Catemaco (municipality)

{{Short description|Municipality in Veracruz, Mexico}} {{Infobox settlement |name = Catemaco |settlement_type =[[Municipalities of Mexico|Municipality]] |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = |motto = |image_skyline = Catemaco Shore.jpg |imagesize = 300px |image_caption =City of Catemaco from the lake |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_shield = Escudo catemaco.jpg |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Mexico |pushpin_label_position =above |pushpin_mapsize =300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Veracruz]] |subdivision_type2 = Municipal seat |subdivision_name2 = [[Catemaco]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title =[[Municipal president (Mexico)|Municipal President]] |leader_name = Julio César Ortega Serrano<ref>{{cite web|title=Toma de protesta del alcalde electo de Catemaco|url=http://www.diarioeyipantla.com/toma-de-protesta-del-alcalde-electo-de-catemaco/|website=Diario Eyipantla (Eyipantla Newspaper)|access-date=1 January 2018|language=es|date=30 December 2017}}</ref> |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 =  |established_date3 =  |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 710.67 |area_land_km2 =  |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi =  |population_as_of =2010 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total =48593 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Municipal seat |population_blank2 =22965 |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi =  |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|18|25|0|N|95|07|0|W|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 340 |elevation_ft =  |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914131224/http%3A//www.catemaco.gob.mx/ www.catemaco.gob.mx] |footnotes = }} '''Catemaco''' is a [[municipalities of Veracruz| municipality]] in the [[List of states of Mexico|Mexican state]] of [[Veracruz]]. It is located in the state's [[Los Tuxtlas]] region. The municipal seat is the city of [[Catemaco]].

In the 2005 INEGI Census, the municipality reported a total population of 46,702, of whom 22,965 lived in the municipal seat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Catemaco |url=http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/veracruz/municipios/30032a.htm |work=Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México |publisher=[[Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal]] |access-date=11 November 2008 |year= 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521210242/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/veracruz/municipios/30032a.htm# |archive-date=2007-05-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ethnic composition is primarily of mestizo origins. Indigenous language speakers number less than 500.

The municipality of Catemaco covers a total surface area of 710.67 km<sup>2</sup> along the [[Gulf of Mexico]] between the foothills of Volcano San Martín Tuxtla and the Sierra Santa Marta, and incorporate [[Laguna Catemaco]] and [[Laguna Sontecomapan]] plus a large part of the [[Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve]]. Catemaco borders the municipalities of [[San Andrés Tuxtla]] to the west, [[Hueyapan de Ocampo]] and [[Soteapan]] to the south and [[Tatahuicapan de Juárez]] and [[Mecayapan]] to the east.

Economically Catemaco depends on a mix of tourism, cattle ranching, fishery and agriculture. Statistically the municipality ranks as one of the poorer ones in Veracruz.

==Settlements in the municipality== *[[Catemaco]] (municipal seat; 2005 population 22,965) *[[Sontecomapan]] (2,397) *[[La Victoria, Veracruz|La Victoria]], (1,757) *[[Zapoapan de Cabañas]] (1,344) *[[Maxacapan]] (990)

==The municipality== [[File:BarraSontecomapan20.JPG|thumb|left|Section of the Barra de Sontecomapan on the Gulf of Mexico]] The city of Catemaco is the local government for 258 communities, which cover a territory of 659.2km2.<ref name=sefiplan>{{cite web |title=Catemaco |work=Sistema de Información Municipal, Cuadernillos Municipales, 2014 |publisher=Secretaría de Finanzas y Planeación del Estado de Veracruz |url=http://www.veracruz.gob.mx/finanzas/files/2013/04/Catemaco.pdf |access-date=May 3, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504030157/http://www.veracruz.gob.mx/finanzas/files/2013/04/Catemaco.pdf |archive-date=May 4, 2014 }}</ref> The municipality borders those of [[Mecayapan]], [[Soteapan]], [[Hueyapan de Ocampo]] and [[San Andrés Tuxtla]], extending to the Gulf of Mexico in the north. The municipal government consists of a [[Municipal president (Mexico)|municipal president]], a syndic and four representatives called regidors.<ref name=encmuc>{{cite web |work=Enciclopedia de Los Municipios y Delegaciones de México Estado de Veracruz-Llave |title=Catemaco |publisher=INAFED |location=Mexico |language=es |url=http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/EMM30veracruz/index.html |access-date=May 3, 2014 |archive-date=November 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109182513/http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/enciclopedia/EMM30veracruz/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The municipality is rural with a population density of 73.7 people per km<sup>2</sup>, and only the seat considered to be urban.<ref name=sefiplan/> There a small community (297) of indigenous language speakers, mostly of [[Mixe–Zoque languages|Popoluca]].<ref name=sefiplan/> Outside the seat, the main communities are Sontecomapan (pop. 2,413), La Victoria (1,842), Zapoapan de Cabañas (1,382) and San Juan Seco de Valencia (1,237).<ref name=sefiplan/>

