Cato Reef

{{Short description|Coral reef in the Coral Sea}} {{Use Australian English|date=February 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}} {{Infobox body of water | name = Cato Reef | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name =  | image = Cato Reef.jpg | alt = | caption = Chart of Cato Reef | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry =  | location = | group = | coordinates = {{Coord|23|15|0|S|155|32|24|E|display=inline,title}} | type = Coral reef | etymology = | part_of = Cato Bank | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = Coral Sea | catchment =  | basin_countries = | agency = | designation = | length = {{cvt|3.3|km}} | width = {{cvt|1.8|km}} | area = {{cvt|5|km2}} | depth = | max-depth = {{cvt|17|m}} – Cato Bank | volume =  | residence_time = | salinity = | shore =  | elevation = {{cvt|19|ft|m|1|order=flip}} – Cato Island | temperature_high =  | temperature_low =  | frozen = | islands = 1 (Cato Island) | islands_category = | sections = | trenches = | benches = | cities =  | pushpin_map = Pacific Ocean | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Cato Reef | website = }} [[File:Cato Island.jpg|thumb|right|Cato Island is one of the largest islands in the Coral Sea Islands]]

'''Cato Reef''', a part of Cato Bank, is a coral reef in the Coral Sea, off the central coast of Queensland, Australia.

== Geography == Cato Bank measures approximately {{cvt|21|by|13|km|mi|0}} with an area of {{cvt|200|km2}}. Water depth is typically less than {{cvt|17|m|ft}}. As a part of Cato Bank, Cato Reef measures in at {{cvt|3.3|by|1.8|km}}, with an area of {{cvt|5|km2|0}}. It includes a small, shallow lagoon that contains Cato Island, a low-relief cay in the west that is approximately {{cvt|800|by|300|m|ft|-2}}, with an area of {{convert|15|hectare}} and an altitude of {{cvt|19|ft|m|1|order=flip}} . Close to the south-east corner of Cato Bank is Hutchison Rock, with {{convert|1|m|ft|spell=in|0}} of water over it.

==Cato Island== thumb|Solar powered weather station on Cato Island

Cato Island ({{Coord|23|15|00|S|155|32|24|E|type:isle|name=Cato Island}}), is a small oval-shaped island lying approximately {{cvt|375|km|mi}} east of Gladstone, Queensland, and about {{cvt|270|km|mi}} east-southeast of the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef. This island is approximately {{cvt|115|km}} south of Bird Islet, a part of the east end of the Wreck Reefs.

The island is a mound of coral debris and grit {{cvt|5.8|m|ft}} high, covered in grass and creepers up to {{cvt|1|m|ft|0}} high. An automatic weather station, with two radio masts and a silver-painted hut, stands on the island's northeast end.<ref>[http://www.bom.gov.au/products/IDQ60701/IDQ60701.94394.shtml Latest coastal weather observations for Cato Island].</ref> The island is almost entirely surrounded by reefs; three narrow boat passages cross the reefs on the northern side. The best entrance is the centre one, located {{convert|350|m|ft}} north of the eastern end of Cato Island; it has a conspicuous rock at half tide on its eastern side.

The island lies on the western end of an oval-shaped reef enclosing a lagoon. The lagoon contains numerous coral heads. The sea breaks over the reef in all weather. The reef lies on Cato Bank, which falls away steeply on all sides.

The coral reefs are built on the top of a large shield volcano, produced by eruptions of the Tasmantid Seamount Chain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Richards |first1=F. D. |last2=Kalnins |first2=L. M. |last3=Watts |first3=A. B. |last4=Cohen |first4=B. E. |last5=Beaman |first5=R. J. |date=October 2018 |title=The Morphology of the Tasmantid Seamounts: Interactions Between Tectonic Inheritance and Magmatic Evolution |journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems |volume=19 |issue=10 |pages=3870–3891 |doi=10.1029/2018GC007821 |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/76323834/75325554._Kalnins_Published_AAM.pdf |hdl=20.500.11820/10f58983-8003-4af7-8fdd-def2ed23b0be |s2cid=133360937 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Hutchison Rock, at approximately {{Coord|23.250|S|155.565|E|type:isle|name=Hutchison Rock - Cato Island}}, with a depth of perhaps {{cvt|1|m|ft|0}}, lies about {{cvt|3.5|km}} east of Cato Island.

