{{Short description|Plant species in the broomrape family}} {{Speciesbox | image = Castilleja miniata 4898.JPG | status = {{TNCStatus}} | status_system = TNC | status_ref = {{sfn|NatureServe 2025}} | genus = Castilleja | species = miniata | authority = Dougl. ex Benth. | synonyms_ref = {{sfn|POWO 2025b}}{{sfn|POWO 2025c}}{{sfn|POWO 2025d}}{{sfn|POWO 2025e}} | synonyms = {{Collapsible list | {{Species list | Castilleja crispula | | Castilleja dixonii | | Castilleja fulva | | Castilleja hyetophila | | Castilleja inconstans | | Castilleja montana | | Castilleja oblongifolia | | Castilleja trinervis | | Castilleja tweedyi | | Castilleja variabilis | | Castilleja vreelandii | | Castilleja confusa | | Euchroma integrifolia | }} }} }}

'''''Castilleja miniata''''' is a species of Indian paintbrush known by the common name '''giant red paintbrush'''. It is native to western North America from Alaska to Ontario to California to New Mexico, where it grows usually in moist places in a wide variety of habitat types.

==Description== Giant red paintbrush is a perennial herb that grows 12 to 80&nbsp;centimeters tall, though occasionally reaching 1&nbsp;meter, with few to many branching stems. It can have a taproot or grow from rhizomes with branching roots.{{sfn|Egger et al. 2020b}} The lance-shaped leaves are 3 to 6 centimeters long, pointed, and coated in thin hairs. The inflorescence is made up of bright red to pale orange or orange-tipped bracts. Between the bracts emerge the yellow-green, red-edged tubular flowers. Flowers bloom May to September.<ref name=":0" />

Because most species of the genus are parasitic on other plants, sophisticated networks are formed between their roots and those of other species. They therefore cannot be transplanted in most cases.<ref>{{cite book |last=Whitney |first=Stephen |title=Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides) |date=1985 |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=0-394-73127-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/westernforests00whit/page/575 575] |url=https://archive.org/details/westernforests00whit/page/575 }}</ref> It frequently will use willow as a host plant.{{sfn|Wiese|2000|p=94}} Its native habitats include wet mountain meadows and stream banks below {{Convert|11,000|feet|meters}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin|url=https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=cami12|access-date=2022-02-18|website=www.wildflower.org}}</ref>

==Taxonomy== ''Castilleja miniata'' was given its scientific name and described in 1838 by George Bentham attributing it to David Douglas. It is a species of ''Castilleja'' classified in the family Orobanchaceae.{{sfn|POWO 2025a}}

===Varieties=== According to Plants of the World Online there are four varieties of the species:{{sfn|POWO 2025a}}

[[File:Scarlet Paintbrush found under driftwood on Break Island.jpg|thumb|left|''Castilleja miniata'' var. ''dixonii'' in British Columbia]] * '''''Castilleja miniata'' var. ''dixonii''''' Initially described as ''Castilleja dixonii'' by Merritt Lyndon Fernald in 1899, it was reduced to a variety by Aven Nelson and J.F. Macbride in 1918.{{sfn|Egger et al. 2020c}} It is found on the west coast in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon.{{sfn|POWO 2025b}}

* '''''Castilleja miniata'' var. ''fulva''''' Francis Whittier Pennell described it as ''Castilleja fulva'' in 1934 and as a variety by John Mark Egger in 2008. It grows in Alberta, British Columbia, and the Yukon Territory.{{sfn|POWO 2025c}}

* '''''Castilleja miniata'' var. ''miniata''''' The autonymic variety is widespread and from Alaska to Baja California and eastward to the Rocky Mountain states and Ontario.{{sfn|POWO 2025d}}

* '''''Castilleja miniata'' var. ''oblongifolia''''' This variety was inititally described as ''Castilleja oblongifolia'' by Asa Gray and as a variety by Philip Alexander Munz in 1932. It grows from south central California to northern Baja California.{{sfn|POWO 2025e}}

