Bidens

{{Short description|Genus of plants}} {{About|the plant genus|the family of former President Joe Biden|Family of Joe Biden|other uses|Biden (disambiguation)}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Bidenstripartita.jpg | image_caption = ''Bidens tripartita'' | display_parents = 2 | taxon = Bidens | authority = L.<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?1444 |title=Genus: ''Bidens'' L |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2007-10-05 |access-date=2011-02-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629213416/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?1444 |archive-date=2011-06-29 }}</ref> | synonyms = {{Species list |Adenolepis|Less. |Campylotheca|Cass. |Delucia|DC. |Diodonta|Nutt. |Dolichotheca|Cass. |Edwarsia|Neck., not validly publ. |Forbicina|Ség., nom. superfl. |Gemella|Hill |Heliophthalmum|Raf. |Kerneria|Moench |Megalodonta|Greene |Microlecane|Sch.Bip. ex Benth. & Hook.f. |Pluridens|Neck., not validly publ. |Prestinaria|Sch.Bip. ex Hochst., not validly publ. }} | synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO_60433909-2>{{Cite POWO|title=''Bidens'' L..|id=60433909-2|access-date=2024-05-21|mode=cs1}}</ref> }}

'''''Bidens''''' is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae.<ref name="fna">[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=103917 ''Bidens''.] Flora of North America.</ref> The genus include roughly 230 species which are distributed worldwide.<ref name=":0">Knope, M. L., Funk, V. A., Johnson, M. A., Wagner, W. L., Datlof, E. M., Johnson, G., ... & Carlquist, S. (2020). Dispersal and adaptive radiation of ''Bidens'' (Compositae) across the remote archipelagoes of Polynesia. ''Journal of Systematics and Evolution'', ''58''(6), 805-822.</ref> Despite their global distribution, the systematics and taxonomy of the genus has been described as complicated and unorganized.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Ganders, F. R., Berbee, M., & Perseyedi, M. (2000). ITS base sequence phylogeny in ''Bidens'' (Asteraceae): Evidence for the continental relatives of Hawaiian and Marquesan ''Bidens''. ''Systematic Botany,'' ''25''(1), 122-133.</ref> The common names '''beggarticks''', '''black jack''', '''burr marigolds''', '''cobbler's pegs''', '''Spanish needles''', '''stickseeds''', '''tickseeds''' and '''tickseed sunflowers''' refer to the fruits of the plants, most of which are bristly and barbed. The generic name refers to the same character; ''Bidens'' comes from the Latin ''bi'' ("two") and ''dens'' ("tooth").<ref name="fna" />

== Phylogeny, taxonomy and diversity == thumb|300x300px|''Bidens cernua'' Despite their global distribution, the systematics and taxonomy of the genus has been described as complicated and unorganized.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The genus include roughly 230 species.<ref name="nsw" /><ref name="jeps">[http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=341 ''Bidens''.] The Jepson eFlora 2013.</ref>

''Bidens'' is closely related to the American genus ''Coreopsis'', and the genera are sometimes difficult to tell apart; in addition, neither is monophyletic.<ref name="craw">Crawford, D. J. and M. E. Mort. (2005). [https://archive.today/20130819014022/http://www.amjbot.org/content/92/2/330.long Phylogeny of Eastern North American ''Coreopsis'' (Asteraceae-Coreopsideae): insights from nuclear and plastid sequences, and comments on character evolution.] ''American Journal of Botany'' 92(2), 330-36.</ref>

===Species=== {{main|List of Bidens species}} Species include:<ref name=fna/><ref name="china">[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=103917 ''Bidens''.] Flora of China.</ref><ref name="GRINSpecies">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?1444 |title=GRIN Species Records of ''Bidens'' |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |access-date=2011-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120111645/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?1444 |archive-date=2009-01-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=35705 |taxon=''Bidens'' |access-date=2011-02-12}}</ref>

