2014 celebrity nude photo leak

{{short description|Data leak of private photographs}} {{use American English|date=March 2021}} {{use mdy dates|date=March 2021}} {{Infobox event | date = {{start date|2014|08|31}} –<br />{{end date|2014|10|27}} | also_known_as = {{unbulleted list|Celebgate|The Fappening}} | type = {{unbulleted list|Computer hacking|Spear phishing attack}} | target = Celebrities | verdict = Pleaded guilty | convictions = {{tree list}} * Aggravated identity theft ** Christopher Brannan * Unauthorized access ** Christopher Brannan ** Ryan Collins ** George Garofano ** Emilio Herrera ** Edward Majerczyk{{tree list/end}} | sentence = {{tree list}} * Imprisonment ** Brannan: 38 months ** Collins: 18 months ** Garofano: 8 months ** Herrera: 16 months ** Majerczyk: 9 months * Restitution costs ** Majerczyk: {{US$|5700|long=no}}{{tree list/end}} }}

From August 31, 2014 to October 27, 2014, a collection of nearly five hundred sexually explicit private photos and videos were posted online by an anonymous group that called themselves "collectors". The majority of these photos and videos were illegally obtained sexts from over a hundred female celebrities that showed the women topless, naked, and/or performing sexual acts. They were first posted on the imageboard 4chan, and then swiftly disseminated by other users on websites and social networks such as Imgur and Reddit. Internet users and media respondents termed the phenomenon "'''Celebgate'''" or, more popularly, "'''The Fappening'''".<ref> [https://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/news-events/celebgate-searching-for-illicit-content-during-the-2014-celebrity-photo-leaks/ #Celebgate: Searching for Illicit Content During the 2014 Celebrity Photo Leaks] </ref>

The images were initially believed to have been obtained via a breach of Apple's cloud services suite iCloud,<ref name="2014-09-01 Guardian: Arthur 1" /><ref name="2014-09-02 Washington Post" /> or a security issue in the iCloud API which allowed them to make unlimited attempts with guessing victims' passwords.<ref name="2014-09-01 Irish Independent" /><ref name="2015-01-02 International Business Times" /> Apple claimed in a press release that access was gained via spear phishing attacks.<ref name="2014-09-02 Apple" /><ref name="2014-09-02 Verge" />

The incident was met with varied reactions from the media and fellow celebrities. Critics argued the leak was a major invasion of privacy for the photos' subjects, while some of the alleged subjects denied the images' authenticity. The leak also prompted increased concern from analysts surrounding the privacy and security of cloud computing services such as iCloud—with a particular emphasis on their use to store sensitive, private information.

==Origin of the monikers== "The Fappening" is a jocular portmanteau coined by combining the words "fap", an internet slang term for masturbation, and the title of the 2008 film ''The Happening''. Though the term is a vulgarism originating either with the imageboards where the pictures were initially posted or Reddit, mainstream media outlets soon adopted the term themselves, such as the BBC.<ref name="2016-03-16 BBC" /><ref name="2017-01-25 BBC" /> The term has received criticism from journalists like Radhika Sanghani of ''The Daily Telegraph'' and Toyin Owoseje of the ''International Business Times'', who said that the term not only trivialized the leak, but also, according to Sanghani, "[made] light of a very severe situation." Both articles used the term extensively to describe the event, including in their headlines.<ref name="2014-09-02 Telegraph" /> "Celebgate" is a reference to the Watergate scandal.<ref name="2015-02-19 Dagens Næringsliv" />

==Procurement and distribution== The images were obtained via the online storage offered by Apple's iCloud platform for automatically backing up photos from iOS devices, such as iPhones.<ref name="2014-09-01 TNW" /> Apple later reported that the victims' iCloud account information was obtained using "a very targeted attack on user names, passwords and security questions", such as phishing and brute-force attack guessing.<ref name="2014-09-02 Apple" /><ref name="2014-09-02 Verge" /><ref name="2014-09-05 WSJ" /> It was believed that the images were obtained using an exploit in the Find My iPhone service.<ref name="2014-09-01 TNW" /> Court documents from 2014 indicated that one user created a fake email account called "appleprivacysecurity" to ask celebrities for security information.<ref name="2016-01-15 Gawker" /> The photos were being passed around privately for at least a couple of weeks before their public release on August 31. Some anonymous imageboard users at the time claimed that unreleased photos and videos exist.<ref name="2014-09-01 Gawker" />

The hacker responsible for the leak, who described themselves as being a "collector", distributed the leaked images on the image boards 4chan and Anon-IB in exchange for Bitcoin.<ref name="2014-09-02 Independent" /><ref name="2014-09-03 Slate" /> Ultimately, the images were widely circulated online via other channels, including Imgur and Tumblr. Celebrity gossip blogger Perez Hilton also re-posted some of the photos on his blog, but soon took them down and issued an apology, saying he had "acted in bad taste".<ref name="2014-09-01 Daily Dot: Jaworski" /><ref name="2014-09-03 Independent: Selby 1" />

A major center of activity was the link-sharing website Reddit,<ref name="2014-09-05 Washington Post" /> where a subreddit, /r/TheFappening, was created for sharing the photos;<ref name="2014-09-08 Forbes" /> in a single day, it amassed over 100,000 followers. Reddit administrators were criticized for allowing this to take place in an alleged violation of their anti-doxing rules.<ref name="2014-09-01 Daily Dot: Price" /><ref name="2014-08-31 Mashable" /> As McKayla Maroney claimed to be under 18 at the time the photos of her were taken, Reddit staff took photos of her down and warned that anyone re-posting them, or underage photos of Liz Lee which had been circulating prior to this incident, would be permanently banned from the site and could be prosecuted for distributing child pornography.<ref name="2014-09-02 E!" /> On September 7, citing copyright issues, Reddit banned /r/TheFappening,<ref name="2014-09-08 Forbes" /><ref name="2014-09-08 Huffington Post" /> also saying the workload of dealing with them had become too much.<ref name="2014-09-07 Reddit" /> Reddit banned another subreddit named "Fappening" on the same day.<ref name="2014-09-08 Huffington Post" />

==Content and affected celebrities== [[File:MLB All-Star Red Carpet Parade (48266260657).jpg|thumb|left|Kate Upton and Justin Verlander (pictured in 2019) confirmed the authenticity of leaked photos.]] The original release contained photos and videos of more than 100 individuals that were allegedly obtained from file storage on hacked iCloud accounts,<ref name="2014-09-03 Independent: Alexander" /> including some the leakers claimed were A-list celebrities.<ref name="2014-09-01 Time" /> Shortly after the photos were leaked, several affected celebrities issued statements either confirming or denying the photos' authenticity.<ref name="2014-09-02 Hollywood Life" /> Celebrities who confirmed the photos' authenticity include Jennifer Lawrence (confirmed by her publicist),<ref name="2014-09-01 Telegraph" /> Kate Upton and her husband Justin Verlander (confirmed by Upton's lawyer),<ref name="2014-09-01 Deadspin" /><ref name="2014-09-01 WZZM" /><ref name="2014-08-31 Buzzfeed" /> Mary Elizabeth Winstead (confirmed via Twitter),<ref name="2014-09-01 Guardian: Arthur 2" /><ref name="2014-09-03 Independent: Selby 2" /> Kaley Cuoco (confirmed via Instagram),<ref name="2014-09-02 Daily News & Analysis" /><ref name="2014-09-03 Us Weekly" /> and Kirsten Dunst, who also criticized the iCloud service.<ref name="2014-09-02 Irish Independent" /> Singer Jill Scott confirmed on Twitter that one of the leaked photos was of her while stating that another was fake.<ref name="2014-09-04 Independent: Selby" /> The perpetrators used ElcomSoft tools to download iCloud backups from Apple.<ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2016/03/16/icloud-hacking-jennifer-lawrence-fappening-apple-nude-photo-leaks/</ref><ref>https://www.justice.gov/usao-edva/pr/former-high-school-teacher-pleads-guilty-celebgate-hacking</ref><ref>https://appleinsider.com/articles/18/10/22/former-high-school-teacher-used-elcomsoft-software-in-celebgate-hack</ref>

