Haim Palachi

{{Short description|Chief rabbi of Smyrna (1788–1868)}} {{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = ''Hakham Bashi'' | name = Haim Palachi | honorific_suffix = | image = Tomb of Rabbi Chaim Palagi.jpg  | image_size =  | alt = | caption = Tomb of Haim Palachi in İzmir, Turkey | native_name = | native_name_lang = | pronunciation = | birth_name = Ḥayyim ben Jacob Pallache  | birth_date = {{Birth date|1788|01|28}} | birth_place = Smyrna (İzmir) | death_date = {{Death date and age|1868|02|10|1788|01|28}} (Hebrew calendar 17 Shvat 5628) | death_place = Smyrna (İzmir) | death_cause = | burial_place = Bahri Baba Jewish cemetery, Izmir; relocated to Gürçeşme cemetery, 86-116 Gürçeşme Caddesi, Izmir | burial_coordinates =  | monuments = | nationality = | other_names = alternative spellings: Haim Palacci, Ḥayyim Pallache, Hayim Palacci, Hayyim Palaggi, Chaim Palagi; also Palache, Falaji | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | years_active = 1813–1868 (death) | era = Tanzimat period | employer = | known_for = | notable_works = ''Tokhahot Hayyim'' (Reproofs of Life) | criminal_charge =  | criminal_penalty = | spouse = Esther Palacci | partner =  | children = Abraham, Yitzak/Isaac (Rahamim Nissim), Joseph | parents = Jacob Pallache, Kali Kaden Hazen | relatives = | family = Pallache family | awards = Mecidiye Order Third Class | website =  }} '''Haim Palachi''' ({{langx|he|חיים פלאג'י}} {{langx|yi|חיים פאלאדזשי}}; Acronym: MaHaRHaF or HaVIF) (January 28, 1788– February 10, 1868)<ref name=Pallache-Turkish> {{Citation | first = D Gershon | last = Lewental | contribution = Pallache Family (Turkish Branch) | editor-last = Stillman | editor-first = Norman A. | title = Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World | volume = 4 | pages = | publisher = Brill | place = | year = 2010 | contribution-url = http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/pallache-family-turkish-branch-COM_0017280}}</ref> was a Jewish-Turkish chief rabbi of Smyrna (İzmir) and author in Ladino<ref name=GalanteIndex> {{cite web | url = http://www.sephardicgen.com/databases/turkeyGalanteSearchEngine.php?SurnameKind=exact&SurnameSoundex=&SurnameMax=&GivenNameKind=exact&GivenNameSoundex=&GivenNameMax=&FathersNameKind=exact&FathersNameMax=&offset=2251 | title = Index for Abraham Galante's Jews of Turkey | publisher = SephardicGen | date = | accessdate = 6 September 2016}}</ref> and Hebrew. His titles included ''Hakham Bashi''<ref name=BenNaeh> {{Citation | first = Yaron | last = Ben Naeh | contribution = Pallache, Ḥayyim | editor-last = Stillman | editor-first = Norman A. | title = Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World | volume = 4 | pages = 38–39 | publisher = Brill | place = | year = 2010 | contribution-url = http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/pallache-hayyim-SIM_0017300}}</ref> and ''Gaon''.<ref name="Ben Ish Chai Haggadah">{{cite book | first1 = Shalom Meir | last1 = Wallach | title = Ben Ish Chai Haggadah | publisher = Feldheim Publishers | pages = 11 ("And the Lion of the gaonim, the elderly Gaon Chaim Palaji of Izmir") | url = https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/content/man-three-worlds | date = 1996| isbn = 9780801872259 }}</ref><ref name=Shalom> {{cite news | first1 = Siren | last1 = Bora | title = İzmir'de 1859 Kan İftirası Olayı ve Rav Hayim Palaçi'nin mektubu | publisher = Shalom Newspaper | pages = | url = http://www.salom.com.tr/haber-96302-Izmirde_1859_kan_Iftirasi_olayi_ve_rav_hayim_palacinin_mektubu_1.html | date = 2 September 2015 | accessdate = 24 October 2016}}</ref> He was the father of grand rabbis Abraham Palacci and Isaac Palacci (Rahamim Nissim Palacci) and rabbi Joseph Palacci. He was a member of the Pallache family.