* ''Bidens alba'' (L.) DC. – romerillo * ''Bidens amplectens'' Sherff – Wai{{okina}}anae koko{{okina}}olau * ''Bidens amplissima'' Greene – Vancouver Island beggarticks * ''Bidens aristosa'' (Michx.) Britt. – bearded beggarticks, long-bracted beggarticks, tickseed sunflower, western tickseed * ''Bidens asymmetrica'' (Levl.) Sherff – Ko{{okina}}olau koko{{okina}}olau, Ko'olau Range beggarticks * ''Bidens aurea'' (Ait.) Sherff – Arizona beggarticks * ''Bidens beckii'' – Beck's water-marigold, Henderson's water-marigold, Oregon water-marigold * ''Bidens bidentoides'' (Nutt.) Britt. – Delmarva beggarticks * ''Bidens bigelovii'' A.Gray – Bigelow's beggarticks * ''Bidens bipinnata'' L. – Spanish needles, hemlock beggarticks, ''gui zheng cao'' ({{zh|c=鬼針草}}) * ''Bidens biternata'' * ''Bidens cabopulmensis'' * ''Bidens campylotheca'' Sch.Bip.– viper beggarticks * ''Bidens cernua'' L. (syn. ''B. glaucescens'' Greene) – nodding beggarticks, nodding bur-marigold * ''Bidens cervicata'' Sherff – Kaua{{okina}}i beggarticks * ''Bidens chippii'' (M.B.Moss) Mesfin * ''Bidens conjuncta'' Sherff – bog beggarticks * ''Bidens connata''<ref>Crowe, D. R. and W. H. Parker. (1981). [http://davidcrowe.ca/SciHealthEnv/1981-Bidens.pdf Hybridization and agamospermy of ''Bidens'' in northwestern Ontario.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184823/http://davidcrowe.ca/SciHealthEnv/1981-Bidens.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} ''Taxon'' 30(4): 749-60.</ref> Muhl. ex Willd. – purplestem beggarticks * ''Bidens coronata'' (L.) Britt. – crowned beggarticks * ''Bidens cosmoides'' (A.Gray) Sherff – cosmosflower beggarticks, ''po{{okina}}ola nui'' * ''Bidens cynapiifolia'' Kunth – West Indian beggarticks, ''alfilerillo'' * ''Bidens discoidea'' (Torr. & A.Gray) Britt. – discoid beggarticks, small beggarticks, swamp beggarticks, few-bracted beggarticks * ''Bidens eatonii'' Fern. – Eaton's beggarticks, ''bident d'Eaton'' * ''Bidens ferulifolia'' (Jacq.) DC. – Apache beggarticks, fern-leaved beggarticks * ''Bidens forbesii'' Sherff – coastal bluff beggarticks * ''Bidens frondosa'' L. – devil's beggarticks, devil's pitchfork, devil's bootjack, pitchfork weed, common beggarticks, sticktights. Pitchfork weed (''B. frondosa'') is considered to be a weed in New Zealand. * ''Bidens gardneri'' Baker – ridge beggarticks * ''Bidens hawaiensis'' A.Gray – Hawai{{okina}}i beggarticks * ''Bidens henryi'' Sherff * ''Bidens heterodoxa'' (Fern.) Fern. & H.St.John – Connecticut beggarticks, ''bident différent'' * ''Bidens heterosperma'' Gray – Rocky Mountain beggarticks * ''Bidens hillebrandiana'' (Drake) O.Deg. – seacliff beggarticks * ''Bidens hyperborea'' Greene – estuary beggarticks, coastal beggarticks, northern estuarine beggarticks, seacliff beggarticks * ''Bidens laevis'' (L.) B.S.P. – smooth beggarticks, smooth bur-marigold, larger bur-marigold. Smooth beggarticks (''B. laevis'') is a common fall flower in the southeastern United States. * ''Bidens lemmonii'' Gray – Lemmon's beggarticks * ''Bidens leptocephala'' Sherff – few-flowered beggarticks * ''Bidens leptophylla'' * ''Bidens macrocarpa'' (Gray) Sherff – large-fruited beggarticks * ''Bidens macroptera'' (Sch.Bip. ex Chiov.) Mesfin * ''Bidens mannii'' T.G.J.Rayner * ''Bidens mauiensis'' (Gray) Sherff – Maui beggarticks * ''Bidens maximowicziana'' * ''Bidens menziesii'' (Gray) Sherff – Mauna Loa beggarticks * ''Bidens meyeri'' V.A.Funk & K.R.Wood * ''Bidens micrantha'' Gaud. – grassland beggarticks ** ''B. micrantha'' ssp. ''kalealaha'' Nagata & Ganders – Kalealaha beggarticks * ''Bidens mitis'' (Michx.) Sherff – small-fruited beggarticks * ''Bidens molokaiensis'' (Hillebr.) Sherff – Moloka{{okina}}i beggarticks, wedge beggarticks * ''Bidens'' × ''multiceps'' Fassett * ''Bidens nudata'' Brandegee ''–'' Cape beggar's tick, Baja tickseed * ''Bidens parviflora'' * ''Bidens pachyloma'' – Meskel Flower * ''Bidens pilosa'' S.F.Blake – hairy beggarticks * ''Bidens polylepis'' S.F.Blake * ''Bidens populifolia'' Sherff – O{{okina}}ahu beggarticks * ''Bidens radiata'' * ''Bidens reptans'' (L.) G.Don – manzanilla trepador * ''Bidens sandvicensis'' Less. – shrubland beggarticks * ''Bidens schimperi'' Sch.Bip. * ''Bidens simplicifolia'' C.H.Wright * ''Bidens socorrensis'' * ''Bidens squarrosa'' Kunth * ''Bidens subalternans'' DC. * ''Bidens tenuisecta'' A.Gray – slim-lobed beggarticks * ''Bidens torta'' Sherff – corkscrew beggarticks * ''Bidens trichosperma'' (Michx.) Britton – crowned beggarticks * ''Bidens tripartita'' L. (syn. ''B. acuta'', ''B. comosa'') – three-lobed beggarticks, three-part beggarticks, leafy-bracted beggarticks, trifid bur-marigold * ''Bidens triplinervia'' Kunth ** ''B. triplinervia'' var. ''macrantha'' (Wedd.) Sherff * ''Bidens valida'' Sherff – Mt. Kahili beggarticks * ''Bidens vulgata'' Greene – big devil's beggarticks, tall beggarticks, tall bur-marigold, western sticktight * ''Bidens wiebkei'' Sherff – Wiebke's beggarticks