The municipality has 166 schools that mostly serve students from the preschool to high school/vocational level with some adult and special education. There are fifteen libraries but a 17.1% illiteracy rate.<ref name=sefiplan/>

The municipality has 204 km of major roadways, mostly state-maintained local highways.<ref name=sefiplan/> The most important road is Federal Highway 180, which connects the municipality primarily to San Andrés Tuxtla. There are no rail lines.<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=semar>{{cite web |title= Catemaco, Veracruz |publisher=SEMAR |url= http://digaohm.semar.gob.mx/cuestionarios/cnarioCatemaco.pdf|access-date=May 3, 2014 }}</ref>

==Geography== [[File:Xococapan10.JPG|thumb|Looking towards Lake Catemaco from the Xococapan Tourist Ranch]] [[File:Lake Catemaco23.JPG|thumb|Lake island filled with herons]] [[File:Lake Catemaco40.JPG|thumb|Spider monkey on island in Lake Catemaco]] [[File:Catemaco Hut.jpg|thumb|A hut on the lake]] The municipality is in the [[Los Tuxtlas]] mountain region in the south of Veracruz, a rugged area of recent volcanic origin.<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=eanaya>{{cite news |author=Edgar Anaya|title= Catemaco: El embrujo de un lago |newspaper=El Norte |date=August 12, 2001 |page= 1}}</ref> It is in a valley between the San Martín Volcano and the Santa Marta mountain ranges, extending from Lake Catemaco to the Gulf of Mexico shore, with an average altitude of 340 meters above sea level.<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=rincones>{{cite book |title=Veracruz: Guía para descubrir los encantos del estado |publisher=Editorial Océano de México |location=Mexico City |year=2010 |isbn=978-607-400-323-9 |pages=73–74}}</ref> ===Flora and fauna=== Most of the wild vegetation has been destroyed, with {{cvt|391.6|km2}} used as pasture for animals, {{cvt|50.8|km2}} used for agriculture and {{cvt|39.4|km2}} with secondary vegetation. Only {{cvt|84.8|km2}} remains as rainforest and {{cvt|81.2|km2}} is covered by water.<ref name=sefiplan/> The soil is poor in nutrients and highly susceptible to erosion.<ref name=encmuc/> The remaining natural vegetation is high tropical perennial rainforest, giving way to wetland vegetation and mangroves near and on the Gulf coast.<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=semar/> Native tree species include cedar, royal palm, palo de agua, {{lang|es|ojite}} (''[[Brosimum alicastrum]]''), {{lang|es|ojueta}}, {{lang|es|marayo}} and {{lang|es|rabo lagarto}} (''[[Equisetum arvense]]''). The Nanciyaga Ecological Reserve preserve most of what is left of the rainforest that enveloped Lake Catemaco.<ref name=eanaya/> Wildlife include small mammals such as squirrels, [[armadillo]]s, rabbits, [[weasel]]s and [[raccoon]]s.<ref name=encmuc/> Many bird species inhabit the lake area including herons, owls, cardinals and more. Numbers are highest in December with the arrival of migratory species.<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=eanaya/> [[Spider monkey]]s were extinct but have been reintroduced in the Lake Catemaco area.<ref name=hmiller>{{cite news |author=Harry Mller|title= Mexico Channel / Las cosas nuevas de Catemaco |newspaper=Mural |location=Guadalajara |date=October 12, 2003 |page=9}}</ref>