(Alternative spellings include: Hayim Palachi,<ref name=Romeu> {{cite journal |last = Romeu Ferre |first = Pilar |date = 2006 |title = Masa Hayim: Una Homilía de Hayim Palachi |url= http://www.ugr.es/~estsemi/miscelanea/55/14.Romeu06,259-273.pdf |language = Spanish |journal = Miscelánea de Estudios Árebes y Hebreos (MEAH): Revista del Dpto. De Estudios Semíticos |location = Granada |pages = 259–273 |publisher = Universidad de Granada |access-date = 27 September 2016}}</ref> Hayyim Pallache,<ref name=BenNaeh /> Hayyim Palache,<ref> {{cite book |editor-first = Frank |editor-last = Skolnik |editor-first2 = Michael |editor-last2 = Berenbaum | title = Encyclopaedia Judaica, Volume 15 | publisher = Macmillan Reference | date = 2007 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JD0OAQAAMAAJ | page = 574|isbn = 9780028659435 }}</ref><ref name=reform> {{cite book | first = Haim ben Jacob | last = Palache | chapter = On the Possibilities of Synagogue Reform: An Ottoman Rabbi's Answer to a Query in Paris (1869) | title = Sephardi Lives: A Documentary History, 1700 1950 | editor-first1=Julia | editor-last1=Cohen | editor-first2=Sarah | editor-last2=Stein | date = 2014 | publisher = Stanford University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xW9dBAAAQBAJ | pages = 55–49| isbn = 9780804791434 }}</ref> Haim Palacci,<ref name=Shaw> {{cite book | title = The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic | page = 67 (synagogue), 170, 173–175 (dispute), 180, 183 | url = https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1349122351 | first = Stanford J. | last = Shaw}}</ref><ref> {{cite book | title = French Jews, Turkish Jews: The Alliance Israélite Universelle and the Politics of Jewish Schooling in Turkey, 1860–1925 | first = Aron | last = Rodrigue | publisher = Indiana University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h6lCzHpXcHgC | date = 1990 | page = 52| isbn = 0253350212 }}</ref><ref> {{cite book | title = Records , 1882–85, Volume 6 | year = 1882 | publisher = United States. Court of Commissioners of Alabama Claims | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pIdQAAAAYAAJ | page = 43 | accessdate = 2 September 2016}}</ref><ref> {{cite book | page = 218 | title = Public Space and Urban Citizens: Ottoman Izmir in the Remaking, 1840–1890 | first = Sibel | last = Zandi-Sayek | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QqdNAQAAMAAJ | publisher = University of California, Berkeley | date = 2001}}</ref><ref> {{cite book | page = 6 | title = Los Muestros, Issues 22-1997 | first = R. | last = Capuia | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dl4wAQAAIAAJ | date = 1997}}</ref><ref> {{cite book | page = 640 | title = Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums | first = | last = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QQ9FAAAAcAAJ | publisher = Engel | date = 1867}}</ref><ref> {{cite book | page = 15 | title = Collection of articles and pamphlets on the Jews in Turkey | first = Abraham | last = Gallanté | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2IMLAQAAIAAJ | date = 1948}}</ref><ref> {{cite book | page = 74 | title = Eski Çağ'dan günümüze yönetim anlayışı ve kurumlar | first = Feridun Mustafa | last = Emecen | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EeVQAQAAIAAJ | publisher = Kitabevi | date = 2009| isbn = 9789754208146 }}</ref> Hayim Palacci,<ref name=Shaw /><ref> {{cite book | title = Jüdisches Istanbul | page = 183 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=c-U9AQAAIAAJ | first1 = Okşan | last1 = Spastics | first2 = Monika | last2 = Demirel| year = 2010 | publisher = Mandelbaum | isbn = 9783854763291 }}</ref> Hayyim Palaggi (and Falaji),<ref> {{cite book | title = Palaggi, Hayyim | year = 1907 | publisher = The Jewish Encyclopedia | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eTsyAQAAMAAJ | page = 467}}</ref> Chaim Palagi,<ref> {{cite book | title = Lashon HaKodesh: History, Holiness, & Hebrew | page = 276 | date = 2014 | url = https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1937887367 | first1 = Reuven Chaim | last1 = Klein | first2 = Shira Yael | last2 = Klein}}</ref><ref> {{cite book | title = Sixteenth-Century Judeo-Spanish Testimonies | url = https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9004210172 | first = Annette | last = Benaim | date = 2011 | page = 517}}</ref> and Haim Palatchi.) He died on 17 Shevat 5628, according to the Jewish calendar. His mother's name was Kaden.<ref> {{cite web | title = Rabbis Buried in Izmir, Turkey, During the Years: 5300 – 5620 (1540 – 1860 C.E.) | publisher = SephardicGen Resources | url = http://www.sephardicgen.com/databases/izmirRabbisSearchEngine.html?NoKind=exact&NoMax=&SurnameSoundex=P400&SurnameKind=starts&SurnameMax=Pal&GivenNameKind=contains&GivenNameSoundex=&GivenNameMax=&DateofDeathKind=exact&DateofDeathMax=&NotesKind=exact&NotesMax=&offset=1&pagesize=10 | date = | accessdate = 6 September 2016}}</ref>

== Background == Pallache was born in İzmir, Turkey, then known internationally as Smyrna, part of the Ottoman Empire. His parents were Jacob Pallache (a rabbi and kabbalist) and Kali Kaden Hazan. His maternal grandfather was Joseph Raphael ben Hayyim Hazzan (1741–1820), chief rabbi of İzmir.<ref name=BenNaeh /> He studied under his grandfather and also Isaac ben Elyakim Gatigno.<ref name=Pallache-Turkish />