Celebrities who denied the photos' authenticity include Ariana Grande<ref name="2014-08-31 Billboard" /><ref name="2014-09-01 Mashable" /> and Yvonne Strahovski.<ref name="2014-09-02 Bustle" /> Olympic gymnast McKayla Maroney denied the images' authenticity on Twitter,<ref name="2014-09-01 WAPO" /><ref name="2014-09-01 Maroney" /> but later confirmed the photos were legitimate while also saying she was underage when they were taken.<ref name="2014-09-02 E!" /> Victoria Justice denied the photos were authentic but later stated on Twitter that she was pursuing legal action and found the leak to be a massive invasion of not just her privacy, but of the privacy of all celebrities affected by the incident.<ref name="2014-08-31 Billboard" /><ref name="2014-09-04 Independent: Alexander" /> Reports in October indicated that Nick Hogan was the first male star to be directly targeted by hackers, though he denied the pictures' authenticity.<ref name="2014-10-07 Independent" />

According to security expert Nik Cubrilovic, in addition to the photographs, other personal information such as text messages, calendars, address books, phone call logs and any other data stored on their phones and backed up to the service were also likely stolen.<ref name="2014-09-03 Sydney Morning Herald" /><ref name="2014-09-02 Cubrilovic, Nik" />

On September 20, 2014, a second batch of similar private photos of additional celebrities was leaked by hackers.<ref name="2014-09-22 Business Insider" /> On September 26, 2014, a third batch was also leaked, which was dubbed "The Fappening 3".<ref name="2014-09-28 Hacking Post" /><ref name="2014-09-28 Hollywood Life" /> Then, a fourth and fifth batch were leaked in early and late October 2014.<ref> [https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-29505120 Fourth wave of naked celebrity photos 'released' by hackers]</ref><ref>[https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-fappening-4-more-celeb-nudes-leak-online-including-the-first-man-seems-to-be-dying-down/ ‘The Fappening 4’: More Celeb Nudes Leak Online Including the First Man, Seems to Be Dying Down]</ref><ref>[https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-fappening-is-dead-from-a-list-hacking-victims-to-d-listers-accused-of-leaking-nudes-for-pr/ ‘The Fappening’ Is Dead: From A-List Hacking Victims to D-Listers Accused of Leaking Nudes For PR]</ref><ref>[https://www.ibtimes.com.au/fappening-5-young-females-allegedly-join-list-celebrity-nude-leak-victims-1383155 Fappening: 5 Young Females Allegedly Join List Of Celebrity Nude Leak Victims]</ref>

==Reactions==

Actress Lena Dunham pleaded on Twitter for people not to view the photos, arguing that in doing so "you are violating these women over and over again. It's not okay."<ref name=clark /> Actress Emma Watson condemned not only the leak but "the accompanying comments [on social media] that show such a lack of empathy."<ref name=worse /> Actors Seth Rogen and Lucas Neff also spoke out against the hackers and people who posted the pictures.<ref name=Lubitz /> Justin Verlander, then a pitcher for the Detroit Tigers, told the media prior to a game against the Cleveland Indians that he keeps his private life private and would rather focus on the Tigers' race with the Kansas City Royals for the AL Central title than be a distraction to his teammates.<ref name="2014-09-02 ESPN" /> Security analysts have stated that the breach could have been prevented through the use of two-factor authentication,<ref name="Re/code 2014-09-01" /> while a ''Forbes'' writer recommended completely shutting down the iCloud "Photo Stream" feature (which automatically uploads photos taken with an iOS device to iCloud servers).<ref name=gordonkelly />

Jennifer Lawrence contacted authorities and her publicist stated that the authorities would prosecute anyone who posted leaked images of her.<ref name="2014-09-01 Fox News" /> ''Forbes'' columnist Joseph Steinberg questioned whether the reactions by law enforcement and technology providers indicated that celebrities were being treated differently from ordinary Americans, which, in the case of law enforcement, may be illegal.<ref name=josephsteinberg />

On October 1, 2014, Google was threatened with a $100 million lawsuit by lawyer Martin Singer on behalf of unnamed victims of the leak, alleging that Google had refused to respond to requests for the images to be removed from its platforms (including Blogger and YouTube), "[failing] to act expeditiously, and responsibly to remove the images", and "knowingly accommodating, facilitating, and perpetuating the unlawful conduct".<ref name="2014-10-02 Deadline Hollywood" /><ref name="2014-10-02 Guardian" />

In an interview with ''Vanity Fair'', victim Jennifer Lawrence called the leak a "sex crime" and a "sexual violation"; she added, "Anybody who looked at those pictures, you're perpetuating a sexual offense. You should cower with shame."<ref name="2014-10-07 Vanity Fair" /> This view was contrasted by another victim of the leak, Emily Ratajkowski, who told ''GQ'', "A lot of people who were victims of [the hack] said anyone who looks at these pictures should feel guilty, but I just don't think that's fair", and "I'm not sure that anyone who Googles it is necessarily a criminal. I think the people who stole the photos are".<ref name="2015-08-04 Fashion & Style" />

==Investigation== The Federal Bureau of Investigation said it was "aware of the allegations concerning computer intrusions and the unlawful release of material involving high profile individuals, and is addressing the matter".<ref name="2014-09-01 CBS News" /> Similarly, Apple stated that it had been investigating whether a security breach of the iCloud service was responsible for the leaked photographs, as per the company's commitment to user privacy.<ref name="Re/code 2014-09-01" /><ref name=BI /> On September 2, 2014, Apple reported that the leaked images were the result of compromised accounts, using "a very targeted attack on user names, passwords and security questions, a practice that has become all too common on the Internet".<ref name="2014-09-02 Apple" /><ref name="2014-09-02 Verge" />

In October 2014, the FBI searched a house in Chicago, Illinois, and seized several computers, cellphones and storage drives after tracking the source of a hacking attack to an IP address linked to an individual named Emilio Herrera. A related search warrant application mentioned eight unidentified high profile victims. According to law enforcement officials, Herrera was just one of several people under investigation and the FBI carried out various searches across the country.<ref name="2015-06-10 CNN" /><ref name="2015-06-09 Daily News" />

===Guilty pleas=== In March 2016, 36-year-old Ryan Collins of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, agreed to plead guilty to one count of unauthorized access to a protected computer to obtain information resulting in an 18-month sentence.<ref name="2016-03-15 NBC News" /> While no victims were named in the court documents, numerous media outlets connected Collins' case to the breach. During the investigation, it was found that Collins phished by sending e-mails to the victims that looked like they had been sent by Apple or Google, warning the victims that their accounts might be compromised and asking for their account details. The victims would enter their passwords, and Collins gained access to their accounts, downloading e-mails and iCloud backups.<ref name="2016-03-15 TechCrunch" /> In October 2016, Collins was sentenced to 18 months in prison.<ref name="2016-10-27 Guardian" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-37796986|title=Celebgate hack: Collins sentenced over nude photos theft|work=BBC News|date=October 28, 2016|access-date=June 21, 2018|archive-date=December 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216210940/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-37796986|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2016, 28-year-old Edward Majerczyk of Chicago, agreed to plead guilty to a similar phishing scheme, although authorities believe he worked independently and he was not accused of selling the images or posting them online.<ref name="2014-09-01 Inquisitr" /><ref name="2016-08-31 Chicago Tribune" /><ref name="Majerczyk">{{cite web|last1=Meisner|first1=Jason|title=Chicagoan gets prison for 'Celebgate' nude-photo hacking that judge calls 'abhorrent'|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-celebgate-hacking-scandal-sentencing-met-20170123-story.html|work=Chicago Tribune|date=January 24, 2017|access-date=January 24, 2017|archive-date=January 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124013423/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-celebgate-hacking-scandal-sentencing-met-20170123-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On January 24, 2017, Majerczyk was sentenced to nine months in prison and was ordered to pay {{US dollar|5700|2017}} in restitution to cover the counseling services of one unnamed celebrity victim.<ref name="Majerczyk"/>