===Formerly placed here=== *''Cosmos atrosanguineus'' (Hook.) Voss (as ''B. atrosanguinea'' (Hook.) Ortgies ex Regel) *''Cosmos bipinnatus'' Cav. (as ''B. formosa'' (Bonato) Sch.Bip.) *''Melanthera nivea'' (L.) Small (as ''B. nivea'' L.) *''Salmea scandens'' (L.) DC. (as ''B. scandens'' L.) *''Thelesperma megapotamicum'' (Spreng.) Kuntze (as ''B. megapotamica'' Spreng.)<ref name="GRINSpecies"/>

==Distribution== ''Bidens'' includes roughly 230 species which are distributed worldwide<ref name=":0" /> throughout many tropical and warm temperate regions.<ref name="nsw">[http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=gn&name=Bidens ''Bidens''.] New South Wales Flora Online. National Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney.</ref> Species occur in the Americas, Africa, Polynesia, Europe and Asia.<ref name="gand">Ganders, F. R., et al. (2000). [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2666678?uid=3739560&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21102562678633 ITS base sequence phylogeny in ''Bidens'' (Asteraceae): Evidence for the continental relatives of Hawaiian and Marquesan ''Bidens''.] ''Systematic Botany'' 25(1) 122-33.</ref>

''Bidens'' are zoochorous; their seeds will stick to clothing, fur or feathers, and be carried to new habitat. This has enabled them to colonize a wide range, including many oceanic islands. Some of these species occur only in a very restricted range and several are now threatened with extinction, notably in the Hawaiian Islands. Due to the absence of native mammals on these islands, some of the oceanic island taxa have reduced burrs, evolving features that seem to aid in dispersal by the wind instead.

==Human use and interactions== Nodding beggarticks (''B. cernua'') and hairy beggarticks (''B. pilosa'') are useful as honey plants. Several ''Bidens'' species are used as food by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera, such as the noctuid moth ''Hypercompe hambletoni'' and the brush-footed butterfly ''Vanessa cardui'', the painted lady.

The Bidens mottle virus, a plant pathogen, was first isolated from ''B. pilosa'', and it infects many other Asteraceae and plants of other families.

Native Hawaiians drink a special tea out of their leaves (known collectively as ''koʻokoʻolau'')<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Chock |first=Alvin K. |date=1968 |title=Hawaiian Ethnobotanical Studies I. Native Food and Beverage Plants |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4252960 |journal=Economic Botany |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=232 |doi=10.1007/BF02861956 |jstor=4252960 |bibcode=1968EcBot..22..221C |issn=0013-0001|url-access=subscription }}</ref> back when they were abundant in Hawaii.

== Photo gallery == <gallery heights="120"> File:Bidens tripartita 003.jpg File:Bidens biternata W IMG 2942.jpg File:Flor blanca (Bidens alba).jpg File:Bidens frondosa, 2021-09-15, Bird Park, 02.jpg File:BidensFrondosa9.jpg File:Bidens cernua SCA-6457.jpg File:Bidens cernua sl27.jpg </gallery>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== * {{Commons category-inline|Bidens|''Bidens''}} * {{Wikispecies-inline|Bidens|''Bidens''}} * {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Bur-Marigold|short=x}}

Category:Bidens Category:Asteraceae genera Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus