A '''chamberer''' was a female attendant of an English queen regnant, queen consort, or princess. There were similar positions in aristocratic households.
==Chamberers at court== ===Duties=== At court, the position was similar to a male groom of the privy chamber. The names of ten women who served Elizabeth I as chamberers are known. They were daughters of landowning gentry families.<ref>William Tighe, 'Familia reginae: the Privy Court', Susan Doran & Norman Jones,''The Elizabethan World'' (Routledge, 2011), pp. 84-85.</ref> Duties could include some domestic labour, embroidery, and administration, as well as attendance on the queen.<ref>Ruth Elizabeth Richardson, ''Mistress Blanche: Queen Elizabeth I's Confidante'' (Logaston, 2018), p. 71: Tracy Borman, ''Elizabeth's Women'' (Vintage, 2010), p. 192.</ref> The details of the distinctions between women of the chamber and their hierarchy can be obscure.<ref>Janet Arnold, ''Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd'' (Maney, 1988), pp. 101, 103.</ref>
An indication of chamberer's duties concerning the wardrobe of Elizabeth was included in a note written by William Cecil around 1560. Cecil was concerned about the risk that Elizabeth might be assassinated, especially by poisoning. He wanted increased security to the "chamberer's chambers, where laundresses, tailors, wardrobers, and such use to come". It was thought that assassins might apply poisons to perfumed gloves and other items of apparell brought to the queen and accepted by the chamberers.<ref>Heather Shanette, ''Elizabeth I's Ladies, Gentlewomen and Maids: The Women who Served the Tudor Queen'' (Pen and Sword, 2025), p. 105: Samuel Hopkins, ''The Puritans and Queen Elizabeth: Or, The Church, Court'', 1 (London, 1860), p. 278 citing Samuel Haynes, ''Collection of State Papers'' (London, 1740), p. 368.</ref>
Other servants present in the royal lodging who carried out laundry work were of lower status than chamberers, and were called "lavenders".<ref>W. J. Tighe, 'Country into court', Dale Hoak, ''Tudor Political Culture'' (Cambridge, 1995), p. 163.</ref> Chamberers would embroider and launder some linen items, especially ruffs.<ref>Pam Wright, 'A Change of Direction', David Starkey, ''The English Court'' (London, 1987), pp. 150, 152: Janet Arnold, ''Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd'' (Maney, 1988), p. 103.</ref> In Scotland, Elizabeth Gibb, took on this role for Anne of Denmark, the queen consort of James VI and I, in 1590, making and looking after ruffs and other garments.<ref>Jemma Field, "Dressing a Queen: The Wardrobe of Anna of Denmark at the Scottish Court of King James VI, 1590–1603", ''The Court Historian'', 24:2 (2019), pp. 160–163. {{doi|10.1080/14629712.2019.1626120}}</ref>
=== Politics and influence === Chamberers were close to the queen and could become influential. They could also provide information to inquisitive diplomats. The French ambassador Charles de Marillac obtained a description of Princess Mary in 1541 from a woman of her chamber (''femme de chambre''), presumably a chamberer, who had served her since infancy and was married to a French man.<ref>Melita Thomas, ''The King's Pearl: Henry VIII and his daughter Mary'' (Amberley, 2017), pp. 249–250: Jean Kaulek, ''Correspondance politique de MM. de Castillon et de Marillac'' (Paris, 1885), pp. 349–350 no. 368.</ref>
Outside the Tudor court, Mary Halle ''alias'' Lassels, who gave evidence concerning Catherine Howard, Henry Mannox, and Alice Wilkes, had been a nurse and a chamberer to the "old Lady of Norfolk".<ref>''Letters and Papers Henry VIII'', 16 (London: HMSO, 1898), p. 608 no. 1320.</ref>