Danger Patch lies near the outer end of the eastern ledge of Cato Bank. A tidal race is found between the eastern end of Cato Reef and Danger Patch.

==History== ===Early reports=== Cato Island, and then Bird Islet, were found by Captain John Park on {{ship||Cato|1800 ship|2}} and Lt. Robert Fowler on {{HMS|Porpoise|1799|6}} on 17 August 1803. ''Porpoise'' ran aground on Wreck Reef. Matthew Flinders (1814) on ''Porpoise'' reported that the cays held many birds, laying eggs from August to October.<ref>Flinders, M. 1814. ''A Voyage to Terra Australis in the years 1801, 1802 and 1803''. London, G. and W. Nicol (volume 2-page 298).</ref> On 1 April 1821, the whaler {{HMS|Echo|1797|2}} was wrecked on the shoal, though her crew was saved.

Cato Reef remained a hazard to shipping crossing between Australia and Canton (modern day Guangzhou) or India (where cargo was collected on the way home from Australia to Europe). In due course the southern reefs were surveyed by Captain H. M. Denham (ms, 1860) on {{HMS|Herald|1824|6}} in 1858–60.

The area was visited by increasing numbers of whalers during the off season in New Zealand, in search of the wintering humpback and sperm whales<ref>Townsend, C.H.1935. "The distribution of certain whales as shown by the logbook records of American whaleships". ''Zoologia'', New York '''19''': 1‑50.</ref> in the middle of the 19th century.<ref>Thiercelin, L. 1866. ''Journal d’un Baleinier: voyages en océanie.'' Hachette, Paris, vol. 1:2ll‑233</ref> Denham reported that in July 1863, the islets had only two or three plants, including a bush {{cvt|3|–|4|m|ft|0}} high, and were frequented by sea turtles weighing {{cvt|60|–|100|kg}}.

On 12 October 1858, Denham reported that Cato Island was more substantial than other cays in the area, measuring {{convert|1/3|by|1/6|mi|km|1}}, rising to {{convert|19|ft}}, and covered in a coarse tufted grass, genus ''Rottboellia''; a creeping plant, ''Portulaca oleracea''; and a sort of buttercup, ''Lepidium didymum'', undermined and fertilised by burrowing mutton birds, the only species that the sailors chose to eat. Dense colonies of gannets, man-of-war birds, boatswain birds, terns and noddies, with eggs and chicks, were abundant. Denham shot a godwit and a brace of plovers. Whalers recorded repeated visits, but only one humpback was reported offshore. Rayner recorded ''Limosa'', ''Charadrius'', ''Strepsilas interpres'', and a land rail. When they returned with plants from the Percy Isles and seeds from Sydney to provide succour for castaways in August 1859, Denham again reported that the birds formed a cloud hovering {{convert|60|ft|m}} above the island, though "a few visits like ours would tend to check the accumulation in proportion to each boat bringing off upwards of 100 dozen eggs at a three hours gleaning."{{cn|date=December 2025}}

===Guano mining=== On 27 October 1862, the British government granted an exclusive concession to exploit the guano on Lady Elliot Island, Wreck Reefs, Swain Reefs, Raine Island, Bramble Cay, Brampton Shoal and Pilgrim Island<ref>Pilgrim Island is not located, possibly somewhere off Western Australia</ref> to the Anglo-Australian Guano Company organised by whaler Dr. W. L. Crowther in Hobart, Tasmania. They were apparently most active on Bird Islet (Wreck Reefs) and Lady Elliot and Raine Islands,<ref>Hutchinson, G.E. 1950. "The biogeochemistry of vertebrate excretion". ''Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'' '''96''':l‑544</ref> losing five ships at Bird Islet between 1861 and 1882.<ref>Crowther, W.E.L.H. 1939. "The development of the guano trade from Hobart Town in the fifties and sixties." ''Papers and Proceedings Royal Society Tasmania'' 1938:213‑220</ref>