==Career== ===Early years===

By 1813, aged 25, Palacci was already a rabbi. In 1828, aged 40, he became head of the Bet Yaakov rabbinical seminary.<ref name=BenNaeh />

In 1837 or 1838, he became head of a religious court and then became ''dayan'' (jurist), ''marbiš torah'' (teacher of Torah), and ''rav korel'' (head rabbi).<ref name=Pallache-Turkish /><ref name=BenNaeh />

By 1854 or 1856, he had become ''Hakham Bashi'' or Chief Rabbi of Smyrna, appointed by Sultan Abdülmecid I during the Tanzimat period. He served as chief rabbi until his death in 1868.<ref name=Pallache-Turkish /><ref name=BenNaeh />

In 1864, he received the award of the Mecidiye Order, third class.<ref name=Pallache-Turkish /><ref name=Diaspora> {{cite news | title = Diaspora Yahudileri / Osmanlı Yahudileri / Kültür ve Uygarlık | publisher = Shalom Newspaper | url = http://www.salom.com.tr/haber-69811-diaspora_yahudileri__osmanli_yahudileri__kultur_ve_uygarlik_2.html | date = 30 October 2008 | accessdate = 24 October 2016}}</ref>

In 1867, he received a Greek Orthodox delegation: <blockquote>SMYRNA.—Interchange of Visits.—We are happy to learn that a most friendly feeling prevails at Smyrna among the ecclesiastical heads of the several religious bodies. The Greek Archbishop, accompanied by his clergy, lately went to pay a visit to the Chief Rabbi, Haim Palacci. He was received with all the honors due to his rank. The Archbishop told the rabbi that a similar visit would be paid by the Greek Patriarch of Constantinople to the Chief Rabbi of the capital. This friendly understanding was brought about by the generous act of the Jews who bought six bells carried away by the Turks from Candia and presented them to the clergy of Smyrna, with the request to restore them to the churches whence they had been carried away.<ref>

{{cite news | title = Smyrna: Interchange of Visits | publisher = The Jewish Messenger | url = http://www.salom.com.tr/haber-69811-diaspora_yahudileri__osmanli_yahudileri__kultur_ve_uygarlik_2.html | page = 4 | date = 20 September 1867 | accessdate = 28 October 2016}}</ref></blockquote>

===Murder (1859)=== Following a murder on March 17, 1859, local police apprehended a Greek meat butcher and a Jewish broker as suspects. Rav Hayim Palaçi (as his name appears in modern Turkish) wrote to Baron Lionel de Rothschild for support and protection. He also wrote a liturgy, in which he stated "''Müslüman Türkler Yahudilere inanıp güveniyorlar.''" ("Muslim Turks believe and rely on Jews.").<ref name=Shalom />

==="Haim Palacci Dispute"=== By 1865, attempts by secular leaders of Izmir's Jewish community to exploit Palachi's declining health led to communal conflict.<ref name=Pallache-Turkish />

Historian D. Gershon Lewental describes the conflict as follows. In November 1865, an administrative committee forced Pallache to accept its oversight, after which a group of lay leaders purchased at reduced cost the concession for the ''gabelle'' tax on kosher food and alcohol. The concessionaires refused audit; Pallache repealed the tax completely. The concessionaires went over Pallache as Izmir's ''hakham bashi'' to the regional head (''hakham bashi kayakami''), whose representative conducted an investigation that recommended Pallache's removal in favor of himself (the representative). The Ottoman government accepted the recommendation. Widespread opposition to the Ottoman decision led to delay, repeal, and finally reinstitution of Pallache by October 1867. Pallache agreed to some reforms but died before they took effect.<ref name=Pallache-Turkish />

Historian Stanford J. Shaw describes the conflict in his book ''The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic'' (1991). He recounts that Palacci was more conservative than other religious leaders during the Tanzimat period. However, the dispute started in November 1865, when other members of the Jewish religious council speculated on the ''gabelle'' (food tax) on wine, alcohol, and salt; Palacci annulled the tax. In December 1866, Yakir Geron, grand rabbi of Adrianople, intervened by sending an emissary, rabbi Samuel Danon to resolve the matter; he recommended that Geron dismiss Palacci (and appoint himself, Danon, instead). Jewish members of the Izmir community asked their ''vali'' (governor) to hold off, while they sent a mission to Istanbul. The decision that came back was to appoint Palacci as chief rabbi for life.<ref name=Shaw /> (A longer description appeared in the French ''L'Histoire des Israelites de l'Empire Ottoman'' by Moïse Franco in 1897.<ref> {{cite book | url = http://booksnow1.scholarsportal.info/ebooks/oca5/24/essaisurlhistoir00franuoft/essaisurlhistoir00franuoft_djvu.txt | publisher = Librarie A. Durlacher | title = L'Histoire des Israelites de l'Empire Ottoman depuis les origines jusqu'a nos jours | first = Moïse | last = FRANCO | place = Paris | pages = 165 (grands-rabbins), 182–183 (Haïm), 193, 197–202 (Haïm Palacci dispute) | date = 1897 | accessdate = 7 September 2016}}</ref>)