===Chamberers and their rewards=== Usually the queen was served by between two and four chamberers at any one time.<ref>Nicola Clark, [https://account.rsj.winchester.ac.uk/index.php/wu-j-rsj/issue/view/28 'Noblewomen, Court Service, and Crossing Borders: England c. 1500–1550', ''Royal Studies Journal'', 11:1 (2024), p. 128]</ref> Mary Tudor, Princess of Castille had three chamberers in 1508, including Mistress Parker and Mistress Gynes.<ref>John Gough Nichols, ''Chronicle of Calais'' (London: Camden Society, 1846), pp. 64, 66.</ref> In October 1511, Catherine of Aragon's chamberers Elizabeth Colins, Elizabeth Lisle, Margaret Pennington, and Elizabeth Vergas all received gowns of damask cloth trimmed with miniver and "lettice" fur, and in November 1514 her four chamberers received russet damask gowns trimmed with mink and "calabre".<ref>Maria Hayward, ''Dress at Court of Henry VIII'' (Maney, 2007), p. 304.</ref> When Catherine Howard was sent to Syon House in November 1541, her household was reduced to four gentlewomen including Lady Baynton and two chamberers.<ref>''State Papers of Henry the Eighth'', vol. 1 (London, 1830), pp. 691–693.</ref>
In December 1553, a warrant was issued for a yearly clothing allowance to the women of Mary's privy chamber, including the four chamberers Jane Russell, Elizabeth Golbourne, Barbara Rice, and Elizabeth Skirlock. Every Christmas, they would each receive 14 yards of satin and three yards of velvet, with an allowance for the making of a gown. The gentlewomen of the chamber would receive 15 yards of "good velvet".<ref>Muriel St. Claire Byrne, ''The Lisle letters'', 4 (University of Chicago, 1981), pp. 192–193.</ref>
An Elizabethan chamberer like Elizabeth Stafford would receive an annual fee of £20 or more,<ref>William Tighe, 'Familia reginae: the Privy Court', Susan Doran & Norman Jones,''The Elizabethan World'' (Routledge, 2011), p. 80.</ref> and livery clothing. A wage list from the 1580s notes four chamberers; Elizabeth Stafford (as "Lady Drury"), Mary Scudamore, Katherine Newton, and Jane Brussels. They received their allowances on Saint Andrew's Day.<ref>Janet Arnold, ''Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd'' (Maney, 1988), pp. 101, 103.</ref> Elizabeth intervened in the marriage plans of some chamberers, and was angry at the marriage of Mary Scudamore, an indication of their status in her household.<ref>Willam J. Tighe, 'Country into court', Dale Hoak, ''Tudor Political Culture'' (Cambridge, 1995), p. 163.</ref> Jane Hawkes ''alias'' Brussels had her own servant, John Genowe, who got married in 1579.<ref>''Allegations for Marriage Licences issued by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster'' (London, 1886), p. 6.</ref>
Some chamberers, like Joan Russell and Elizabeth Marbery, continued their service as gentlewomen of the privy chamber or bed chamber, enjoying a higher status and salary.<ref>Maria Hayward, ''Dress at the Court of King Henry VIII'' (Maney, 2007), p. 305: Janet Arnold, ''Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd'' (Maney, 1988), p. 101.</ref> In November 1570, "Elyzabeth Marbury" signed for a gift of a petticoat of crimson cloth of gold, and the queen's laundress Elizabeth Smythson signed for her gift of satin and velvet kirtle.<ref>Janet Arnold, ''Lost from Her Majesties Back'' (Costume Society, 1980), pp. 41–42 nos. 117, 122.</ref>