The log of the ''Daily Southern Cross'', 19 September 1863, reported on page 2 that a memorandum, enclosed in a bottle, was picked up by Captain Harris, of ''Caroline'', which arrived in Hobson's Bay during Wednesday night, with a cargo of guano from Cato Island, and was found on the Cato Bank: "25 June 1863 – ''Prince Edward'', of Auckland, Geo. Cook, master, 7 weeks from Bay of Islands, 80 sperm, 6 of blackfish. All well." – ''Argus'', 26 August.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~nzbound/genealogy/bottle.htm |title=Belated Messages from the Sea |website=freepages.rootsweb.com |access-date=20 November 2019 }}</ref>

== Micronation’s declaration of independence == On 14 June 2004, after sailing on a ship named the ''Gayflower'' (a reference to the ''Mayflower''), the activists raised the gay rainbow pride flag on Cato Island and declared the Coral Sea Islands an independent gay and lesbian state.<ref name="declaration1">{{cite news |title=Gay Kingdom Declares War on Australia |author=Hans Hafkamp |url=http://www.gay-news.com/article04.php?sid=1012 |newspaper=Gay-News |date=13 January 2005 |access-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723014935/http://www.gay-news.com/article04.php?sid=1012 |archive-date=23 July 2011 }}</ref> A memorial plaque on the north eastern tip of Cato Island commemorates this historic event and reads:

<blockquote>On the 14th day of June 2004, at this highest point in the Coral Sea, Emperor Dale Parker Anderson raised the gay rainbow flag and claimed the islands of the Coral Sea in his name as homeland for the gay and lesbian peoples of the world. God Save our King!<ref name="declaration1" /></blockquote>

Coinciding with the decision to secede from Australian sovereignty, the kingdom's founders drafted a declaration of independence.<ref name="declaration1" /> The declaration began,

<blockquote>Homosexual people have honestly endeavoured everywhere to merge ourselves in the social life of surrounding communities and to be treated equally. We are not permitted to do so. In vain we are loyal patriots, our loyalty in some places running to extremes; in vain do we make the same sacrifices of life and property as our fellow citizens; in vain do we strive to increase the fame of our native land in science and art, or her wealth by trade and commerce. In countries where we have lived for centuries, we are still cried down as strangers.... In the world as it is now and for an indefinite period.... I think we shall not be left in peace.<ref name="declaration1" /></blockquote>

Stated to have been inspired by the United States Declaration of Independence, the kingdom's Declaration also stated: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all people are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness."<ref name="declaration1" />

The activists founded a camp site on Cato Island which they named "Heaven" after the famous gay nightclub in London as the claimed capital, and "I Am What I Am" was set as the Kingdom's national anthem.<ref name="introduction">{{cite web |url=http://gaykingdom.info/introduction.htm |title=The Gay & Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea Islands |website=gaykingdom.info |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121094747/http://gaykingdom.info/introduction.htm |archive-date=21 January 2015}} </ref>

The leader of the protesters, Dale Parker Anderson, was elected Administrator of the territory and then "declared emperor" of the kingdom upon its independence.