''Castilleja miniata'' has {{table row counter|id=Synonyms}} synonyms of the species or one of its four varieties.{{sfn|POWO 2025a}}{{sfn|POWO 2025b}}{{sfn|POWO 2025c}}{{sfn|POWO 2025d}}{{sfn|POWO 2025e}}

{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" id="Synonyms" |+ class="nowrap" | Table of Synonyms ! Name ! Year ! Rank ! Synonym of: ! Notes |- | ''Castilleja confusa'' var. ''pubens'' {{small|(A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.}} | 1916 |data-sort-value=D | variety | var. ''miniata'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Castilleja crispula'' {{small|Piper}} | 1906 |data-sort-value=A | species | var. ''miniata'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Castilleja dixonii'' {{small|Fernald}} | 1899 |data-sort-value=A | species | var. ''dixonii'' |data-sort-value=A | ≡ hom. |- | ''Castilleja fulva'' {{small|Pennell}} | 1934 |data-sort-value=A | species | var. ''fulva'' |data-sort-value=A | ≡ hom. |- | ''Castilleja hyetophila'' {{small|Pennell}} | 1934 |data-sort-value=A | species | var. ''miniata'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Castilleja hyetophila'' f. ''longiflora'' {{small|Pennell}} | 1934 |data-sort-value=F | form | var. ''miniata'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Castilleja inconstans'' {{small|Standl.}} | 1909 |data-sort-value=A | species | var. ''miniata'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Castilleja miniata'' var. ''crispula'' {{small|(Piper) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.}} | 1916 |data-sort-value=D | variety | var. ''miniata'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Castilleja miniata'' subsp. ''dixonii'' {{small|(Fernald) Kartesz}} | 1999 |data-sort-value=B | subspecies | var. ''dixonii'' |data-sort-value=A | ≡ hom. |- | ''Castilleja montana'' {{small|Congdon}} | 1900 |data-sort-value=A | species | var. ''miniata'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Castilleja oblongifolia'' {{small|A.Gray}} | 1878 |data-sort-value=A | species | var. ''oblongifolia'' |data-sort-value=A | ≡ hom. |- | ''Castilleja pallida'' var. ''miniata'' {{small|(Douglas ex Hook.) A.Gray}} | 1862 |data-sort-value=D | variety | ''C.&nbsp;miniata'' |data-sort-value=A | ≡ hom. |- | ''Castilleja rhexiifolia'' var. ''pubens'' {{small|A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.}} | 1913 |data-sort-value=D | variety | var. ''miniata'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Castilleja trinervis'' {{small|Rydb.}} | 1901 |data-sort-value=A | species | var. ''miniata'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Castilleja tweedyi'' {{small|Rydb.}} | 1900 |data-sort-value=A | species | var. ''miniata'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Castilleja variabilis'' {{small|Rydb.}} | 1907 |data-sort-value=A | species | var. ''miniata'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Castilleja vreelandii'' {{small|Rydb.}} | 1907 |data-sort-value=A | species | var. ''miniata'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Castilleja confusa'' {{small|Greene}} | 1901 |data-sort-value=A | species | var. ''miniata'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- | ''Euchroma integrifolia'' {{small|Nutt. ex Benth.}} | 1846 |data-sort-value=A | species | var. ''miniata'' |data-sort-value=B | = het. |- !colspan=5 style="text-align: left;" | Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym; = heterotypic synonym |}

===Names=== The scientific name, ''miniata'', means "cinnabar-red" in Botanical Latin,{{sfn|Harrison|2012|p=136}} the bright scarlet color of its bracts.{{sfn|Heil et al. 2013|p=692}} It is likewise known by the common name ''scarlet paintbrush'',{{sfn|Heil et al. 2013|p=692}} however other species are also known by this name at times including ''Castilleja indivisa'' and ''Castilleja coccinea''.{{sfn|Angel|1998|p=33}} {{sfn|Vance|Jowsey|McLean|1977|p=146}} (See: scarlet paintbrush for additional species) Like ''Castilleja coccinea'',{{sfn|Egger et al. 2020a}} it is also occasionally called ''red paintbrush''.{{sfn|Marles et al. 2000|p=262}} It is more specifically known as the ''giant red paintbrush'',{{sfn|Egger et al. 2020b}} ''great red paintbrush'',{{sfn|Blackwell|2007|p=88}} ''common red paintbrush'',{{sfn|Royer|Dickinson|1996|p=36}} and ''common paintbrush''.{{sfn|Egger et al. 2020b}} It is sometimes called simply a ''painted cup''.{{sfn|Sept|2002|p=66}}