Emilio Herrera, also from Chicago, had first been named in the press in 2014;<ref name="2015-06-10 CNN" /> he pleaded guilty to one count of unauthorized access to a protected computer to obtain information in October 2017. Herrera had accessed the accounts of unnamed celebrities and others but was not accused of being involved in leaking or sharing the photos and videos he obtained.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kelly|first1=Ray|title=Man faces 5 years in prison after hacking into 40 celebrity accounts and hundreds of others|url=https://latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-hacking-plea-deal-20171023-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|date=October 23, 2017|access-date=May 17, 2018|archive-date=May 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517223401/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-hacking-plea-deal-20171023-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was sentenced to 16 months in jail in March 2018.<ref name="masslive">{{cite web|last1=Tchekmedyian|first1=Alene|title=Connecticut man pleads guilty to hacking Jennifer Lawrence, celebrity accounts for nude photos|url=http://www.masslive.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2018/04/connecticut_man_pleads_guilty.html|work=Mass Live|date=April 13, 2018|access-date=May 17, 2018|archive-date=May 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517223309/http://www.masslive.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2018/04/connecticut_man_pleads_guilty.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2018, 26-year-old George Garofano of North Branford, Connecticut, pleaded guilty to one count of unauthorized access to a protected computer to obtain information. Garofano's attorney said he had been led into the phishing scheme by criminals.<ref name="masslive"/> On August 29, 2018, a federal court sentenced Garofano to eight months in prison.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hacker of celebrity photos gets 8 months in prison |url=https://apnews.com/article/eed74fa9aaf24a2aa6db3068975a5244 |access-date=23 March 2023 |work=AP NEWS |date=29 August 2018 |language=en |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323204856/https://apnews.com/article/eed74fa9aaf24a2aa6db3068975a5244 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On October 22, 2018, Christopher Brannan, a former Virginia teacher, became the fifth man to be convicted in relation to the hacking. Brannan pled guilty to federal charges of aggravated identity theft and unauthorized access to a protected computer. Through a phishing expedition{{explain|date=January 2025}}, he hacked more than 200 people. In addition to his celebrity victims, Brannan targeted his underage sister-in-law, as well as teachers and students at the school where he used to teach.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Burns |first1=Jake |title=Ex Hanover special ed teacher pleads guilty in "Celebgate" hacking scandal |url=https://wtvr.com/2018/10/22/former-richmond-special-ed-teacher-pleads-guilty-in-celebgate-hacking-scandal/ |publisher=WTVR-TV |date=October 22, 2018 |access-date=November 17, 2018 |archive-date=November 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117192953/https://wtvr.com/2018/10/22/former-richmond-special-ed-teacher-pleads-guilty-in-celebgate-hacking-scandal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Brannan was sentenced to 34 months in prison on March 1, 2019.<ref>{{cite news|title=Former Hanover teacher sentenced in 'Celebgate' nude photo hacking|url=https://wtvr.com/2019/03/01/christopher-brannan-sentenced/|publisher=WTVR-TV|date=March 1, 2019|access-date=March 24, 2019|archive-date=March 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324062021/https://wtvr.com/2019/03/01/christopher-brannan-sentenced/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== iCloud security increase == [[File:Tim Cook (2017) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Apple CEO Tim Cook (pictured in 2017) announced the company would increase security for iCloud.]]

In an interview with ''The Wall Street Journal'', Apple CEO Tim Cook stated that in response to the leak, the company planned to take additional steps to protect the privacy and security of iCloud users in the future.<ref name="2014-09-05 WSJ" /> Notifications will be provided whenever data is restored to a device via iCloud and after logging into iCloud via a web browser,<ref name="2014-09-08 Verge" /> in addition to existing notifications when a user's iCloud password is changed. Additionally, Apple will broaden and encourage the use of two-factor authentication in future versions of its software and operating systems, such as the then-upcoming iOS 8. In conclusion, he emphasized that "we want to do everything we can do to protect our customers, because we are as outraged if not more so than they are".<ref name="2014-09-05 WSJ" />

<blockquote>Apple’s chips have to be relied upon to encrypt secure data so that it cannot be read by anyone else, for instance; pictures need to be scrambled before they are sent up to be backed up on iCloud, for instance, to ensure that an attacker could not grab them as they are transferred. That requires using detailed and complicated mathematical work to make the pictures meaningless without the encryption key that will unlock them.<ref name="independent/b2450192">{{cite news |title=Why Apple is working hard to break into its own iPhones |url=https://www.the-independent.com/tech/iphone-apple-security-software-lockdown-mode-b2450192.html |access-date=15 May 2026 |work=The Independent |date=20 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> (November 2023) The Independent</blockquote>

==See also== * {{annotated link|Edison Chen photo scandal}} * {{annotated link|Imagery of nude celebrities}} *{{annotated link|Celebrity sex tape}} * {{annotated link|List of -gate scandals and controversies}} * {{annotated link|Sexting}}

