of their Fantasy Cruises branch and layup of the ''Britanis'' in 1998.<ref>http://www.oceanlinermuseum.co.uk/Monterey {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124065705/http://www.oceanlinermuseum.co.uk/Monterey |date=2015-11-24 }} 1932 History.html</ref> To this date only one Chandris ship, the cruise ferry ''The Azur'', has not been scrapped.
==Ships==
{| class="wikitable" ! Ship || Built || In service || Tonnage || Status as of 2010 || Image |- | {{RHMS|Patris||2}} || 1950 || 1959–1979 ||align="Center" | {{GRT|16,259}} || Scrapped in Pakistan 1987. || thumb |- | {{SS|Romantica||2}} || 1936 || 1960–1977 ||align="Center" | {{GRT|3,488}} || Scrapped in Aliaga 1982. || |- | {{SS|Bretagne||2}}<br>{{RHMS|Brittany||2}} || 1952 || 1961–1962<br>1962–1963 ||align="Center" | {{GRT|16,335}} || Destroyed by fire in Greece, 1963. || |- | {{RHMS|Ellinis||2}} || 1932 || 1963–1980 ||align="Center" | {{GRT|24,351}} || Scrapped in Taiwan 1987. || 200px |- | {{SS|Regina||2}} || 1939 || 1964–1979 ||align="Center" |{{GRT|10,603}}|| Scrapped in Aliaga 1985. || |- | ''Carina'' II || 1930 || 1964–1972 ||align="Center"|{{GRT|4,055}}||Laid up 1972, scrapped 1977. || 200px |- | ''Fiesta'' || 1946 || 1964–197? ||align="Center"| {{GRT|3,659}}||Laid up mid 1970s, scrapped 1981. || 200px |- | ''Fantasia'' || 1935 || 1964–1976 ||align="Center"|{{GRT|4,325}} ||Destroyed in fire, 1976. || |- | {{SS|Australis||2}}<br>{{SS|Italis||2}} || 1940 || 1965–1977<br>1979 ||align="Center" | {{GRT|26,485}} || Grounded at Fuerteventura, 1994, while en route to hotel service in Thailand. Subsequently, destroyed. || 200px |- | {{RHMS|Queen Frederica||2}} || 1927 || 1965–1973 ||align="Center" | {{GRT|17,232}} || Scrapped 1978. || 200px |- | {{RHMS|Amerikanis||2}} || 1952 || 1968–1980, 1984–1996 ||align="Center" | {{GRT|17,041}} || Scrapped in India 2001. || 200px |- | {{SS|Fiorita||2}} || 1950 || 1970–1977 ||align="Center" |{{GRT|5,092}} ||Laid up, was chartered numerous times before she capsized in 1987. || 200px |- | {{SS|Romanza||2}} || 1939 || 1970–1991 ||align="Center" | {{GRT|10,480}} ||Sold 1991, destroyed in a fire and subsequently sank, 1997. || 200px |- | ''Atlantis'' || 1944 || 1970–1972 ||align="Center" | {{GRT|20,175}} || Sold 1972, scrapped 2005. || frameless |- | ''Radiosa'' || 1947 || 1970–1982 ||align="Center" | {{GRT|1,149}} || Laid up 1982, scrapped 1988.|| 200px |- | ''Regina Magna'' || 1939 || 1972–1977 ||align="Center" | {{GRT|23,801}} ||Became accommodation ship 1977, sank en route to scrappers 1980. || 200px |- | ''Britanis'' || 1932 || 1971–1996 ||align="Center" | {{GRT|18,644}} ||Sold for scrap 1998, sank under tow in 2000. || 200px |- | ''The Victoria'' || 1936 || 1975–1994 ||align="Center" | {{GRT|15,002}} ||Sold to Louis Cruise Lines, broken up in 2004. || frameless |- | ''Bon Vivant'' || 1951 || 1973–1978 ||aligh="Center" | {{GRT|7,764}} || Sold 1978, scrapped in 1997 || 200px |- | ''Galileo'' || 1963 || 1983–1988 ||align="Center" |{{GRT|27,888}} ||Transferred to Celebrity Cruises 1990, sold to Sun Cruises 1997, sank as the ''Sun Vista'', May 1999. || 200px |- | ''The Azur'' || 1971 || 1987–1994 ||align="Center" |{{GRT|14,717}} ||Sold to Festival Cruises, now operating as the ''Knyaz Vladimir''. || 200px |}
==Footnotes== {{reflist|3}}
==References==
{{refbegin}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.simplonpc.co.uk/ChandrisQFred.html |title=''Malolo'' |access-date=2008-10-20 |last=Boyle |first=Ian |work=Simplon Postcards |ref=Boyle}} * {{cite book |title=North Star to Southern Cross: The story of the Australasian Seaways |last=Maber |first=John M. |year=1967 |publisher=T. Stephenson & Sons Ltd |location=Prescot |ref=Maber}} * {{cite book |title=The Last Blue Water Liners |last=Miller |first=William H. |year=1986 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |location=London |isbn=0-85177-400-8 |ref=Miller}} * {{cite web |url=http://travel.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=85733 |title=Cruising: Celebrity Cruises |access-date=2008-10-20 |publisher=NineMSN |date=2006-02-08 |ref=NineMSN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224175343/http://travel.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=85733# |archive-date=2007-12-24 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |title=The Chandris Liners and Celebrity Cruises |last=Plowman |first=Peter |year=2006|orig-year=1 |publisher=Rosenberg Publishing |isbn=1-877058-47-5 |ref=Plowman}} * {{cite book |title=Australian Migrant Ships 1946-1977 |last=Plowman |first=Peter |year=2006|orig-year=2 |publisher=Rosenberg Publishing |location=Hong Kong |isbn=1-877058-40-8 |ref=Plowman}} {{refend}}
Category:Defunct cruise lines Category:Defunct shipping companies Category:Transport companies established in 1960 Category:Transport companies disestablished in 1996 Category:Shipping companies of Greece Category:Defunct transport companies of Greece Category:1996 disestablishments in Greece Category:Greek companies established in 1960