Other women present in the queen's privy chamber included the Maids of Honour, who frequently received lavish gifts of clothing,<ref>Janet Arnold, ''Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd'' (Maney, 1988), pp. 103-4.</ref> and gentlewomen in attendance who did not receive a fee or livery clothes. These gentlewomen do not appear in financial records but their names are noted in lists of those at state occasions, especially funerals.<ref>William Tighe, "Familia reginae: the Privy Court", Susan Doran & Norman Jones,''The Elizabethan World'' (Routledge, 2011), pp. 83-84.</ref>
Chamberers took part in Royal Entries and coronations, including the coronation of Mary I of England where they rode in procession and were given different clothes for the service in the Abbey.<ref>John Strype, ''Ecclesiastical Memorials'', 3 (London, 1721), p. 36.</ref>
==Damsels and chamberers== In the context of household service in 15th-century England, a "damsel" was of higher or almost equivalent status to a chamberer.<ref>J. L. Laynesmith, ''The Last Medieval Queens: English Queenship 1445-1503'' (Oxford, 2004), p. 226.</ref> It has been suggested that the Latin terms, ''domicella camerae'' and ''domicella Reginae'' may distinguish a lady of the bedchamber or chamberer from a queen's maid of honour. Alice Perrers, a goldsmith's widow, became a ''damoiselle'' or ''domicella'' in the household of Philippa of Hainault, consort of Edward III.<ref>Emily Sarah Holt, ''John de Wycliffe'' (London, 1884), p. 53: Laura Tompkins, 'Alice Perrers and the Goldsmiths' Mistery: New Evidence Concerning the Identity of the Mistress of Edward III', ''The English Historical Review'', 130:547 (December 2015), pp. 1361-1391 {{doi|10.1093/ehr/cev319}}</ref>
=== Mary, Queen of Scots === In Scotland, the word "chamberer" was only rarely used in the records of the court. Two young women, Marie MacLeod and Margaret Fame, were maidens in the chamber of Mary, Queen of Scots.<ref>James Balfour Paul, ''Accounts of the Treasurer, 1559-1566'', 11 (Edinburgh, 1916), pp. 249, 349-350, 358-359.</ref> Margaret received linen or canvas used to line Mary's bed curtains and was described as the "famme de chanbre", the chamber woman.<ref>Joseph Robertson, ''Inventaires'' (edinburgh, 1863), p. 147.</ref> The accounts mention the "famis" (French, ''femmes'', women) of Mary's chamber, including Alice Bog.<ref>''Accounts of the Treasurer'', 11, pp. 490–91, 534.</ref>
In France, in 1551, the "''femmes de chambre''" included Barbara Cochrane, the wife of the household clerk James Alexander, and Agathe Burgensis, who made linen items for Queen Mary.<ref>Alphonse Ruble, ''La première jeunesse de Marie Stuart'' (Paris, 1891), pp. 294-295.</ref> In 1560, six ''femmes de chambre'' worked in Mary's wardrobe, as washerwomen, or servants to the maids of honour,<ref>Belleval, ''Les fils de Henri II'', 2 (Paris, 1898), p. 83.</ref> in 1562 in Scotland there were as many as fourteen.<ref>Rosalind K. Marshall, ''Queen Mary's Women: Female Relatives, Servants, Friends and Enemies'' (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2006), pp. 52, 86, 163: Sébastien de L'Aubespine, ''Négociations, Lettres et Pièces Diverses relatives au Règne de François II'' (Paris, 1841), p. 746.</ref>