==References== <references>

<ref name="2014-08-31 Billboard">{{cite magazine |date=2014-08-31 |title=Ariana Grande Denies Authenticity of Alleged Leaked Nude Photos |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/ariana-grande-denies-authenticity-of-alleged-leaked-nude-photos-6236536/ |url-status=live |magazine=Billboard |language=en |issn=0006-2510 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425120921/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/ariana-grande-denies-authenticity-of-alleged-leaked-nude-photos-6236536/ |archive-date=2023-04-25 |access-date=2023-06-26 |quote=Ariana Grande and numerous other female celebrities are the target of a major hacking campaign involving alleged nude photos that have been leaked online.}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-08-31 Buzzfeed">{{cite news |last1=Zarrell |first1=Rachel |date=2014-08-31 |title=Jennifer Lawrence, Victoria Justice, Other Celebs Victims Of More Leaks, Apple Denies Breach |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/rachelzarrell/jennifer-lawrence-ariana-grande-picture-leak |url-status=live |work=BuzzFeed News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529195427/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/rachelzarrell/jennifer-lawrence-ariana-grande-picture-leak |archive-date=2023-05-29 |access-date=2023-07-12 |quote=Update: On Tuesday, Apple announced that the hack was due to a 'very targeted attack' of certain celebrities, and denied it was a breach in their systems. This post is SFW.}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-08-31 Mashable">{{cite news |last1=Ryall |first1=Jenni |date=2014-08-31 |title=Social Media Goes Wild Over Massive Celebrity Nude Photo Leak |url=https://mashable.com/archive/social-media-goes-wild-over-celebrity-nude-photo-leak |url-status=live |language=en |publisher=Mashable |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814140611/http://mashable.com/2014/08/31/social-media-goes-wild-over-celebrity-nude-photo-leak |archive-date=2017-08-14 |access-date=2023-07-10}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-01 CBS News">{{cite news |date=2014-09-01 |title=FBI 'addressing' leak of celebrities' nude photos |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jennifer-lawrence-other-celebs-pictures-leaked-fbi-addressing-the-matter/ |url-status=live |language=en |publisher=CBS News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902050314/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/jennifer-lawrence-other-celebs-pictures-leaked-fbi-addressing-the-matter/ |archive-date=2014-09-02 |access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-01 Daily Dot: Jaworski">{{cite news |last1=Jaworski |first1=Michelle |date=2014-09-01 |title=Perez Hilton removes 'Celebgate' photos, calling his post a mistake |url=https://www.dailydot.com/upstream/perez-hilton-celebgate-photos-backlash/ |url-status=live |work=The Daily Dot |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424122531/https://www.dailydot.com/upstream/perez-hilton-celebgate-photos-backlash/ |archive-date=2023-04-24 |access-date=2023-07-04 |quote=The celebrity blogger is backtracking after a change of heart.}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-01 Daily Dot: Price">{{cite news |last1=Price |first1=Rob |date=2014-09-01 |title=Celebrity nude photo leaks reveal cracks in Reddit's rules |url=https://www.dailydot.com/business/reddit-jennifer-lawrence-kate-upton-nude-photos-leak-privacy-dox-ban/ |url-status=live |work=The Daily Dot |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520085918/https://www.dailydot.com/business/reddit-jennifer-lawrence-kate-upton-nude-photos-leak-privacy-dox-ban/ |archive-date=2023-05-20 |access-date=2023-07-06 |quote=Reddit vows to protect user privacy—but not if you're Jennifer Lawrence}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-01 Deadspin">{{cite web |url=https://deadspin.com/justin-verlander-and-his-hacked-photos-a-partial-timel-1629246666 |title=Justin Verlander And His Hacked Photos: A Partial Timeline |last=Kalaf |first=Samer |date=2014-09-01 |website=Deadspin |language=en |access-date=2023-07-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419080206/https://deadspin.com/justin-verlander-and-his-hacked-photos-a-partial-timel-1629246666 |archive-date=2023-04-19}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-01 Fox News">{{cite news |date=2014-09-01 |title=FBI, Apple begin inquiries into nude celebrity photo leaks |url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/fbi-apple-begin-inquiries-into-nude-celebrity-photo-leaks/ |url-status=live |language=en |location=Los Angeles |publisher=Fox News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209173706/http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2014/09/01/nude-photos-jennifer-lawrence-leaked-online-by-hacker/ |archive-date=2015-12-09 |access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-01 Gawker">{{cite web |url=https://www.gawker.com/is-this-4chan-offshoot-the-ground-zero-for-the-leaked-c-1629190208 |title=Is This 4chan Offshoot the Ground Zero for the Leaked Celebrity Nudes? |last=Sargent |first=Jordan |date=2014-09-01 |website=Gawker |language=en |access-date=2023-04-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902050258/http://gawker.com/is-this-4chan-offshoot-the-ground-zero-for-the-leaked-c-1629190208 |archive-date=2014-09-02}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-01 Guardian: Arthur 1">{{cite news |last1=Arthur |first1=Charles |date=2014-09-01 |title=Naked celebrity hack: security experts focus on iCloud backup theory |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/01/naked-celebrity-hack-icloud-backup-jennifer-lawrence |url-status=live |work=The Guardian |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009085945/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/01/naked-celebrity-hack-icloud-backup-jennifer-lawrence |archive-date=2015-10-09 |access-date=2023-04-12 |quote=After intensive examination of file data leaked by one or more hackers, suspicion grows that iCloud backups were source of pictures – though precise method of attack still unclear}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-01 Guardian: Arthur 2">{{cite news |last1=Arthur |first1=Charles |date=2014-09-01 |title=Nude celebrity picture leak looks like phishing or email account hack |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/01/nude-celebrity-pictures-hack-jennifer-lawrence-rihanna |url-status=live |work=The Guardian |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420084343/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/01/nude-celebrity-pictures-hack-jennifer-lawrence-rihanna |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-07-12 |quote=Apple's iCloud service may have been the source of the photos but security experts think password hacks are likely explanation}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-01 Inquisitr">{{cite news |last1=Volkert |first1=Zachary |date=2014-09-01 |title=The Fappening — Are Naked Jennifer Lawrence Photos Worse For Apple or Feminism? |url=http://www.inquisitr.com/1445454/the-fappening-are-naked-jennifer-lawrence-photos-worse-for-apple-or-feminism/ |url-status=dead |language=en |publisher=Inquisitr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902050337/http://www.inquisitr.com/1445454/the-fappening-are-naked-jennifer-lawrence-photos-worse-for-apple-or-feminism/ |archive-date=2014-09-02 |access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-01 Irish Independent">{{cite news |last1=Landi |first1=Martin |date=2014-09-01 |title=Stars' nude photo attack may have been down to password codes |url=https://www.independent.ie/business/technology/news/stars-nude-photo-attack-may-have-been-down-to-password-codes-30552629.html |url-status=live |work=Irish Independent |language=en |issn=0021-1222 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306233615/http://www.independent.ie/business/technology/news/stars-nude-photo-attack-may-have-been-down-to-password-codes-30552629.html |archive-date=2023-03-06 |access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-01 Maroney">{{cite tweet |last=Maroney |first=McKayla |author-link=McKayla Maroney |user=McKaylaMaroney |number=506356524915388416 |date=2014-09-01 |title=the fake photos of me are crazy!! was trying to rise above it all, and not give "the creator" the time of day.. BUT.. |language=en |access-date=2023-04-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901102039/https://twitter.com/McKaylaMaroney/status/506356524915388416 |archive-date=2014-09-01}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-01 Mashable">{{cite news |last1=McCormick |first1=Rich |date=2014-09-01 |title=Hack leaks hundreds of nude celebrity photos |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/1/6092089/nude-celebrity-hack |url-status=live |work=Mashable |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306104811/https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/1/6092089/nude-celebrity-hack |archive-date=2023-03-06 |access-date=2023-07-13 |via=''The Verge'' |quote=Jennifer Lawrence among stars whose pictures were stolen}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-01 Telegraph">{{cite news |last1=Ensor |first1=Josie |date=2014-09-01 |title=Nude Jennifer Lawrence photos leaked by hacker who claims to have 'private pictures of 100 A-listers' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/11067182/Nude-Jennifer-Lawrence-photos-leaked-by-hacker-who-claims-to-have-private-pictures-of-100-A-listers.html |url-status=live |work=The Daily Telegraph |language=en |issn=0307-1235 |oclc=49632006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306233732/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/11067182/Nude-Jennifer-Lawrence-photos-leaked-by-hacker-who-claims-to-have-private-pictures-of-100-A-listers.html |archive-date=2023-03-06 |access-date=2023-07-11 |quote=More than 100 A-list celebrities on 'master list' of those targeted in massive hack}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-01 Time">{{cite magazine |last1=Kedmey |first1=Dan |date=2014-09-01 |title=Hackers Leak Explicit Photos of More Than 100 Celebrities |url=https://time.com/3246562/hackers-jennifer-lawrence-cloud-data/ |url-status=live |magazine=Time |language=en |issn=0040-781X |oclc=1311479 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601001403/https://time.com/3246562/hackers-jennifer-lawrence-cloud-data/ |archive-date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2023-07-11}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-01 TNW">{{cite web |url=https://thenextweb.com/news/this-could-be-the-apple-icloud-flaw-that-led-to-celebrity-photos-being-leaked |title=This could be the iCloud flaw that led to celebrity photos being leaked (Update: Apple is investigating) |last=Williams |first=Owen |date=2014-09-01 |publisher=TNW |language=en |access-date=2023-04-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401225714/https://thenextweb.com/apple/2014/09/01/this-could-be-the-apple-icloud-flaw-that-led-to-celebrity-photos-being-leaked/ |archive-date=2021-04-01}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-01 WAPO">{{cite news |last1=Boren |first1=Cindy |date=2014-09-01 |title=Olympic gymnast McKayla Maroney says leaked racy photos are fake, fends off Twitter backlash |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2014/09/01/olympic-gymnast-mckayla-maroney-says-leaked-racy-photos-are-fake-fends-off-twitter-backlash/ |url-status=live |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=2269358 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305013501/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2014/09/01/olympic-gymnast-mckayla-maroney-says-leaked-racy-photos-are-fake-fends-off-twitter-backlash/ |archive-date=2022-03-05 |access-date=2023-07-13}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-01 WZZM">{{cite news |date=2014-09-01 |title=Justin Verlander, Kate Upton apparent victims of nude photo leak |url=https://www.wzzm13.com/article/news/justin-verlander-kate-upton-apparent-victims-of-nude-photo-leak/69-271454581 |url-status=live |language=en |publisher=WZZM |agency=Detroit Free Press |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230412145916/https://www.wzzm13.com/article/news/justin-verlander-kate-upton-apparent-victims-of-nude-photo-leak/69-271454581 |archive-date=2023-04-12 |access-date=2023-04-12 |quote=Detroit Tigers pitcher Justin Verlander has been caught up in a wave of leaked celebrity nude photos that begin appearing on the Internet over the weekend.