==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist}}

===Sources=== ;Books {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last1=Angel |first1=Heather |date=1998 |title=How to photograph flowers |url=https://archive.org/details/howtophotographf0000ange |edition=1st |location=Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=978-0-8117-2455-5 |oclc=37115657 |access-date=2 December 2025}} * {{Cite book |last1=Blackwell |first1=Laird R. |date=2007 |title=Tahoe Wildflowers; A Month-by-month Guide to Wildflowers in the Tahoe Basin and Surrounding Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/tahoewildflowers0000blac |url-access=registration |edition=First |location=Guilford, Connecticut |publisher=Falcon Guide |isbn=978-0-7627-4369-8 |oclc=70407699 |access-date=4 February 2026}} * {{Cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=Lorraine |date=2012 |title=RHS Latin for Gardeners : Over 3000 Plant Names Explained and Explored |location=London |publisher=Mitchell Beazley |isbn=978-1-84533-731-5 |oclc=797981038}} * {{Cite book |last1=Heil |first1=Kenneth D. |last2=O'Kane |first2=Steve L. Jr. |last3=Reeves |first3=Linda Mary |last4=Clifford |first4=Arnold |date=2013 |title=Flora of the Four Corners Region: Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah |url=https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003888887 |language=en |edition=First |location=St. Louis, Missouri |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |isbn=978-1-930723-84-9 |issn=0161-1542 |lccn=2012949654 |oclc=859541992 |access-date=2 December 2025 |ref={{sfnref|Heil et al. 2013}}}} * {{Cite book |last1=Marles |first1=Robin J. |last2=Clavelle |first2=Christina |last3=Monteleone |first3=Leslie |last4=Tays |first4=Natalie |last5=Burns |first5=Donna |date=2000 |title=Aboriginal Plant Use in Canada's Northwest Boreal Forest |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780774807371 |url-access=registration |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |publisher=UBC Press |isbn=978-0-7748-0737-1 |oclc=43280421 |access-date=4 February 2026 |ref={{sfnref|Marles et al. 2000}}}} * {{Cite book |last1=Royer |first1=France |last2=Dickinson |first2=Richard |date=1996 |title=Wildflowers of Calgary and southern Alberta |url=https://archive.org/details/wildflowersofcal0000fran |url-access=registration |location=Edmonton, Alberta |publisher=University of Alberta Press |isbn=978-0-88864-283-7 |oclc=35972737 |access-date=4 February 2026}} * {{Cite book |last1=Sept |first1=J. Duane |date=2002 |title=Common Wildflowers of Washington & Oregon |url=https://archive.org/details/commonwildflower0000sept |url-access=registration |location=Sechelt, British Columbia |publisher=Calypso Publishing |isbn=978-0-9730390-1-6 |oclc=49649317 |access-date=4 February 2026}} * {{Cite book |last1=Vance |first1=Fenton R. |last2=Jowsey |first2=James R. |last3=McLean |first3=James S. |date=1977 |title=Wildflowers Across the Prairies |url=https://archive.org/details/wildflowersacros00vanc |location=Saskatoon |publisher=Western Producer Prairie books |isbn=978-0-919306-74-5 |oclc=3413077 |access-date=2 December 2025}} * {{Cite book |last1=Wiese |first1=Karen |date=2000 |title=Sierra Nevada Wildflowers: A Field Guide to Common Wildflowers and Shrubs of the Sierra Nevada, including Yosemite, Sequoia, and Kings Canyon National Parks |url=https://archive.org/details/sierranevadawild00wies |location=Helena, Mont |publisher=Falcon |isbn=978-1-56044-981-2 |oclc=716475849 |access-date=4 February 2026}} {{Refend}}