Anthony Standen wrote that Mary's chamberer rode behind him when Mary and Darnley escaped from Holyrood Palace to Dunbar Castle after the murder of David Rizzio.<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=gri.ark:/13960/t85j04b25&view=1up&seq=53 ''HMC Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Marquis of Salisbury at Hatfield'', vol. 16 (London, 1933), p. 17]</ref> An English commentator reported that Mary, Queen of Scots, was served by ladies, gentlewomen, and two "chamberers", one Scottish and one French, when she was a prisoner at Lochleven Castle in 1567. The French chamberer was Marie Courcelles,<ref>Joseph Bain, [https://archive.org/details/CalendarStatePapersMaryQueenOfScotsVol2/page/n393/mode/2up ''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 350 no. 560]: ''Accounts of the Treasurer'', 11, p. 163: Joseph Stevenson, [https://archive.org/details/selectionsfromu00stevgoog/page/n237/mode/2up ''Selections from unpublished manuscripts illustrating the reign of Mary Queen of Scotland'' (Glasgow, 1837), p. 205]</ref> Mary mentioned the "''deux fames''" at Lochleven in a letter to Elizabeth I.<ref>Joseph Bain, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 700.</ref> An Italian account of her escape from Lochleven says that Mary wore the clothes of the elder of her two chamberers or maids, "''s'era messe le vesti della maggior di due cameriere''" and the younger servant was 10 years old.<ref>Patrick Fraser Tytler, [https://archive.org/details/historyofscotlan07tytliala/page/n393/mode/2up ''History of Scotland'', 7 (Edinburgh: William Nimmo, 1866), p. 378]</ref>
=== Anne of Denmark === A document from 1592 concerning the Scottish household of Anne of Denmark, wife of James VI and I, mentions "damycelles" or damsels in her chamber. Their clothing allowance suggests they were of lower status than other attendants. "Little Anna", who married the preacher Johannes Sering was described as "ane woman of hir chalmer". Two of Anne of Denmark's servants in Scotland, Margaret Hartsyde and the aristocratic Anne Livingstone, came to her court in England after the Union of Crowns as chamberers. Hartsyde's status as a domestic servant was emphasised by her defence lawyers when she was accused of stealing the queen's jewels.<ref>Michael Pearce, 'Anna of Denmark: Fashioning a Danish Court in Scotland', ''The Court Historian'', 24:2 (2019), p. 147 {{doi|10.1080/14629712.2019.1626110}}</ref>
An ordinance for the English household of Anne of Denmark made on 20 July 1603 allows for six maids and a mother of maids and four chamberers.<ref>''HMC 6th Report: Moray'' (London, 1877), p. 672.</ref>
In December 1603, Arbella Stuart discussed with Mary Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury the delicate issue of buying New Year's Day gifts for Anne of Denmark. Stuart recommended asking the chamberer Margaret Hartsyde because she was discreet, and would let her "understand the Queenes minde with out knowing who asked it".<ref>Sarah Gristwood, ''Arbella: England's Lost Queen'' (London: Bantam, 2004), p. 282: Sara Jayne Steen, ''Letters of Arbella Stuart'' (Oxford, 1994), pp. 194-5.</ref> The role of chamberers and chamber women in giving valuable advice to gift-givers can be seen in records of the court of Elizabeth I, and conferred prestige and power.<ref>Adam Eaker, '' The Tudors: Art and Majesty in Renaissance England'' (New York, 2023), p. 111: Catherine L. Howey, 'Dressing a Virgin Queen', ''Early Modern Women'', 4 (Fall 2009), pp. 201–208.</ref>
Chamberers could enjoy substantial rewards, one Danish servant, Dorothea Silking, was granted rights to run a coal mine in Somerset on the queen's jointure manor of Corston.<ref>Alice Clark, ''The Working Life of Women in the Seventeenth Century'' (London, 1919), p. 25.</ref> Employment of chamberers from the country of origin provided continuity of service and a cultural bridge for queens consort in the early modern period.<ref>Erin Griffey, [https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-fau/frontdoor/index/index/docId/21448%20title 'Home Comforts: Stuart Queens Consort and Negotiating Foreigness at Court', Christina Strunck & Lukas Maier, ''Rank Matters: New Research on Female Rulers in the Early Modern Era from an Intersectional Perspective'' (FAU, 2022), p. 124]</ref>