==Personal and death== Palachi had three sons: Abraham, Isaac, and Joseph, all three of whom were rabbis and the first two succeeded him as grand rabbi.<ref name=Pallache-Turkish />

He was conservative in his views and opposed innovations, e.g., adoption of European dress.<ref name=Pallache-Turkish />

He died on February 10, 1868. "His funeral hearse was attended by all of the city's dignitaries",<ref name=Pallache-Turkish /> escorted by a battalion of troops, an honor given by the Turkish authorities to only two or three chief rabbis.<ref name=Pallache-Turkish />

==Legacy== ==="Haim Palacci Dispute"=== The Pallache dispute (above) led to a fifty-year delay in implementation of the Organic Statute of 1865 [sic – (1856?)] in Izmir, according to Shaw.<ref name=Pallache-Turkish />

===Succession=== Some dispute arose over Palachi's succession. A minority in the local community championed Rabbi Joseph Hakim of Manissa to succeed. A majority wanted his son Abraham to succeed him, including Jews with foreign citizenship. Abraham succeeded his father on October 7, 1869.<ref name=Pallache-Turkish />

The second son Isaac (Rahamim Nissim) succeeded his brother Abraham.<ref name=Pallache-Turkish />

The third son Joseph was unable to succeed his brothers because he was too young (in this case, under the age of seventy-five).<ref name=Pallache-Turkish />

===Personal reputation=== Journey into Jewish Heritage states: <blockquote>Rabbi Haim Palaggi... was the 'Haham Bashi' of Izmir in the middle of the 19th century, and founder of the 'Beit Hillel' Synagogue and ''beit madras'' (study hall). He was very knowledgeable, and received letters from all over the world with questions about Halacha. He wrote 82 books addressing important issues in Jewish life. The community today is very proud of his legacy, and speak of him with great respect. In the synagogue, when his name is mentioned or cited, the congregation stands up and bows with respect.<ref> {{cite web | title = Known Jewish Figures in Izmir | publisher = Journey into Jewish Heritage – Zalman Shazar Center | url = http://www.jewish-heritage.org.il/subcontentpage.aspx?id=230&lang=en | date = | accessdate = 2 September 2016}}</ref></blockquote> Turkish Jews still refer to his writings and opinions in their ceremonies and writings, particularly :tr:Rav İzak Alaluf in ''Şalom'' newspaper: 2015,<ref name=Shalom /> 2011,<ref> {{cite news | title = NOAH: Sorumlulukların bilincinde olmak | publisher = Shalom Newspaper | url = http://www.salom.com.tr/haber-80926-noah_sorumluluklarin_bilincinde_olmak.html | date = 26 October 2011 | accessdate = 24 October 2016}}</ref><ref> {{cite news | title = Kedoşim: İNSANI UYARMAYI BİLMEK | publisher = Shalom Newspaper | url = http://www.salom.com.tr/haber-78239-kedosim_Insani_uyarmayi_bIlmek.html | date = 27 April 2011 | accessdate = 24 October 2016}}</ref> 2010,<ref> {{cite news | title = Şabat ve Sukot: Hol Amoed | publisher = Shalom Newspaper | url = http://www.salom.com.tr/haber-75031-sabat_ve_sukot_hol_amoed.html | date = 22 September 2010 | accessdate = 24 October 2016}}</ref><ref> {{cite news | title = BAMİDBAR: Tanrıya yakınlaşmak | publisher = Shalom Newspaper | url = http://www.salom.com.tr/haber-75243-bamIdbar_tanriya_yakinlasmak.html | date = 12 May 2010 | accessdate = 24 October 2016}}</ref> 2009,<ref> {{cite news | title = Sukkoth | publisher = Shalom Newspaper | url = http://www.salom.com.tr/haber-73593-sukot.html | date = 1 October 2009 | accessdate = 24 October 2016}}</ref><ref> {{cite news | title = Geçen haftanın peraşası: Aazinu | publisher = Shalom Newspaper | url = http://www.salom.com.tr/haber-73594-gecen_haftanin_perasasi_aazinu.html | date = 1 October 2009 | accessdate = 24 October 2016}}</ref><ref> {{cite news | title = Ahare | publisher = Shalom Newspaper | url = http://www.salom.com.tr/haber-70617-ahare.html | date = 29 April 2009 | accessdate = 24 October 2016}}</ref> 2008.<ref name=Diaspora /><ref> {{cite news | title = Sukkot | publisher = Shalom Newspaper | url = http://www.salom.com.tr/haber-69705-sukot.html | date = 15 October 2008 | accessdate = 24 October 2016}}</ref><ref> {{cite news | title = Aazinu | publisher = Shalom Newspaper | url = http://www.salom.com.tr/haber-69655-aazinu.html | date = 8 October 2008 | accessdate = 24 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=grave> {{cite news | title = İzmir'den haberler | publisher = Shalom Newspaper | url = http://www.salom.com.tr/haber-67921-Izmirden_haberler.html | date = 21 May 2008 | accessdate = 24 October 2016}}</ref><ref> {{cite news | title = Beşalah | publisher = Shalom Newspaper | url = http://www.salom.com.tr/haber-67728-besalah.html | date = 23 April 2008 | accessdate = 24 October 2016}}</ref><ref> {{cite news | title = Ahare | publisher = Shalom Newspaper | url = http://www.salom.com.tr/haber-67677-ahare.html | date = 16 April 2008 | accessdate = 24 October 2016}}</ref><ref> {{cite news | title = Metsora (Tahara) | publisher = Shalom Newspaper | url = http://www.salom.com.tr/haber-67624-metsora_tahara.html | date = 9 April 2008 | accessdate = 24 October 2016}}</ref><ref> {{cite news | title = Bu hafta peraşa / BEŞALAH | publisher = Shalom Newspaper | url = http://www.salom.com.tr/haber-66911-bu_hafta_perasa__besalah.html | date = 16 January 2008 | accessdate = 24 October 2016}}</ref>

