{{Short description|Species of New World monkey}} {{Speciesbox | name = Kaapori capuchin<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=137|id=12100271}}</ref> | image = Cebus kaapori 443622472.jpg | status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Fialho, M.S. |author2=Jerusalinsky, L. |author3=Moura, E.F. |author4=Ravetta, A.L. |author5=Laroque, P.O. |author6=de Queiroz, H.L. |author7=Boubli, J.P. |author8=Lynch Alfaro, J.W. |date=2021 |title=''Cebus kaapori'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T40019A191704766 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T40019A191704766.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> | genus = Cebus | species = kaapori | authority = Queiroz, 1992 | range_map = File:Kaapori_Capuchin_area.png | range_map_caption = Geographic range in eastern Brazil }}
The '''Kaapori capuchin''' ('''''Cebus kaapori'''''), also known as the '''Ka'apor capuchin''', is a species of frugivorous, gracile capuchin endemic to the Brazilian Amazon. Their geographical home range is relatively small and is within the most densely populated region of the Amazon. With the strong human presence nearby,''C. kaapori'' has had to deal with very large amounts of disturbances to their habitat and is one of the most endangered of the neotropical primates.
== Taxonomy == First described by Helder Queiroz in 1992, ''C. kaapori'' was considered a subspecies for a long time.<ref name="de Oliveira-2014">{{Cite journal |last1=de Oliveira |first1=S. G. |last2=Lynch Alfaro |first2=Jessica W. |last3=Veiga |first3=Liza M. |title=Activity budget, diet, and habitat use in the critically endangered Ka'apor capuchin monkey ( Cebus kaapori ) in Pará State, Brazil: A preliminary comparison to other capuchin monkeys: Activity Budget of Wild Cebus kaapori |journal=American Journal of Primatology |language=en |volume=76 |issue=10 |pages=919–931 |doi=10.1002/ajp.22277|date=27 March 2014|pmid=24677294 |s2cid=5531277 |doi-access=free }}</ref> At the time of his discovery, Queiroz noted its similarities with the members of the ''C. olivaceus'' species.<ref name=iucn/> After analyzing their genetic makeup, researchers Harada and Ferrari argued that the Ka'apor capuchins should be considered a subspecies of the latter.<ref name=iucn/> However, due to various morphological and molecular evidence, the species is currently deemed a valid species in its own right.<ref name=iucn/>
== Physical characteristics == [[File:20150626_DSC_1378.jpg|thumb|alt=Cebus Kaapori in Maranhão|Kaapori capuchin in Maranhão]] thumb|alt=Kaapori capuchin in captivity|Kaapori capuchin in captivity thumb|alt=Captive Kaapori Capuchin|Captive Kaapori Capuchin Part of the genus of gracile capuchin monkeys, the ka'apor capuchin tend to have longer limbs in comparison to their body size as opposed to members of the S''apajus'' genus.<ref name="Alfaro-2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Alfaro |first1=Jessica W. Lynch |last2=Silva |first2=José De Sousa E |last3=Rylands |first3=Anthony B. |title=How Different Are Robust and Gracile Capuchin Monkeys? An Argument for the Use of Sapajus and Cebus: Sapajus and Cebus |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajp.22007 |journal=American Journal of Primatology |language=en |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=273–286 |doi=10.1002/ajp.22007|date=10 February 2012|pmid=22328205 |s2cid=18840598 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> On average, the adult male Ka'apor capuchin weighs approximately {{cvt|3|kg}}.<ref name="de Oliveira-2014" /><ref name="Lopes-1996">{{Cite journal |last1=Lopes |first1=M.Aparecida |last2=Ferrari |first2=Stephen F. |date=1996 |title=Preliminary observations on the Ka'apor capuchin Cebus kaapori Queiroz 1992 from eastern Brazilian Amazonia |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=321–324 |doi=10.1016/0006-3207(95)00095-x |bibcode=1996BCons..76..321L |issn=0006-3207|doi-access=free }}</ref> They also have rounder skulls as well as differences in their teeth and jaws which renders them incapable of opening hard nuts like their robust counterparts.<ref name="Alfaro-2012" /> Another notable trait is that no male gracile capuchin have tufts on their head, whereas all ''Sapajus'' do.<ref name="Alfaro-2012" />
== Habitat and distribution == [[File:Cebus_kaapori_443626945.jpg|thumb|Ka'apor Capuchin In The Wild At Brazil]] The Ka'apor capuchin has been described as having one of the smallest geographical ranges of any other ''Cebus'' species in the Amazon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=de Carvalho Junior |first1=O. |last2=Pinto |first2=A. C. B. |last3=Galetti |first3=M. |date=June 1999 |title=New Observations on Cebus kaapori (Queiroz, 1992) in eastern Brazilian Amazonia |journal=Neotropical Primates |volume=7 |pages=41–43 |doi=10.62015/np.1999.v7.419 |doi-access=free }}</ref> They can be found in the eastern border of the Brazilian Amazon along the Atlantic coast; more specifically in the states of Pará and Maranhão.<ref name="Buss">Buss, G.; Queiroz, H.; Melo, F. R.; Talebi, M.; Jerusalinsky, L. (2017). ''Cebus kaapori'' (Queiroz, 1992). In: Schwitzer, C.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Rylands, A. B.; Chiozza, F.; Williamson, E. A.; Macfie, E.J.; Wallis J.; Cotton, A. (eds.). [https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2017-059.pdf Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2016–2018]. 88-90.</ref> The region is known as for having the highest population density in all of the Amazon.<ref name="de Oliveira-2014" /> Due to the large human population living in the same area, the species tend to live in isolated patches of tall, lowland terra firme forest.<ref name="Buss" /> Included in their range, are two protected stretches of land: the Gurupi Biological Reserve and the Lago de Turucuí Environmental Protection Area.<ref name="Buss" /> Studies of the Ka'apor capuchin populations in these areas have had very varying results but the consensus seems to be that the species is quite rare, even within their known range.<ref name="de Oliveira-2014" /><ref name="Buss" /><ref name="Lopes-1996" /> In one study, researchers following a group of ''C. kaapori'' observed that their average daily travel was of approximately 2,175 m and utilized most quadrants of their home range every month.<ref name="de Oliveira-2014" />