}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-02 Apple">{{cite press release |last1=Kerris |first1=Natalie |last2=Muller |first2=Trudy |date=2014-09-02 |title=Update to Celebrity Photo Investigation |url=https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2014/09/02Apple-Media-Advisory.html |url-status=dead |type=press release |language=en |publisher=Apple Inc. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230150833/https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2014/09/02Apple-Media-Advisory.html |archive-date=2016-12-30 |access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-02 Bustle">{{cite magazine |last1=Schlossberg |first1=Mallory |date=2014-09-02 |title=Her Response To The Photo Leak Is Powerful |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/38171-yvonne-strahovskis-response-to-leaked-nudes-is-powerful-photo |url-status=live |magazine=Bustle |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419155148/https://www.bustle.com/articles/38171-yvonne-strahovskis-response-to-leaked-nudes-is-powerful-photo |archive-date=2023-04-19 |access-date=2023-07-13}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-02 Cubrilovic, Nik">{{cite web |url=https://www.nikcub.com/posts/notes-on-the-celebrity-data-theft/ |title=Notes on the Celebrity Data Theft |last=Cubrilovic |first=Nik |author-link=Nik Cubrilovic |date=2014-09-02 |website=New Web Order |language=en |access-date=2023-09-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070133/https://www.nikcub.com/posts/notes-on-the-celebrity-data-theft/ |archive-date=2014-10-06}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-02 Daily News & Analysis">{{cite news |last1=Durham |first1=Bryan |date=2014-09-02 |title=Hacked and leaked: Nude Hollywood |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hacked-and-leaked-nude-hollywood-2015378 |url-status=live |work=Daily News & Analysis |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903150148/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hacked-and-leaked-nude-hollywood-2015378 |archive-date=2014-09-03 |access-date=2023-06-23 |quote=Jennifer Lawrence, Kate Upton, Ariana Grande, Kirsten Dunst and other big names hit by hack}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-02 E!">{{cite web |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/575452/mckayla-maroney-hacked-too-lawyer-says-gymnast-was-underage-when-leaked-photos-were-taken-gets-porn-site-to-remove-nude-images |title=McKayla Maroney Hacked Too?! Lawyer Says Gymnast Was Underage When Leaked Photos Were Taken, Gets Porn Site to Remove Nude Images |last=Finn |first=Natalie |date=2014-09-02 |publisher=E! |language=en |access-date=2023-07-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419080203/http://www.eonline.com/news/575452/mckayla-maroney-hacked-too-lawyer-says-gymnast-was-underage-when-leaked-photos-were-taken-gets-porn-site-to-remove-nude-images |archive-date=2023-04-19 |quote=Athlete had previously tweeted thanks to her fans for their support and noted that 'the fake photos of me are crazy!!'}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-02 ESPN">{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/11455134/justin-verlander-detroit-tigers-addresses-online-photo-hacking |title=Justin Verlander addresses scandal |date=2014-09-02 |publisher=ESPN |agency=Associated Press |location=Cleveland |language=en |access-date=2023-09-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718064144/https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/11455134/justin-verlander-detroit-tigers-addresses-online-photo-hacking |archive-date=2023-07-18}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-02 Hollywood Life">{{cite web |url=http://hollywoodlife.com/2014/09/02/tenna-torres-nude-photos-naked-hack-leak-american-idol-season-12/ |title=Tenna Torres: 'American Idol' Semi-Finalist Latest Victim Of Nude Leak |date=2014-09-02 |publisher=Hollywood Life |language=en |access-date=2023-07-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317074243/http://hollywoodlife.com/2014/09/02/tenna-torres-nude-photos-naked-hack-leak-american-idol-season-12/ |archive-date=2015-03-17}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-02 Independent">{{cite news |last1=Alexander |first1=Ella |date=2014-09-02 |title=Jennifer Lawrence nude photo hacker disappointed by lack of money earned from naked celebrity leaks: 'I really didn't get close to what I was hoping' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/4chan-nude-photo-hacker-disappointed-by-lack-of-money-earned-from-naked-celebrity-leaks-i-really-didn-t-get-close-to-what-i-was-hoping-9704243.html |url-status=live |work=The Independent |language=en |issn=1741-9743 |oclc=185201487 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417020912/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/4chan-nude-photo-hacker-disappointed-by-lack-of-money-earned-from-naked-celebrity-leaks-i-really-didn-t-get-close-to-what-i-was-hoping-9704243.html |archive-date=2023-04-17 |access-date=2023-04-22 |quote=The unidentified person also says he or she is a 'collector' not a 'hacker'}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-02 Irish Independent">{{cite news |date=2014-09-02 |title=Kirsten Dunst breaks silence on nude photo leak scandal rocking Hollywood |url=https://www.independent.ie/style/celebrity/celebrity-news/kirsten-dunst-breaks-silence-on-nude-photo-leak-scandal-rocking-hollywood/30554953.html |url-status=live |work=Irish Independent |language=en |issn=0021-1222 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907104145/https://www.independent.ie/style/celebrity/celebrity-news/kirsten-dunst-breaks-silence-on-nude-photo-leak-scandal-rocking-hollywood-30554953.html |archive-date=2020-09-07 |access-date=2023-06-23 |quote=The 32-year-old Crazy/Beautiful star says 'Thank you iCloud'}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-02 Telegraph">{{cite news |last1=Sanghani |first1=Radhika |author-link1=Radhika Sanghani |date=2014-09-02 |title=Jennifer Lawrence photo leak: Let's stop calling this hacking 'The Fappening' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11069829/Jennifer-Lawrence-photo-leak-Lets-stop-calling-this-hacking-The-Fappening.html |url-status=live |work=The Daily Telegraph |language=en |issn=0307-1235 |oclc=49632006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408075843/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11069829/Jennifer-Lawrence-photo-leak-Lets-stop-calling-this-hacking-The-Fappening.html |archive-date=2023-04-08 |access-date=2023-04-14 |url-access=subscription |quote=As the leak of private naked photos of 100 female A-listers is becomes known online as 'The Fappening', Radhika Sanghani questions why we're reducing a serious crime to a sexual hashtag}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-02 Verge">{{cite news |last1=Kastrenakes |first1=Jacob |date=2014-09-02 |title=Apple denies iCloud breach in celebrity nude photo hack |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/2/6098107/apple-denies-icloud-breach-celebrity-nude-photo-hack |url-status=live |work=The Verge |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306234022/https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/2/6098107/apple-denies-icloud-breach-celebrity-nude-photo-hack |archive-date=2023-03-06 |access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-02 Washington Post">{{cite news |last1=McCoy |first1=Terrence |date=2014-09-02 |title=4chan: The 'shock post' site that hosted the private Jennifer Lawrence photos |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/09/02/the-shadowy-world-of-4chan-the-shock-post-site-that-hosted-the-private-jennifer-lawrence-photos/ |url-status=live |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=2269358 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072917/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/09/02/the-shadowy-world-of-4chan-the-shock-post-site-that-hosted-the-private-jennifer-lawrence-photos/ |archive-date=2023-03-30 |access-date=2023-04-12 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-03 Independent: Alexander">{{cite news |last1=Alexander |first1=Ella |date=2014-09-03 |title=Jessica Brown Findlay: Downton Abbey star is linked to list of celebrities targeted by hackers |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/jessica-brown-findlay-downton-abbey-actress-is-linked-to-list-of-celebrities-targeted-by-hackers-9704785.html |url-status=live |work=The Independent |language=en |issn=1741-9743 |oclc=185201487 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420093502/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/jessica-brown-findlay-downton-abbey-actress-is-linked-to-list-of-celebrities-targeted-by-hackers-9704785.html |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-07-10 |quote=The actress becomes embroiled in the huge phone hacking incident}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-03 Independent: Selby 1">{{cite news |last1=Selby |first1=Jenn |date=2014-09-03 |title=Perez Hilton apologises for publishing Jennifer Lawrence naked 4Chan photos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/perez-hilton-apologises-for-jennifer-lawrence-nude-photo-leak-9703045.html |url-status=live |work=The Independent |language=en |issn=1741-9743 |oclc=185201487 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415225125/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/perez-hilton-apologises-for-jennifer-lawrence-nude-photo-leak-9703045.html |archive-date=2023-04-15 |access-date=2023-06-26 |quote=Hilton initially published some of the photographs, but presumably after raking in an adequate amount of page impressions, saw fit to remove them}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-03 Independent: Selby 2">{{cite news |last1=Selby |first1=Jenn |date=2014-09-03 |title=Mary E Winstead naked 4Chan photo leak: 'To those looking at photos I took with my husband, hope you feel great about yourselves' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/mary-e-winstead-nude-photo-leak-to-those-looking-at-photos-i-took-with-my-husband-hope-you-feel-great-about-yourselves-9704329.html |url-status=live |work=The Independent |language=en |issn=1741-9743 |oclc=185201487 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412040232/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/mary-e-winstead-nude-photo-leak-to-those-looking-at-photos-i-took-with-my-husband-hope-you-feel-great-about-yourselves-9704329.html |archive-date=2023-04-12 |access-date=2023-07-12 |quote='Knowing those photos were deleted long ago, I can only imagine the creepy effort that went into