==Chamberers to Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scots== * Francisca Baptiste (1503).<ref>Maria Hayward, ''Great Wardrobe Accounts of Henry VII and Henry VIII'' (London Record Society, 2012), pp. 190, 237: Joseph Bain, ''Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland, 1357-1509'', vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1888), p. 346 no. 1724.</ref> * Catherine Crow.<ref>Maria Hayward, ''Great Wardrobe Accounts of Henry VII and Henry VIII'' (London Record Society, 2012), p. 216.</ref> * Margaret Dennet * Joanna and Margery Rutherford.<ref>Maria Hayward, ''Great Wardrobe Accounts of Henry VII and Henry VIII'' (London Record Society, 2012), p. 216.</ref>
==Chamberers to Catherine of Aragon== * Maria and Kateryn de Gavara.<ref>''Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the reign of Henry VIII'', vol. 1 (London, England, 1920) no. 20, (funeral of Henry VII).</ref> * Isabel de Vanegas,<ref>''Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the reign of Henry VIII'', vol. 1 (London, England, 1920) no. 20, (funeral of Henry VII).</ref><ref>Theresa Earenfight, 'A Precarious Household', ''Royal and Elite Households in Medieval and Early Modern Europe'' (Brill, 2018), p. 352.</ref> or Inés Vanegas, first a governess, and her daughters Inés and Teresa.<ref>Theresa M. Earenfight, 'Raising infanta Catalina de Aragón to be Catherine Queen of England', ''Anuario de Estudios Medievales'', 46/1 (2016), pp. 430-432: Michelle Beer, ''Queenship at the Renaissance Courts of Britain: Catherine of Aragon and Margaret Tudor'' (Woodbridge, 2018), p. 117.</ref> * Elizabeth Collins.<ref>Maria Hayward, ''Dress at the Court of Henry VIII'' (Maney, 2007), 304–5.</ref> * Margaret and Margery Kempe, at the Field of the Cloth of Gold.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/rutlandpapersor00rutl/page/38/mode/2up ''Rutland Papers'' (London: Camden, 1842), p. 38]</ref> * Elizabeth Kempe.<ref>Maria Hayward, ''Dress at the Court of Henry VIII'' (Maney, 2007), 304.</ref> * Elizabeth Lisle.<ref>Maria Hayward, ''Great Wardrobe Accounts of Henry VII and Henry VIII'' (London Record Society, 2012), pp. 129, 209, 266.</ref> * Anne Luke * Blanche Marbury.<ref>Maria Hayward, ''Great Wardrobe Accounts of Henry VII and Henry VIII'' (London Record Society, 2012), pp. 244, 266.</ref> * Margaret Mulsho.<ref>Maria Hayward, ''Great Wardrobe Accounts of Henry VII and Henry VIII'' (London Record Society, 2012), p. 240, 266: Maria Hayward, ''Dress at the Court of Henry VIII'' (Maney, 2007), 304.</ref> * Margaret Pennington.<ref>Maria Hayward, ''Great Wardrobe Accounts of Henry VII and Henry VIII'' (London Record Society, 2012), pp. 260, 266.</ref> * Dame Margaret Pole * Mistress Redynge
==Chamberers to Mary Tudor, Queen of France== * Elizabeth Bradshaw * Jane Barners,<ref>Maria Hayward, ''Great Wardrobe Accounts of Henry VII and Henry VIII'' (London Record Society, 2012), p. 309, 311.</ref> described as "Jehanne Barnesse, ''chamberiere''".<ref>John Gough Nichols, ''Chronicle of Calais'' (London: Camden Society, 1846), p. 77.</ref> * Alice Dennis (1514).<ref>John Gough Nichols, ''Chronicle of Calais'' (London: Camden Society, 1846), p. 77.</ref> * Anne Jerningham (1514),<ref>J. S. Brewer, ''Letters and Papers'', 1 (London, 1862), p. 898 no. 5483.</ref> described as a "''femme de chambre''".<ref>John Gough Nichols, ''Chronicle of Calais'' (London: Camden Society, 1846), p. 77.</ref>