===Opinions=== His rabbinical opinions continue to receive attention worldwide today, e.g., his 1869 opinion "On the Possibilities of Synagogue Reform: An Ottoman Rabbi's Answer to a Query in Paris," reprinted in 2014.<ref name=reform />

He has been called a ''Gaon'' in memory of the ''Geonim'', e.g., "And the Lion of the gaonim, the elderly Gaon Chaim Palaji of Izmir..."<ref name="Ben Ish Chai Haggadah"/> and a "19th century living Gaon."<ref name=Shalom />

===Pilgrimage gravesite=== A main attraction of Gurcesme is "the grave of Rabbi Palaggi, which was moved to this cemetery from its original burial place, in the 1920s... and people from all over the world come to pray at his grave" as "pilgrimage to Rabbi Palaggi's grave."<ref name=grave /><ref>{{cite web | title = The Jewish Cemetery in Gurcheshme | publisher = Journey into Jewish Heritage – Zalman Shazar Center | url = http://www.jewish-heritage.org.il/moreshet/Uploaded_Files/documents/Izmir%20Cemetery1.pdf | date = | accessdate = 10 September 2016 | archive-date = 12 February 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170212054925/http://www.jewish-heritage.org.il/moreshet/Uploaded_Files/documents/Izmir%20Cemetery1.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Journey into Jewish Heritage (Zalman Shazar Center) recommends that "Rabbi Haim Palaggi's grave should be marked as a landmark for orientation, and the building of a pergola should be considered for the visitors’ comfort."<ref> {{cite web | title = Recommendations for Future Work | publisher = Journey into Jewish Heritage – Zalman Shazar Center | url = http://www.jewish-heritage.org.il/subcontentpage.aspx?id=246&lang=en | date = | accessdate = 10 September 2016}}</ref><ref> {{cite web | title = Recommendations for Future Work (PDF) | publisher = Journey into Jewish Heritage – Zalman Shazar Center | url = http://www.jewish-heritage.org.il/moreshet/Uploaded_Files/documents/Izmir%20Cemetery%20Recommendations4.pdf | date = | accessdate = 10 September 2016}}</ref>

Palacci's grave lies in Plot B.4. It is one of the graves "brought over from the old cemetery and put in between the existing graves. This is the reason why the grave is at right angles to all the rest."<ref> {{cite web | title = Description of Plots According to Parcellation | publisher = Journey into Jewish Heritage – Zalman Shazar Center | url = http://www.jewish-heritage.org.il/subcontentpage.aspx?id=230&lang=en | date = | accessdate = 2 September 2016}}</ref><ref> {{cite web | title = Description of Plots According to Parcellation (PDF) | publisher = Journey into Jewish Heritage – Zalman Shazar Center | url = http://www.jewish-heritage.org.il/moreshet/Uploaded_Files/documents/Izmir%20Cemetery%20Plots3.pdf | date = | accessdate = 2 September 2016}}</ref>

===Synagogue=== A synagogue in Izmir is named after him (Beth Hillel Synagogue according to Shaw,<ref name=Shaw /> Beyt Hillel Pallache according to Lewental<ref name=Pallache-Turkish />) or his son Abraham.