===Climate=== For most of the year, the climate is warm and humid. The average temperature ranges from 20 to 26C, with the coolest months from November to January and the warmest in the summer.<ref name=semar/> It rains all year because of warm humid winds from the Gulf of Mexico, but annual totals vary from 1900mm to 4600mm.<ref name=sefiplan/><ref name=eanaya/> The quantity of rainfall also varies by season, with a relatively dry season from March to June, when totals are half that of the rest of the year. Winds are predominantly from the north. From February to October, most winds are from the northeast, which are warmer. From November to January cooler winds from the north dominate due to cold fronts from the north called "nortes."<ref name=semar/><ref name=eanaya/>

Most of the municipality's surface water is found in Lake Catemaco and the [[Sontecomapan Lagoon]]. The area is filled with rivers and streams including the San Juan Michapan, Comoapan, San Andrés and Río Grande. Because of the area's relative ruggedness, waterfalls can be found, such as the Tepepa Falls on the San Andrés River.<ref name=encmuc/>

===Hydrography=== The most important body of water in the municipality is Lake Catemaco. The lake basin was formed by volcanic eruptions of the Santa Martha and San Martín Volcanos. The lake is elliptical, with a maximum length of eleven km and a maximum width of eight km.<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=semar/> It contains 553 million cubic meters of water and covers and an area of {{cvt|73|km2}}, but is shallow, with an average depth of eight meters. The deepest part is twenty two meters, located between the city and Agaltepec Island.<ref name=semar/> Various rivers and streams empty into the lake including Río Grande, Yohualtajapan and Cuetzalapan. The Rio Grande, also known as the San Andrés River, empties the lake and forms the [[Eyipantla Falls]] on its way to the Gulf of Mexico.<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=semar/>

The lake and its twelve islands have been designation as a federal natural park.<ref name=rincones/> The largest of these islands is Agaltepec, 750 meters long and 150 at its widest, covering 8.5 hectares. This name is from [[Pipil language|Pipil]] and [[Nahuatl]] and means "stone canoe" or "canoe hill." It is also called Crocodile or Dragon Island in reference to is shape which resembles the animal when seen from certain perspectives. Its vegetation remains intact with over 1,600 trees of 63 species. In 1988 and 1989, two groups of [[howler monkeys]], which are in danger of extinction, were brought to the Agaltepec Island as an attempt to preserve the species. Since then the animals have multiplied with over 100 and their cries can be heard in the nearby city. The island is federal property and is maintained by the [[Universidad Veracruzana]].<ref name=semar/> There is also an archeological site on the island.<ref name=rincones/> Tanaxpillo, better known as the "Island of the Monkeys." This name and fame comes from a colony of [[stump-tailed macaque]]s that live there, introduced as part of a research project in the 1970s. They are maintained by the university although they are also fed by local boat operators.<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=semar/> One other popular island for visitors is the Heron Island (Isla de las Garzas), a sanctuary of the species, which cover the trees and have painted them white from their excrement.<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=rincones/>

The other major body of water within the municipality is the Sontecomapan Lagoon. It is a large, shallow estuary which opens to the sea, covering 900 hectares in a very irregular shape. Its average depth is only two meters with the deepest part at five meters.<ref name=semar/> The lagoon is fed by various rivers and streams with the salinity of the water increasing the closer one is to the Gulf of Mexico. It is mostly separated from the Gulf by the Barra de Sontecomapan, a stretch of beach and offshore reefs.<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=rincones/> Canals also stretch from the main body of water, and both these canals and the edges of the lagoon contain mangroves.<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=rincones/> The town of Sontecomapan, which the lake is named after, has docks for fishing and tours to see the area's vegetation, especially its mangroves.<ref name=encmuc/>

Lake Nixtamalpan is in a crater filled from underground. Its depth is unknown but estimated at fifty meters, and covers and area of about twenty hectares.<ref name=semar/>

The municipality has a coastline on the Gulf of Mexico. The most visited beaches here are Peña Hermosa in Tatahuicapan de Juárez, La Perla del Golfo in Mecayapan and Playa Escondida, most popular with foreign tourists.<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=rincones/>