;Web sources {{Refbegin}} {{Cite web <!--Deny Citation Bot-->|last1=Egger |first1=J. Mark |last2=Zika |first2=Peter F. |last3=Wilson |first3=Barbara L. |last4=Brainerd |first4=Richard E. |last5=Otting |first5=Nick |date=6 November 2020a |orig-date=In print 2019 |url=https://floranorthamerica.org/Castilleja_coccinea |title=''Castilleja coccinea'' |website=Flora of North America |page=598 |language=en-us |isbn=978-0-19-086851-2 |oclc=1101573420 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725183407/https://floranorthamerica.org/Castilleja_coccinea |archive-date=25 July 2024 |access-date=4 February 2026 |ref={{sfnref|Egger et al. 2020a}}}} * {{Cite web <!--Deny Citation Bot-->|last1=Egger |first1=J. Mark |last2=Zika |first2=Peter F. |last3=Wilson |first3=Barbara L. |last4=Brainerd |first4=Richard E. |last5=Otting |first5=Nick |date=6 November 2020b |orig-date=In print 2019 |url=https://floranorthamerica.org/Castilleja_miniata |title=''Castilleja miniata'' |website=Flora of North America |page=627 |language=en-us |isbn=978-0-19-086851-2 |oclc=1101573420 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716010528/https://floranorthamerica.org/Castilleja_miniata |archive-date=16 July 2025 |access-date=1 December 2025 |ref={{sfnref|Egger et al. 2020b}}}} * {{Cite web <!--Deny Citation Bot-->|last1=Egger |first1=J. Mark |last2=Zika |first2=Peter F. |last3=Wilson |first3=Barbara L. |last4=Brainerd |first4=Richard E. |last5=Otting |first5=Nick |date=5 November 2020c |orig-date=In print 2019 |url=https://floranorthamerica.org/Castilleja_miniata_var._dixonii |title=''Castilleja miniata'' var. ''dixonii'' |website=Flora of North America |page=627 |language=en-us |isbn=978-0-19-086851-2 |oclc=1101573420 |access-date=1 December 2025 |ref={{sfnref|Egger et al. 2020c}}}} * {{Cite NatureServe |date=1 November 2025 |id=2.143460 |title=''Castilleja miniata'' |access-date=1 December 2025 |ref={{sfnref|NatureServe 2025}}}} * {{Cite POWO |last1=POWOa |date=2025 |id=801055-1 |title=''Castilleja miniata'' Douglas ex Benth. |access-date=1 December 2025 |ref={{sfnref|POWO 2025a}}}} * {{Cite POWO |last1=POWOb |date=2025 |id=49604-2 |title=''Castilleja miniata'' var. ''dixonii'' (Fernald) A.Nelson & J.F.Gmel. |access-date=1 December 2025 |ref={{sfnref|POWO 2025b}}}} * {{Cite POWO |last1=POWOc |date=2025 |id=77097826-1 |title=''Castilleja miniata'' var. ''fulva'' (Pennell) J.M.Egger |access-date=1 December 2025 |ref={{sfnref|POWO 2025c}}}} * {{Cite POWO |last1=POWOd |date=2025 |id=77228691-1 |title=''Castilleja miniata'' var. ''miniata'' |access-date=1 December 2025 |ref={{sfnref|POWO 2025d}}}} * {{Cite POWO |last1=POWOe |date=2025 |id=49606-2 |title=''Castilleja miniata'' var. ''oblongifolia'' (A.Gray) Munz |access-date=1 December 2025 |ref={{sfnref|POWO 2025e}}}} {{Refend}}

==External links== {{commons}} *[https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?7177,7206,7247 Jepson Manual Treatment] *[http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Castilleja+miniata Photo gallery] {{Taxonbar|from=Q2941436}}

miniata Category:Flora of Western Canada Category:Flora of the Northwestern United States Category:Flora of the Southwestern United States Category:Flora of Alaska Category:Flora of Baja California Category:Flora of New Mexico Category:Flora of Ontario Category:Flora of Yukon Category:Plants described in 1838