According to Jewish Izmir Heritage, "In the 19th century, Rabbi Avraham Palache founded in his home a synagogue named Beit Hillel, after the philanthropist from Bucharest who supported the publication of Rabbi Palache's books. However, the name 'Avraham Palache Synagogue' was also used by the community."<ref> {{cite web | title = Beth Hillel Synagogue | publisher = Izmir Jewish Heritage | url = http://www.izmirjewishheritage.com/synagogues-of-izmir#beit-hillel-synagogue | date = | accessdate = 2 September 2016}}</ref> This synagogue forms a cluster of eight extant (from a recorded peak of 34 in the 19th century), all adjacent or in the Kemeraltı Çaršisi (Kemeraltı marketplace) in Izmir. The heritage organization states, "Izmir is the only city in the world in which an unusual cluster of synagogues bearing a typical medieval Spanish architectural style is preserved ...[and] creating an historical architectural complex unique in the world."<ref> {{cite web | title = Synagogues | publisher = Izmir Jewish Heritage | url = http://www.izmirjewishheritage.com/synagogues-of-izmir | date = | accessdate = 2 September 2016}}</ref>

In its record, Journey into Jewish Heritage calls the Beit Hillel synagogue "Avraham Palaggi's synagogue" but then states that "the synagogue was founded by [the] Palaggi Family in 1840" and that Rav Avraham Palaggi "used" it. "The building had been used as a synagogue and a ''Beit Midrash''. The synagogue has not been used since the 1960s." It concludes, "The synagogue was founded by the Palaggi family and is therefore very important."<ref name=BeitHillel> {{cite web | title = Index Card #7 BEIT HILLEL | publisher = Journey into Jewish Heritage – Zalman Shazar Center | url = http://www.jewish-heritage.org.il/moreshet/Uploaded_Files/documents/Beit%20Hillel%20ID(3).pdf | date = | accessdate = 2 September 2016}}</ref>

===Beit Hillel Yeshiva=== Journey into Jewish Heritage states that Palacci founded the ''Beit Hillel Yeshiva'' in the middle of the 19th century.<ref name=book-collection> {{cite web | title = Izmir's Jewish Community Book Collection | publisher = Journey into Jewish Heritage – Zalman Shazar Center | url = http://www.jewish-heritage.org.il/subcontentpage.aspx?id=230&lang=en | date = | accessdate = 2 September 2016}}</ref> Current sources are unclear, but it is likely the same as the ''Beit Midrash'' mentioned above.<ref name=BeitHillel />

===Bnei Brak yeshiva=== A seminary was named in Palachi's honor in Bnei Brak, Israel.<ref name=Pallache-Turkish />

===Family members=== An index for Abraham Galante's ''Histoire des Juifs de Torque'' (Jews of Turkey)<ref name=GalanteIndex /> includes the following details about Palacci family members:

: '''Samuel Palacci''', died 1732, "among the most ancient graves in Kuşadası cemetery"<ref name=GalanteIndex /> [...] : '''Isaac Palacci''', brother of Haim<ref name=GalanteIndex /> : '''Haim Palacci''' (1788–1869) ("Effendi"), chief rabbi, member of Communal Council in Istanbul, died February 9, 1869<ref name=GalanteIndex /> :: '''Abraham Palacci''' (1809–1899), funded for Beit Hilel yeshiva 1840, chief rabbi 1869, died 1899<ref name=GalanteIndex /> ::: '''Salomon Palacci''', eldest son of Abraham, whose candidacy for grand rabbi failed<ref name=GalanteIndex /> ::: '''Nissim Palacci''', son of Abraham, who supported his brother Salomon for grand rabbi<ref name=GalanteIndex /> :: '''Isaac Palacci''', son of Haim<ref name=GalanteIndex /> a.k.a. '''Rahamim Nissim Palacci''' (1813–1907), grand rabbi after Haim and Abraham and author of ''Avot harosh'' [published] at Isaac Samuel Segura printing house, Izmir, 1869<ref name=GalanteIndex /> :: '''Joseph Palacci''' (1819–1896), printed book ''Yosef et ehav'' at Mordekhai Isaac Barki printing house in Izmir, 1896<ref name=GalanteIndex /> [...] : '''Benjamin Palacci''' 1890, later rabbi in Tire (a district of Izmir)<ref name=GalanteIndex /> : '''Hilel Palacci''', member of Izmir communal council 1929–1933<ref name=GalanteIndex /> : '''Jacob Palacci''', director of choir Choeur des Maftirim in Istanbul 19th-20th century<ref name=GalanteIndex /> : '''Nissim Palacci''', helped the Jewish Hospital Istanbul in the early 20th century, member of Galata community committee 1928–1931, member Haskeuy community committee 1935–1939<ref name=GalanteIndex />

(The first name "Nissim" appears with "Palacci" four times in the Galante index cited. Specifically, it names Nissim ben Abraham ben Haim and Nissim ben Isaac (ben Jacob and brother of Haim), but the other two mentions of "Nissim" have no patronymic or clear reference to other family members. The Nissim of 1928–1931 and 1935–1939 must be a third person, as the previous must have died by then. Unassigned are the details for a Nissim who was "ca. 1895: Member of First Instance Court in Izmir."<ref name=GalanteIndex />)

==Works== Palacci began writing at the age of sixteen and wrote more than 70<ref name=Diaspora /> or 80 religious works, published in Salonica, Istanbul, Jerusalem, and Izmir.<ref name=BenNaeh /> Of these, he wrote: 7 works on the Bible, nine essays on the Talmud, 15 books of Midrash and homiletics, moral books, and 24 connected to law, acceptance, Q&A, and other subjects. Some of his works were handwritten. Many remain in print (reprinted) to this day.