==Socioeconomics== [[File:Lake Catemaco27.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Man fishing on Lake Catemaco]] [[File:Nanciyaga45.JPG|thumb|Man with mud facial drinking mineral water from leaf cup at Nanciyaga Ecological Reserve]] The municipality is classified as having a medium level of socioeconomic marginalization, with 64.5% living in poverty and 13.1% living in [[extreme poverty]]. 26.9% are employed in agriculture, fishing and forestry, 15.5% in manufacturing (mostly handcrafts) and 56.9% in commerce and tourism.<ref name=sefiplan/> However, the municipality's main income is from ranching, fishing and agriculture.<ref name=encmuc/>

The most widespread activity is ranching, mostly raising cattle, followed by pigs and domestic fowl.<ref name=sefiplan/><ref name=semar/> Next is fishing. Lake Catemaco is one of the most productive in Mexico, but large net fishing is prohibited in order avoid overfishing. However, over 2,000 fishermen earn a subsistence living capturing about 2,000 tons each year. Main catches include tilapia (an introduced species), a sardine called topote and a fresh water snail called tegogolo.<ref name=semar/> The most important crops are corn, followed by coffee and green chili peppers,<ref name=sefiplan/> but beans, rice, watermelons, oranges, [[mango]]s and coconuts are also grown.<ref name=semar/><ref name=eanaya/>

The local gastronomy is characterized by its ranching and fishing activities (both fresh and salt water).<ref name=hmiller/> Common ingredients include tegogolos, a fresh water snail said to be an aphrodisiac,<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=eanaya/> freshwater eels, tochogobi (a type of mojarra) and pork, especially a preparation called "carne de chango" because it takes like monkey meat.<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=eanaya/><ref name=jbudd>{{cite news |author=Jim Budd|title= Viajando Ligero/ El misterioso Catemaco |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=October 27, 2002 |page=5 }}</ref> [[File:Hotel del Brujo Catemaco.JPG|thumb|left|Hotel del Brujo in Catemaco]] The area holds deposits of gold, silver, zinc and other materials,<ref name=encmuc/> but there is no mining and no major industry.<ref name=semar/> Handcrafts are made, mostly guitars called [[jarana jarocha]]s (often decorated with snail and seashells) and decorative items for the tourist trade.<ref name=encmuc/>

The most important commercial activity is tourism, mostly centered in the city of Catemaco. The area attracts mostly Mexican visitors, with the busiest times being traditional vacation periods such as [[Holy Week in Mexico|Holy Week]], some parts of summer and long weekends.<ref name=semar/> Most come to see the lake, including boat tours to the various islands, and visit the sorcerers.<ref name=eanaya/> The area has also attracted the film industry, with films such as [[Medicine Man (film)|Medicine Man]] with [[Sean Connery]] and [[Apocalypto]], filmed by [[Mel Gibson]].<ref name=dejamel>{{cite news |author=Cesar Huerta|title= Deja Mel dinero en Catemaco |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=December 22, 2005 |page=16 }}</ref>

Ecological tourism has grown in the municipality, allowing rural communities such as Ejido Lopez Mateos and Ejido Miguel Hidalgo to offer cabins and access to attractions such as rainforest, rivers and waterfalls, such as Cola de Caballo and Poza Reina. There are also archeological sites such as Las Margaritas and a pyramid on El Cerrito just outside Catemaco city.<ref name=rincones/><ref name=hmiller/>

The most popular attraction of this type is the Nanciyaga Ecologial Reserve, a private tourist attraction which offers tours, mud facials, cabins, ritual cleansings, [[temazcal]]s, a dock on Lake Catemaco and a mineral spring.<ref name=encmuc/><ref name=semar/><ref name=atriacca>{{cite news |author=Alessandro Triacca |title= Tradición prehispánica |newspaper=Mural |location=Guadalajara |date=December 8, 2013 |page=7}}</ref> The site cover four hectares just outside the city of Catemaco and was created in 1983. The water from the mineral spring is drinkable and made available to visitors using cups made from large green leaves.<ref name=rincones/>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== {{Commons category|Catemaco Municipality}} * {{in lang|es}} [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914131224/http%3A//www.catemaco.gob.mx/ Municipal Official Site - dead link at present] * {{in lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721171736/http://portal.veracruz.gob.mx/portal/page?_pageid=153%2C4493464&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&municipio=catemaco.pdf Municipal Official Information] *[http://www.catemaco.info Catemaco Guide]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Catemaco (Municipality)}} [[Category:Municipalities of Veracruz]]