this,' she continued on Twitter}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-03 Slate">{{cite magazine |last1=Hess |first1=Amanda |author-link1=Amanda Hess |date=2014-09-03 |title=Inside AnonIB, Where Hacking Is a Sport and Women's Bodies Are the Prize |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/09/anonib-nude-photo-site-where-hackers-and-users-treat-women-as-property.html |url-status=live |magazine=Slate |language=en |issn=1091-2339 |oclc=728292344 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323204715/https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/09/anonib-nude-photo-site-where-hackers-and-users-treat-women-as-property.html |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-03 Sydney Morning Herald">{{cite news |last1=Grubb |first1=Ben |date=2014-09-03 |title=iCloud celebrity photo hack: texts, address books and more 'also accessible' |url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/icloud-celebrity-photo-hack-texts-address-books-and-more-also-accessible-20140903-10bov5.html |url-status=live |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en |issn=0312-6315 |oclc=226369741 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808193224/https://www.smh.com.au/technology/icloud-celebrity-photo-hack-texts-address-books-and-more-also-accessible-20140903-10bov5.html |archive-date=2022-08-08 |access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-03 Us Weekly">{{cite magazine |date=2014-09-03 |title=Kaley Cuoco Addresses Nude Photo Leaks With Topless Picture |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/news/kaley-cuoco-addresses-nude-photo-leaks-with-topless-picture-153847730.html |url-status=dead |magazine=Us Weekly |language=en |issn=1529-7497 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123112114/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/news/kaley-cuoco-addresses-nude-photo-leaks-with-topless-picture-153847730.html |archive-date=2018-11-23 |access-date=2023-07-12 |via=Yahoo!}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-04 Independent: Alexander">{{cite news |last1=Alexander |first1=Ella |date=2014-09-04 |title=Victoria Justice 'angry' at 'massive invasion of privacy' and pursuing legal action after nude photos leak online |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/victoria-justice-angry-at-massive-invasion-of-privacy-after-nude-photos-leak-9709021.html |url-status=live |work=The Independent |language=en |issn=1741-9743 |oclc=185201487 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718054102/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/victoria-justice-angry-at-massive-invasion-of-privacy-after-nude-photos-leak-9709021.html |archive-date=2023-07-18 |access-date=2023-08-10 |quote=The singer and actress had previous said that the images were fake}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-04 Independent: Selby">{{cite news |last1=Selby |first1=Jenn |date=2014-09-04 |title=4Chan naked photos leak: Celebrity Twitter reactions to the mass breach of privacy |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/4chan-nude-photos-leak-celebrity-twitter-reactions-to-the-mass-privacy-breach-9707344.html |url-status=live |work=The Independent |language=en |issn=1741-9743 |oclc=185201487 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419230128/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/4chan-nude-photos-leak-celebrity-twitter-reactions-to-the-mass-privacy-breach-9707344.html |archive-date=2023-04-19 |access-date=2023-07-13 |quote=Over 100 household names have been the target of online thieves, who have stolen scores of naked photographs and intimate videos}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-05 Washington Post">{{cite news |last1=Dewey |first1=Caitlin |author-link1=Caitlin Dewey |date=2014-09-05 |title=Meet the unashamed 33-year-old who brought the stolen celebrity nudes to the masses |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/09/05/meet-the-unashamed-33-year-old-who-brought-the-stolen-celebrity-nudes-to-the-masses/ |url-status=live |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=2269358 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909171759/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2014/09/05/meet-the-unashamed-33-year-old-who-brought-the-stolen-celebrity-nudes-to-the-masses/ |archive-date=2014-09-09 |access-date=2023-07-05 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-05 WSJ">{{cite news |last1=Wakabayashi |first1=Daisuke |date=2014-09-05 |title=Tim Cook Says Apple to Add Security Alerts for iCloud Users |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/tim-cook-says-apple-to-add-security-alerts-for-icloud-users-1409880977 |url-status=live |work=The Wall Street Journal |language=en |issn=1042-9840 |oclc=781541372 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323031855/https://www.wsj.com/articles/tim-cook-says-apple-to-add-security-alerts-for-icloud-users-1409880977 |archive-date=2023-03-23 |access-date=2023-04-14 |url-access=subscription |quote=Apple CEO Denies a Lax Attitude Toward Security Allowed Hackers to Post Nude Photos of Celebrities}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-07 Reddit">{{cite web |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/announcements/comments/2fpdax/time_to_talk/ |title=Time to talk |author=alienth |date=2014-09-07 |publisher=Reddit |language=en |access-date=2023-07-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630093401/https://www.reddit.com/r/announcements/comments/2fpdax/time_to_talk/ |archive-date=2023-06-30}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-08 Forbes">{{cite magazine |last1=Woollacott |first1=Emma |date=2014-09-08 |title=Reddit Gives Mixed Messages After Pulling Leaked Celebrity Photos |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/emmawoollacott/2014/09/08/reddit-gives-mixed-messages-after-pulling-leaked-celebrity-photos/ |url-status=live |magazine=Forbes |language=en |issn=0015-6914 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419155148/https://www.forbes.com/sites/emmawoollacott/2014/09/08/reddit-gives-mixed-messages-after-pulling-leaked-celebrity-photos/ |archive-date=2023-04-19 |access-date=2023-07-05}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-08 Huffington Post">{{cite news |last1=Marcus |first1=Stephanie |date=2014-09-08 |title=The Media Has Been Very Hypocritical About The Celebrity Nude Photo Hack, But It's Trying To Change |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/media-hypocrisy-celebrity-nude-photo-hack_n_5766488 |url-status=live |work=The Huffington Post |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909143345/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/08/media-hypocrisy-celebrity-nude-photo-hack_n_5766488.html |archive-date=2014-09-09 |access-date=2023-07-10 |quote=The Media Has Been Very Hypocritical About 'The Fappening,' But It's Trying To Change}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-08 Verge">{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/8/6121515/apple-just-added-another-layer-of-icloud-security-a-day-before-iphone |title=Apple just added another layer of iCloud security, a day before iPhone 6 event |last=Brandom |first=Russell |date=2014-09-08 |website=The Verge |language=en |access-date=2023-06-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420090843/https://www.theverge.com/2014/9/8/6121515/apple-just-added-another-layer-of-icloud-security-a-day-before-iphone |archive-date=2023-04-20}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-22 Business Insider">{{cite news |last1=Weisman |first1=Aly |date=2014-09-22 |title=Here's How Hacked Celebrities Are Responding To The Latest Round Of Nude Photos |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/hacked-celebrities-response-to-new-nude-photo-leak-2014-9 |url-status=live |work=Business Insider |language=en |oclc=1076392313 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419080206/https://www.businessinsider.com/hacked-celebrities-response-to-new-nude-photo-leak-2014-9 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |access-date=2023-09-16 |quote=A second round of hacked celebrity nude photos leaked Saturday, the second of its kind in less than a month.}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-28 Hacking Post">{{cite news |date=2014-09-28 |title=The Fappening 3 – Jennifer Lawrence Nude Photos Leaked |url=http://hackingpost.com/fappening-3-jennifer-lawrence-nude-photos-leaked/ |url-status=dead |work=The Hacking Post |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818145950/http://hackingpost.com/fappening-3-jennifer-lawrence-nude-photos-leaked/ |archive-date=2018-08-18 |access-date=2023-04-12}}{{unreliable source?|date=April 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-09-28 Hollywood Life">{{cite web |url=http://hollywoodlife.com/2014/09/28/the-fappening-3-nude-photos-anna-kendrick-cara-delevingne/ |title=The Fappening 3: Alleged Nude Pics Released Of Kelli Garner, Brooke Burns & More |last=Rogers |first=Christopher |date=2014-09-28 |website=Hollywood Life |language=en |access-date=2023-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111144157/http://hollywoodlife.com/2014/09/28/the-fappening-3-nude-photos-anna-kendrick-cara-delevingne/ |archive-date=2014-11-11 |quote=Is there no end in sight? A new batch of alleged nude and compromising photos have leaked online in a third attack, dubbed as 'The Fappening 3,' on some of our favorite celebrities, including Anna Kendrick, Brooke Burns and Jennifer Lawrence.}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-10-02 Deadline Hollywood">{{cite news |last1=Patten |first1=Dominic |date=2014-10-02 |title=Google Responds To $100M Lawsuit Threat Over Hacked Celeb Photos: 'We've Removed Tens Of Thousands Of Pictures' – UPDATE |url=https://deadline.com/2014/10/hacked-celebrity-photos-google-lawsuit-jennifer-lawrence-844715/ |url-status=live |work=Deadline Hollywood |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419080202/https://deadline.com/2014/10/hacked-celebrity-photos-google-lawsuit-jennifer-lawrence-844715/ |archive-date=2023-04-19 |access-date=2023-11-28}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-10-02 Guardian">{{cite news |last1=Hern |first1=Alex |last2=Rushe |first2=Dominic |date=2014-10-02 |title=Google threatened with $100m lawsuit over nude celebrity photos |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/02/google-lawsuit-nude-celebrity-photos |url-status=live |work=The Guardian |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718062951/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/02/google-lawsuit-nude-celebrity-photos |archive-date=2023-07-18 |access-date=2024-04-13 |quote=Firm threatened with lawsuit over failure to remove hacked photos from subsidiaries including YouTube and BlogSpot}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-10-07 Independent">{{cite news |last1=Denham |first1=Jess |date=2014-10-07 |title=The Fappening: Hulk Hogan's son Nick Hogan becomes first male victim of nude photo leaks |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/the-fappening-nude-photo-leaks-hulk-hogan-s-son-nick-hogan-becomes-first-male-victim-9775428.html |url-status=live |work=The Independent |language=en |issn=1741-9743 |oclc=185201487 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012154629/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/the-fappening-nude-photo-leaks-hulk-hogan-s-son-nick-hogan-becomes-first-male-victim-9775428.html |archive-date=2022-10-12 |access-date=2023-08-10 |quote=The reality TV star is believed to be involved in the latest wave of leaks}}</ref>