== Behavior ==
=== Diet === Like most capuchins, the Kaapori capuchin is diurnal, arboreal and omnivorous.<ref name="de Oliveira-2014" /> While they are omnivores, ''C. kaapori'' seem to rely heavily on fruit for nutrition. One study of the species in the wild concluded that almost 75% of their diet was composed of fruit matter such as fruit pulp or the aril of immature fruit.<ref name="de Oliveira-2014" /> Other sources of nutrition which came up often in the study were arthropods (12.6%) and seeds (10.2%).<ref name="de Oliveira-2014" /> From their research, the scientists concluded that the Ka'apor capuchins' diet resembles most closely that of the ''Sapajus'' genera than their fellow ''Cebus'' species.<ref name="de Oliveira-2014" /> When foraging for insects, the capuchins can be observed practicing various techniques such as extracting their prey from leaves by breaking them manually, breaking branches with their teeth and hands in order to reach the ants inside and smashing snails against trees in order to crack their shells open.<ref name="de Oliveira-2014" />
=== Social structures and mating === The species is generally found living in small groups of less than 10 individuals, sometimes even alongside bearded sakis or robust capuchins.<ref name="de Oliveira-2014" /><ref name="Buss" /><ref name="Lopes-1996" /> While there is very little known about the species' mating practices, one thing known is that the birth season is from June to July.<ref name="de Oliveira-2014" /> The Kaapori capuchin is polygamous, and females usually give birth to one infant per birth, with twins being rare. Births usually occur every 2 years, but they may occur closer together if a baby dies, with a gestation period of 150 – 180 days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Animal Info - Ka'apor Capuchin Monkey |url=http://www.animalinfo.org/species/primate/cebukaap.htm |access-date=2017-03-14 |website=www.animalinfo.org}}</ref>
== Threats == The species is among the most threatened primates in the Amazon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lopes |first1=M. A. |last2=Ferrari |first2=S. F. |date=1993 |title=Primate conservation in eastern Brazilian Amazonia |url=http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1200343/18197314/1337025496837/NP1.4.pdf?token=0S2tIQPMKa2n6ZT5SKRI60K64FI%3D |journal=Neotropical Primates |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=8–9 |doi=10.62015/np.1993.v1.187 }}</ref><ref name="Buss" /> As of 2017, the population of ''C. kaapori'' has decreased by over 80% and is categorized as Critically Endangered by the IUCN Red List.<ref name="Buss" /> There are many reasons as to why the species is so at risk. Some researchers believe that the species is naturally rare, and that they seem to be very sensitive to even a slight disturbance in their habitat.<ref name="de Oliveira-2014" /><ref name="Buss" /> This being said, their habitat has been more than slightly disturbed; with the strong human presence nearby comes great deforestation and environmental disturbances.<ref name="de Oliveira-2014" /> Over 70% of the area's forest has been removed; one of the main reasons being for agricultural purposes such as soy plantations and pasture.<ref name="de Oliveira-2014" /> In 1978, the largest hydroelectric dam in all of Brazil, was built inside the species' home range.<ref name="de Oliveira-2014" /> This project had devastating repercussions on their habitat; flooding over 2,000 km<sup>2</sup> and creating thousands of islands of between 1 and 1,000 hectares in size where land once was.<ref name="de Oliveira-2014" /> As one could expect, this caused heavy degradation to the surrounding forest, leaving the remaining forest fragmented. As for many other species in the Amazon, the Ka'apor capuchin has also been a victim of hunting and poaching.<ref name="Buss" /> One major concern for conservation of the species is the fact that so little standardized research has been done on the topic thus, in order to be able to protect them adequately we need to understand them more thoroughly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lynch Alfaro |first1=J. W. |last2=Izar |first2=P. |last3=Ferreira |first3=R. G. |date=2014 |title=Capuchin Monkey Research Priorities and Urgent Issues |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=76 |issue=8 |pages=705–720|doi=10.1002/ajp.22269 |pmid=24668460 |s2cid=14778572 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==References== {{Wikispecies|Cebus kaapori|<br />Cebus kaapori<br />(Kaapori Capuchin)}} {{reflist}} {{Cebidae nav}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1365676}}
Kaapori capuchin Category:Primates of Brazil Category:Endemic mammals of Brazil Category:Environment of Maranhão Category:Environment of Pará Category:Critically endangered animals Category:Critically endangered biota of South America Kaapori capuchin Category:Arboreal mammals