Major works named in transliterated Hebrew<ref name=BenNaeh /> include:

# ''Tokhahot Hayyim'' (Reproofs of Life) # Collected homilies # ''Hayyim be-Yad'', halachic responsa # ''Nishmat Kol Hay'' (Soul of Every Living Thing) (2 volumes, 1832–1837), responsa # ''Massa Hayyim'' or ''Masa Hayim'' (Burden of Life) (1834)–in Ladino<ref name=Romeu /> # Responses on taxation (1877) # ''Arsot ha-Hayyim'' (Lands of the Living) (1877) # ''Qol ha-Hayyim'' # ''Mo'ed le-Khol Hay'' (Appointed Place for All Living), laws of the festivals # ''Hiqeqe Lev'' (Resolves of the Heart) (2 vols., Salonica, 1840–49), responsa # ''Kaf ha-Hayyim'' (Power of Life), halachic rulings and morals

Other works found named in transliterated Hebrew include: # ''Sefer Shoshanim Le’David'' (Salonica, 1815), halachic response<ref name=book-collection /><ref>{{cite web | title = Izmir's Jewish Community Book Collection (PDF) | publisher = Journey into Jewish Heritage – Zalman Shazar Center | url = http://www.jewish-heritage.org.il/Uploaded_Files/documents/Izmir%27s%20Jewish%20Community%20Book%20Collection.pdf | date = | accessdate = 2 September 2016 | archive-date = 12 February 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170212054848/http://www.jewish-heritage.org.il/Uploaded_Files/documents/Izmir%27s%20Jewish%20Community%20Book%20Collection.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> # ''Darche Hayyim 'al Pirke Abot'' (Smyrna, 1821), commentary on Pirke Avot # ''Leb Hayyim'' (vol. i, Salonica, 1823; ii.-iii., Smyrna, 1874–90), responsa and comments on the Shulchan Aruch # ''De-Rahamim le-Hayyim'' # ''Semichah le-Hayyim'' (Salonica, 1826) # ''Tsedakah Hayyim'' (Smyrna, 1838) # ''Tochahat Hayyim'' (2 vols., ib. 1840–53), moral counsel and sermons # ''Ateret Hayyim'' # ''Yimmatse le-Hayyim'', prayers for different needs # ''Nefesh Hayyim'' (ib. 1842) # ''Torah ve-Hayyim'' # ''Hayyim Tehillah'' # Treatises on various subjects plus eulogy of Sir Moses Montefiore with appendix "Derachav le-Mosheh" on the Damascus affair (ib. 1845) # ''Hayyim Derachav'' (ib. 1850) # ''Hayyim la-Roshe'' # ''Re'e Hayyim'' (3 vols., ib. 1860) # ''Hayyim ve-Shalom'' (Smyrna, 1862) # ''Katub le-Hayyim'' # ''Sippur Hayyim'' # ''Birkat Mordekai le-Hayyim'' (ib. 1868) # ''Sefer Hayyim'' (Salonica, 1868) # ''Ginze Hayyim'' (Smyrna, 1872) # ''Eine Kol Hai' '' (Izmir, 1878), photo<ref name=photos> {{cite web | title = Known Jewish Figures in Izmir | publisher = Journey into Jewish Heritage – Zalman Shazar Center | url = http://www.jewish-heritage.org.il/Uploaded_Files/documents/Izmir%20Book%20Photos.pdf | date = | page = 4 | accessdate = 2 September 2016}}</ref>) # ''Refuat Hayyim'', spiritual remedies for diseases # ''Mismatch Hayyim'', on significance of names

==Miscellaneous== Palacci's professional stamp survives in a book (see photo).<ref name=photos />

==See also== * Ladino * Kemeraltı cemetery * Pallache family * Pallache (surname) * Joseph Palacci (son) * Abraham Palacci (son) * Rahamim Nissim Palacci (son) * Juda Lion Palache (relative) * Charles Palache (relative) * Samuel Pallache (ancestor) * Joseph Pallache (ancestor) * Moses Pallache (ancestor) * David Pallache (ancestor) * Isaac Pallache (ancestor) * Samuel ha-Levi (ancestor) * Hakham Bashi * History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire * History of the Jews in Turkey