<ref name="2014-10-07 Vanity Fair">{{cite magazine |date=2014-10-07 |title=Cover Exclusive: Jennifer Lawrence Calls Photo Hacking a 'Sex Crime' |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2014/10/jennifer-lawrence-cover |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |magazine=Vanity Fair |language=en |issn=0733-8899 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726202520/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2014/10/jennifer-lawrence-cover |archive-date=2024-07-26 |access-date=2024-09-03}}</ref>

<ref name="2015-01-02 International Business Times">{{cite news |last1=Charlton |first1=Alistair |date=2015-01-02 |title=iCloud accounts at risk of brute force attack as hacker exploits 'painfully obvious' password flaw |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/icloud-accounts-risk-brute-force-attack-hacker-exploits-painfully-obvious-password-flaw-1481623 |url-status=live |work=International Business Times |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306233615/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/icloud-accounts-risk-brute-force-attack-hacker-exploits-painfully-obvious-password-flaw-1481623 |archive-date=2023-03-06 |access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref>

<ref name="2015-02-19 Dagens Næringsliv">{{cite news |last1=Clare |first1=Emma |date=2015-02-19 |title='Porn stars' against their will |url=https://www.dn.no/d2/revenge-porn/annmarie-chiarini/medier/internett/porn-stars-against-their-will/1-1-5311444 |url-status=live |work=Dagens Næringsliv |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125045930/https://www.dn.no/d2/revenge-porn/annmarie-chiarini/medier/internett/porn-stars-against-their-will/1-1-5311444 |archive-date=2023-01-25 |access-date=2023-04-14 |quote=Nude photos are stolen, leaked and posted on the internet. Revenge porn is the newest way to destroy someone's life.}}</ref>

<ref name="2015-06-09 Daily News">{{cite news |last1=Otis |first1=Ginger Adams |date=2015-06-09 |title=FBI pinpoints Chicago home, suspect in 2014 'Celebgate' nude photo leak |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2015/06/09/fbi-pinpoints-chicago-home-suspect-in-2014-celebgate-nude-photo-leak/ |work=Daily News |language=en |issn=2692-1251 |oclc=9541172 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516003718/https://www.nydailynews.com/2015/06/09/fbi-pinpoints-chicago-home-suspect-in-2014-celebgate-nude-photo-leak/ |archive-date=2025-05-16 |access-date=2025-05-16}}</ref>

<ref name="2015-06-10 CNN">{{cite news |last1=Diamond |first1=Jeremy |author-link1=Jeremy Diamond |date=2015-06-10 |title=FBI seized tech from home linked to celebrity hack |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/10/politics/celebrity-hack-search-warrant-emilio-hernandez/ |url-status=live |language=en |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320113555/https://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/10/politics/celebrity-hack-search-warrant-emilio-hernandez/ |archive-date=2023-03-20 |access-date=2023-04-12}}</ref>

<ref name="2015-08-04 Fashion & Style">{{cite magazine |last1=Kazimierska |first1=Marika |date=2015-08-04 |title=Emily Ratajkowski On Nude Photo Leak: 'People Who Google My Photos Are Not Criminals' |url=http://www.fashionnstyle.com/articles/70210/20150804/emily-ratajkowski-nude-photo-leak-people-who-google-photos-criminals.htm |url-status=dead |magazine=Fashion & Style |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227040402/http://www.fashionnstyle.com/articles/70210/20150804/emily-ratajkowski-nude-photo-leak-people-who-google-photos-criminals.htm |archive-date=2015-12-27 |access-date=2024-09-03}}</ref>

<ref name="2016-01-15 Gawker">{{cite web |url=https://www.gawker.com/feds-raided-another-chicago-home-in-nude-celeb-hack-inv-1753200305 |title=Feds Raided Another Chicago Home in Nude Celeb Hack Investigation, Still No Charges Pressed |last=Biddle |first=Sam |author-link=Sam Biddle |date=2016-01-15 |website=Gawker |language=en |access-date=2023-04-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306233634/http://gawker.com/feds-raided-another-chicago-home-in-nude-celeb-hack-inv-1753200305 |archive-date=2023-03-06}}</ref>