In a scheme similar to Israel's Law of Return, a person was automatically granted permanent resident status and immediately eligible for citizenship in the Gay and Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea Islands simply by being gay or lesbian.<ref name="google1"/>

The kingdom issued its first stamps in July 2006 "with the aim of creating a high and distinctive reputation amongst the philatelic fraternity". The kingdom's website stated that tourism, fishing and philatelic sales were its only economic activities. However, swimming, reef walking, lagoon snorkelling, bird-watching, seashell-collecting, and shipwreck-exploring were all gay government-sanctioned non-economic activities.<ref name="google1">{{cite book |title=Micronations |last=Ryan |first=John |author2=Dunford, George |author3=Sellars, Simon |year=2006 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=1-74104-730-7 |pages=39–40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZRrwrlIPSYC&pg=PT23 }}</ref>

After Australia put marriage equality in to law, the Gay and Lesbian Kingdom formally dissolved on 17 November 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hirst |first=Jordan |date=14 September 2024 |title=20 years ago, Gay and Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea was founded |url=https://qnews.com.au/20-years-ago-gay-and-lesbian-kingdom-of-the-coral-sea-was-founded/ |access-date=3 December 2025 |website=QNews }}</ref>

==Shipwrecks == ===''Dockenhuden''=== On 3 August 1853, ''Dockenhuden'', a German ship in transit between Melbourne and Bombay, failed in a tack off Cato Reef, and having no room to jibe, struck the reef and foundered. The crew spent 15 days repairing the ship's boats before leaving for Moreton Bay, which was reached on 27 August.<ref name=Loney>Loney, J. K. (Jack Kenneth), 1925–1995</ref>

===''Thomas King''=== ''Thomas King'', a barque of 346 tons, built for the West Indian sugar run, was taken to Australia for the New South Wales gold rush. Captain J. H. Walker, with a crew shanghaied with the help of local police, after the original English crew had deserted for the gold fields, left Sydney on 4 April 1852 for the Philippines and China with a cargo of sugar and spirits. It wrecked on a reef east of Cato Reef on 17 April 1852. The barque struck the reef and became a total wreck. Some of her boats washed away. A boat set out for the mainland to seek help, leaving survivors on the reef. After 14 days, they were rescued by the whaler ''Lady Blackwood''. The other boat eventually made Double Island Bay, but when the occupants set out overland for Moreton Bay they were tracked down by Aboriginal Australians and all but the captain and one seaman were killed. When lost, ''Thomas King'' carried 3,500 pounds of specie and 8,000 pounds of gold dust.<ref name="Loney"/> At the time of sailing, it was reported that the gold aboard ''Thomas King'' consisted of 212 ounces owned by L. and S. Spyer and 220 ounces, 8 penny weights and 12 grains owned A. and M. Moses, giving a total weight of 432 ounces, 8 penny weights and 12 to 13 grains (13.45 kg) of gold.<ref>The Maitland Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser Saturday 10 April 1852</ref>

==Notes== {{Reflist}}

==References== * ''Australian shipwrecks Vol. 1 1622–1850'' By Charles Bateson. Sydney. Reed, 1972 910.4530994 BAT * ''Australian shipwrecks Vol. 2 1851–1871'' By Loney, J. K. (Jack Kenneth), 1925–1995. Sydney. Reed, 1980 910.4530994 LON * ''Australian shipwrecks Vol. 3 1871–1900'' By Loney, J. K. (Jack Kenneth), 1925–1995. Geelong Vic: List Publishing, 1982 910.4530994 LON * ''Australian shipwrecks Vol. 4 1901–1986'' By Loney, J. K. (Jack Kenneth), 1925–1995. Portarlington Vic. Marine History Publications, 1987 910.4530994 LON * ''Australian shipwrecks Vol. 5 Update 1986'' By Loney, J. K. (Jack Kenneth), 1925–1995. Portarlington Vic. Marine History Publications, 1991 910.4530994 LON

==External links== * {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043232/http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/coralsea/ |date=23 December 2010 |title=Satellite Images OcenDots.com }} * [http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/pollux/pollux.nss.nima.mil/NAV_PUBS/SD/pub127/127sec06.pdf Nautical description (Sailing Directions)]

Category:Coral Sea Islands Category:Great Barrier Reef Category:Reefs of Australia