==References== {{reflist}}

==External sources== '''Primary:'''

* {{Citation | first = Yaron | last = Ben Naeh | contribution = Pallache, Ḥayyim | editor-last = Stillman | editor-first = Norman A. | title = Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World | volume = 4 | pages = 38–39 | publisher = Brill | place = | year = 2010 | contribution-url = http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/pallache-hayyim-SIM_0017300}} * {{cite journal |last = de Vidas |first = Albert |date = 24 September 1996 | title = The Palacci controversy, by Albert de Vidas |url= http://sefarad.org/lm/024/index.html |language = English |journal = Los Muestros |publisher = Sefard (Institut Sephardi Europeen) |access-date = 13 September 2016}}

'''Other:'''

* {{citation | last = Eckstein | first = Simon Aryeh Leib | title = The Life, Work and Influence of Rabbi Chayim Palaggi on the Jewish Community in Izmir (Ph.D. dissertation) | publisher = Yeshiva University | date = 1970}} * {{citation | last = Eckstein | first = Simon Aryeh Leib | title = Toledot ha-Chabif: The Work, Life and Influence of Rabbi Hayim Palaggi (1787–1868), Chief Rabbi of Izmir, Turkey | place = Jerusalem | publisher = Hoṣa’at ha-Leviyyim | date = 1999}} * {{citation | last = Ḥasida | first = Yisra’el Yiṣḥaq | title = Rabbi Ḥayyim Palaji v-sfarav: Reshima Biyo-Bibliyografit, bi-Mlo'ot Me'a Shana li-F ṭ irato | place = Jerusalem | publisher = Moqire Maran ha-Ḥabif | date = 1961}} * {{citation | first = D Gershon | last = Lewental | contribution = Pallache Family (Turkish Branch) | editor-last = Stillman | editor-first = Norman A. | title = Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World | volume = 4 | pages = | publisher = Brill | place = | year = 2010 | contribution-url = http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/pallache-family-turkish-branch-COM_0017280}} * {{citation | first = Mercedes | last = García-Arenal | contribution = Pallache Family (Moroccan Branch) | editor-last = Stillman | editor-first = Norman A. | title = Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World | volume = 4 | pages = | publisher = Brill | place = | year = 2010 | contribution-url = http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/pallache-family-moroccan-branch-COM_0017270}} * {{citation | first = Yaron | last = Ben Naeh | title = Jews in the Realm of the Sultans: Ottoman Jewish Society in the Seventeenth Century | publisher = Mohr Siebeck | date = 2008 | isbn = 9783161495236 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xWZ4qCzJKasC}} *Franco, ''Histoire des Israélites de l'Empire Ottoman'', pp. 198–202, 245 *Hazan, Solomon, ''Ha-Ma'alot li-Shelomoh'', s.v. * {{Jewish Encyclopedia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=24&letter=P|article=Palaggi, Hayyim}} * {{cite web | url = https://www.jewishideas.org/articles/rabbi-hayim-palachi-1788-1868-rabbi-izmir | title = Rabbi Hayim Palachi (1788–1868)--Rabbi of Izmir | publisher = Ideas (Institute for Jewish Ideas and Ideals) | date = | accessdate = 7 September 2016}} * {{cite book | url = http://booksnow1.scholarsportal.info/ebooks/oca5/24/essaisurlhistoir00franuoft/essaisurlhistoir00franuoft_djvu.txt | publisher = Librarie A. Durlacher | title = L'Histoire des Israelites de l'Empire Ottoman depuis les origines jusqu'a nos jours | first = Moïse | last = FRANCO | place = Paris | pages = 165 (grands-rabbins), 182–183 (Haïm), 193, 197–202 (Haïm Palacci dispute) | date = 1897 | accessdate = 7 September 2016}} * {{cite web | url = https://www.daat.ac.il/encyclopedia/value.asp?id1=1822 | title = מחכמי איזמיר במאה ה (Hebrew: Rabbi Chaim Palagi) | publisher = Opinion – Jewish and Spiritual Studies | date = | accessdate = 15 September 2016}} * {{cite journal |last = Romeu |first = Pilar |date = 2006 |title = Masa Hayim: Una Homilía de Hayim Palachi |url= http://www.ugr.es/~estsemi/miscelanea/55/14.Romeu06,259-273.pdf |language = Spanish |journal = Miscelánea de Estudios Árebes y Hebreos (MEAH): Revista del Dpto. De Estudios Semíticos |location = Granada |pages = 259–273 |publisher = Universidad de Granada |access-date = 27 September 2016}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palachi, Haim}} Category:Sephardi rabbis Category:Turkish Jews Category:Smyrniote Jews Category:19th-century rabbis from the Ottoman Empire Category:1788 births Category:1868 deaths Category:Authors of books on Jewish law Category:Judaeo-Spanish-language writers Category:Pallache family