<ref name="2016-03-15 NBC News">{{cite news |last1=Blankstein |first1=Andrew |date=2016-03-15 |title=Pennsylvania Man Is Charged in Celebrity Hack, Reaches Plea Deal |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/pennsylvania-man-arrested-will-plead-guilty-celebrity-hacking-n539166 |language=en |publisher=NBC News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214101144/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/pennsylvania-man-arrested-will-plead-guilty-celebrity-hacking-n539166 |archive-date=2025-02-14 |access-date=2025-05-16 |quote=Ryan Collins will plead guilty to violating Computer Fraud and Abuse Act and prosecutors will recommend a sentence of 18 months, prosecutors said.}}</ref>

<ref name="2016-03-15 TechCrunch">{{cite news |last1=Kamps |first1=Haje Jan |author-link1=Haje Jan Kamps |date=2016-03-15 |title=Prosecutors find that 'Fappening' celebrity nudes leak was not Apple's fault |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/03/15/prosecutors-find-that-fappening-celebrity-nudes-leak-was-not-apples-fault/ |language=en |publisher=TechCrunch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250801123254/https://techcrunch.com/2016/03/15/prosecutors-find-that-fappening-celebrity-nudes-leak-was-not-apples-fault/ |archive-date=2025-08-01 |access-date=2025-08-28}}</ref>

<ref name="2016-03-16 BBC">{{cite news |date=2016-03-16 |title=Meet the man behind the leak of celebrity nude photos, called the fappening |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-35820521 |url-status=live |language=en |publisher=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402185800/https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-35820521 |archive-date=2023-04-02 |access-date=2023-04-13}}</ref>

<ref name="2016-08-31 Chicago Tribune">{{cite news |last1=Meisner |first1=Jason |date=2016-08-31 |title=Chicago man to plead guilty in Jennifer Lawrence celebrity nude photo hack |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-celebrity-photos-hacking-chicago-suspect-met-20160830-story.html |url-access=subscription |work=Chicago Tribune |language=en |issn=2165-171X |oclc=7960243 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831174009/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-celebrity-photos-hacking-chicago-suspect-met-20160830-story.html |archive-date=2016-08-31 |access-date=2025-08-25}}</ref>

<ref name="2016-10-27 Guardian">{{cite news |last1=Yuhas |first1=Alan |date=2016-10-27 |location=San Francisco |editor-last1=Viner |editor-first1=Katharine |editor-link1=Katharine Viner |title=Hacker who stole nude photos of celebrities gets 18 months in prison |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/oct/27/nude-celebrity-photos-hacker-prison-sentence-ryan-collins |work=The Guardian |language=en |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028135456/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/oct/27/nude-celebrity-photos-hacker-prison-sentence-ryan-collins |archive-date=2016-10-28 |access-date=2025-09-10 |quote=Ryan Collins ran a two-year phishing scam to gain the passwords of more than 100 people, including Jennifer Lawrence, Rihanna and Avril Lavigne}}</ref>

<ref name="2017-01-25 BBC">{{cite news |date=2017-01-25 |title=How what you do at home on your computer could land you in jail |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-38743628 |url-status=live |language=en |publisher=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413122436/https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-38743628 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |access-date=2023-04-13}}</ref>

<ref name="Re/code 2014-09-01">{{cite web|url=http://recode.net/2014/09/01/apple-says-it-is-actively-investigating-celeb-photo-hack/|title=Apple Says It Is "Actively Investigating" Celeb Photo Hack|last1=Hesseldahl|first1=Arik|author-link1=Arik Hesseldahl|date=September 1, 2014|publisher=Re/code|access-date=September 2, 2014|archive-date=September 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902022715/http://recode.net/2014/09/01/apple-says-it-is-actively-investigating-celeb-photo-hack/|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=BI>{{cite web | url = http://www.businessinsider.com/apple-statement-on-celebrity-hacking-2014-9 | title = Apple statement on celebrity hacking: our systems weren't breached | website = Business Insider | date = September 2, 2014 | first = Alyson | last = Shontell | access-date = September 2, 2014 | archive-date = September 4, 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140904190319/http://www.businessinsider.com/apple-statement-on-celebrity-hacking-2014-9 | url-status = live }}</ref>

<ref name=worse>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/emma-watson-on-jennifer-lawrence-nude-photo-leak-even-worse-than-seeing-womens-privacy-violated-is-reading-the-comments-9705570.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/emma-watson-on-jennifer-lawrence-nude-photo-leak-even-worse-than-seeing-womens-privacy-violated-is-reading-the-comments-9705570.html |archive-date=May 1, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Emma Watson on Jennifer Lawrence naked photo leak: 'Even worse than seeing women's privacy violated is reading the comments' |date=September 2, 2014 |work=The Independent |access-date=September 2, 2014 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<ref name=Lubitz>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2014/09/01/more-stars-react-to-the-massive-celebrity-photo-leak/ |title=More stars react to the massive celebrity-photo leak |last=Lubitz |first=Rachel |date=September 1, 2014 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=September 2, 2014 |archive-date=September 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915235241/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2014/09/01/more-stars-react-to-the-massive-celebrity-photo-leak/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=josephsteinberg>{{cite magazine | url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/josephsteinberg/2014/08/31/nude-photos-of-jessica-lawrence-and-kate-upton-leak-five-important-lessons-for-all-of-us/ | title = Nude Photos Of Jennifer Lawrence And Kate Upton Leak: Five Important Lessons For All of Us | magazine = Forbes | access-date = September 2, 2014 | date = August 31, 2014 | last = Steinberg | first = Joseph | archive-date = September 1, 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140901072118/http://www.forbes.com/sites/josephsteinberg/2014/08/31/nude-photos-of-jessica-lawrence-and-kate-upton-leak-five-important-lessons-for-all-of-us/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

<ref name=gordonkelly>{{cite news | url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/gordonkelly/2014/09/01/nude-celebrity-photos-hack-security-steps-and-how-to-disable-apple-icloud/ | title = Staying Safe And How To Disable Apple iCloud | access-date = September 2, 2014 | date = January 9, 2014 | last = Kelly | first = Gordon | archive-date = September 3, 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903030401/http://www.forbes.com/sites/gordonkelly/2014/09/01/nude-celebrity-photos-hack-security-steps-and-how-to-disable-apple-icloud/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

<ref name=clark>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2014/09/01/lena-dunham-asks-people-not-to-look-at-leaked-nude-photos/14929881/ |title=Lena Dunham asks people not to look at leaked nude photos |last=Clark |first=Cindy |date=September 1, 2014 |work=USA Today |access-date=September 2, 2014 |archive-date=September 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902222553/http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2014/09/01/lena-dunham-asks-people-not-to-look-at-leaked-nude-photos/14929881/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

</references>

==Further reading== * {{cite magazine |last1=Romero |first1=Angie |date=2014-09-01 |title=Full list of celebrities affected by nude photo leak |url=http://varietylatino.com/english/2014/gente/noticias/nude-photo-leak-hacking-full-list-celebrities-jennifer-lawrence-77530/ |url-status=live |magazine=Variety |language=en |issn=0042-2738 |oclc=810134503 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415223421/http://varietylatino.com/english/2014/gente/noticias/nude-photo-leak-hacking-full-list-celebrities-jennifer-lawrence-77530/ |archive-date=2023-04-15 |access-date=2023-06-26}}

{{hacking in the 2010s}}

Category:2014 controversies in the United States Category:2014 in computing Category:2014 in Internet culture Category:celebrity Category:cloud storage Category:2010s in hacking Category:history of Apple Inc. Category:internet privacy Category:internet security Category:nude photography showing men Category:nude photography showing women Category:obscenity controversies in photography Category:privacy controversies