==Chamberers to Anne Boleyn== * Former chamberers of Catherine of Aragon
==Chamberers to Anne of Cleves== * Susanna Horenbout.<ref>Maria Hayward, ''The Inventory of Whitehall Palace'', 1 (Illuminata, 2004), p. 76.</ref><ref>Brett Dolman, "Wishful thinking: Reading the portraits of Henry VIII's queens", Thomas Betteridge & Suzannah Lipscomb, ''Henry VIII and the Court: Art, Politics and Performance''(Ashgate, 2013), p. 124.</ref> * Anne Josselyn the elder (1539) * Elizabeth Rastall (1539)
==Chamberers to Catherine Howard== * Joan Bulmer.<ref>Anne Somerset, ''Ladies-in-waiting : from the Tudors to the present day'' (Castle Books, 2004), p. 39.</ref> * Katherine Tylney.<ref>Anne Somerset, ''Ladies-in-waiting : from the Tudors to the present day'' (Castle Books, 2004), p. 42.</ref><ref>''Letters and Papers Henry VIII'', 16 (London: HMSO, 1898), p. 609 no. 1321.</ref> * Alice Wilkes.<ref>Nicola Clark, 'Katherine Howard: Victim?', Aidan Norrie, ''Tudor and Stuart Consorts: Power, Influence, and Dynasty'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2022), p. 131.</ref>
==Chamberers to Catherine Parr== * Mary Odell
==Chamberers to Mary I of England== * Baptiste (in 1525). * Cecily Barnes, (in 1536).<ref>''Letters and Papers Henry VIII'', vol. 10, p. 494 no. 1187.</ref> * Edith Brediman.<ref>David Loades, ''Mary Tudor: A Life'' (Oxford, 1992), p. 355.</ref> * Lucretia the Tumbler, (in 1536).<ref>''Letters and Papers Henry VIII'', vol. 10, p. 494 no. 1187.</ref> * Mary Brown.<ref>Anne Somerset, ''Ladies-in-waiting : from the Tudors to the present day'' (Castle Books, 2004), p. 49.</ref> * Jane Dormer * Barbara Eyre * Elizabeth Golbourne, who married William Babington of Kiddington.<ref>David Loades, ''Mary Tudor: A Life'' (Oxford, 1992), p. 355: John Nichols, ''The history and antiquities of the county of Leicester'', 3:2 (London, 1804), p. 967.</ref> * Frideswide Knight (in 1533).<ref>James Gairdner, ''Letters and Papers Henry VIII'', 6 (London: Longman, 1882), p. 498 no. 1199.</ref> * Alice Parker or Mrs Parker (in 1525 and 1533).<ref>James Gairdner, ''Letters and Papers Henry VIII'', 6 (London: Longman, 1882), p. 498 no. 1199.</ref> * Jane or Joan Russell (died 1558).<ref>E. Estcourt, ''Procceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London'', vol. 3 (London, 1864), pp. 103-105.</ref><ref>Steven May, ''Queen Elizabeth I: Selected Works'' (New York, 2004), p. 120.</ref> wife of William Russell, a Groom of the Chamber to Elizabeth.<ref>David Loades, ''Mary Tudor: A Life'' (Oxford, 1992), p. 355.</ref> Later described as a gentlewoman of Mary's privy chamber, she died in the London house of Henry Fisher (MP).<ref>Augustus Jessop, ''One Generation of a Norfolk House: A Contribution to Elizabethan History'' (London, 1879), p. 217.</ref> * Mrs Barbara Ryce, her husband William Ryce (died 1588) was also a royal servant.<ref>''Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1553–1554'' (London, 1937), p. 53: ''HMC 7th Report: Molyneux'', p. 612: John Nichols, [https://archive.org/details/illustrationsofm00nich/page/n405/mode/2up ''llustrations of the manners and expences of antient times in England'' (London, 1797), p. 22]</ref> Beatrice ap Rice was Mary's laundress.<ref>David Loades, ''Reign of Mary Tudor'' (Routledge, 1979), p. 12.</ref> *Elizabeth Scurlock or Sturlock, possibly married to the physician Rowland Scurlock.<ref>David Loades, ''Mary Tudor: A Life'' (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), pp. 364-365.</ref>
==Chamberers to Elizabeth I== [[File:Frances Newton Lady Cobham.jpg|thumb|right|Frances Newton was a chamberer to Elizabeth I]] * Alice Huntercombe.<ref>John Nichols, ''Progresses of Queen Elizabeth'', 1 (London, 1823), p. 36.</ref><ref>James Gairdner, ''Letters & Papers Henry VIII'', vol. 10 (London, 1887), p. 495 no. 1187.</ref> * Jane Bradbelt and her daughter Dorothy Bradbelt (or Broadbent).<ref>Elizabeth Goldring, Faith Eales, Elizabeth Clarke, Jayne Elisabeth Archer, ''John Nichols's Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth: 1579-1595'', vol. 1 (Oxford, 2014), p. 248.</ref><ref>James Gairdner, ''Letters & Papers Henry VIII'', vol. 10 (London, 1887), p. 495 no. 1187.</ref> * Jane Brussels ''alias'' Hawkes (died 1596), who married William Heneage (died 1610) in 1591. According to an inscription at Hainton, she served 24 years in Elizabeth's bedchamber.<ref>William Tighe, 'Familia reginae: the Privy Court', Susan Doran & Norman Jones, ''The Elizabethan World'' (Routledge, 2011), p. 8%.</ref> * Elizabeth Marbery,<ref>Janet Arnold, ''Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd'' (Maney, 1988), p. 101: Elizabeth Goldring, Faith Eales, Elizabeth Clarke, Jayne Elisabeth Archer, ''John Nichols's Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth: 1579-1595'', vol. 3 (Oxford, 2014), p. 249.</ref><ref>Janet Arnold, ''Lost From Her Back'' (Costume Society, 1980), p. 83.</ref> replacing Elizabeth Sands in 1554.<ref>C. R. Manning, "Custody of Elizabeth at Woodstock", ''Norfolk Archaeology'', 5 (Norwich, 1854), pp. 160, 166–167, 169.</ref> * Frances Newton (1559-1560) * Nazareth Newton * Mary Shelton (1567-1603).<ref>Susan Doran, ''Elizabeth I and Her Circle'' (Oxford, 2015), p. 200.</ref> * Elizabeth Stafford Drury.<ref>Janet Arnold, ''Queen Elizabeth's Wardrobe Unlock'd'' (Maney, 1988), pp. 102-103.</ref><ref>Janet Arnold, ''Lost from Her Majesties Back'' (Costume Society, 1980), p. 36 no. 79.</ref> * Margaret Vaughan
==Chamberers to Anne of Denmark== * Margaret Hartsyde * Anne Livingstone.<ref>Jemma Field, ''Anna of Denmark: Material and Visual Culture of the Stuart Courts'' (Manchester, 2020), p. 133.</ref> * Anna Rumler * Dorothea Silking * Dorothy Speckard
==Chamberers to Henrietta Maria== * Elizabeth Coignet, daughter of Françoise de Monbodeac, Madame Garnier, first lady of the bedchamber.<ref>Karen Britland, ''Drama at the Courts of Queen Henrietta Maria'' (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 55, 56.</ref> * Mademoiselle Vantelet, wife of the usher Jacques de Lux.<ref>Karen Britland, ''Drama at the Courts of Queen Henrietta Maria'' (Cambridge, 2006), p. 56: Sara J. Wolfson, 'Female Bedchamber of Henrietta Maria', Nadine Akkerman & Birgit Houben, ''The Politics of Female Households: Ladies-in-waiting across Early Modern Europe'' (Leiden: Brill, 2014), p. 313.</ref>
==See also== * Woman of the Bedchamber * Première femme de Chambre * Kammarfru
==References== {{reflist}}
==External links== * [https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251525 Charlotte Merton, 'Women who served Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth : Ladies, Gentlewomen and Maids of the Privy Chamber, 1553-1603, PhD thesis, Cambridge, 1992]
{{British Monarchy Household}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chamberer}} Category:Positions within the British Royal Household Category:Ladies of the Privy Chamber Category:Chamberers at court